O objetivo desse trabalho foi descobrir melhores estratégias de controle de perdas em silagens de cana-de-açúcar, utilizando combinações de aditivos químicos e microbianos ou estratégias de vedações. No primeiro experimento o intuito foi estudar estratégias de controle de clostrídios em silagens de cana-de-açúcar aditivadas com cal virgem. Os tratamentos foram: 1) controle; 2) 1,5% cal virgem (Cal); 3) 1,5% cal virgem + 5×105 ufc/g Lactobacillus plantarum Ma 18/5U (Cal+LP); 4) 1.5% cal virgem + 5×105 ufc/g Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (Cal+LB); 5) 1,5% cal virgem + 0,07% nitrito de sódio (Cal+Nitrito); 6) 1,5% cal virgem + 0,15% benzoato de sódio (Cal+Benzoato). Como silos experimentais foram utilizados baldes plásticos com capacidade de 20 L. A cal não foi eficiente em diminuir perdas em relação ao controle (20,6% e 19,1%, respectivamente) já as combinações cal+Benzoato, cal+Nitrito, cal+LB e cal+LP, diminuíram perdas, apresentando os valores de 11,2%, 14,1%, 14,1% e 13,9%, respectivamente. A estabilidade aeróbia das silagens tratadas com cal (172 h), cal+Benzoato (155 h) e cal+Nitrito (223 h), foram maiores em comparação às tratadas com cal+LB (49 h), cal+LP (48,4 h) e controle (51,9 h). A silagem controle apresentou menores contagens de clostrídios (3,26 log ufc/g) e os tratamentos Cal e Cal+LB apresentaram as contagens mais altas (6,74 log ufc/g e 5,96 log ufc/g, respectivamente), enquanto Cal+nitrito (5,24 log ufc/g), Cal+LP (4,63 log ufc/g) e Cal+benzoato (4,41 log ufc/g) apresentaram contagens intermediárias. Nenhum tratamento imposto foi capaz de controlar o crescimento de clostrídios estimulado pela cal virgem. No segundo ensaio o objetivo foi comparar filmes plásticos na vedação de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos impostos foram: 1) filme de poliamida 45?m, recoberta com manta de polietileno para proteção contra raios ultravioleta e danos físicos (PA45+M); 2) filme de polietileno coextrusado com poliamida, dupla face, 125?m (PA125); 3) filme de polietileno, dupla face, 200?m (DF). Três silos tipo trincheira foram preenchidos simultaneamente e durante o abastecimento a cana-de-açúcar picada foi tratada com benzoato de sódio na dose 0,15% da matéria natural. Decorridos 90 dias de armazenamento, os silos foram abertos e as silagens utilizadas como ingredientes para alimentação de vacas em lactação. Quinze vacas Holandesas (615 kg PV) foram alocadas aleatoriamente em três Quadrados Latinos 3x3, com períodos de 18 dias. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS). Amostras de leite foram coletadas para análises de proteína, gordura, lactose, caseína, ácidos graxos livres, sólidos totais, Nuréico e contagem de células somáticas. O óxido de cromo foi utilizado como marcador externo para estimar a produção fecal. As diferentes estratégias de vedação não influenciaram a qualidade das silagens e, consequentemente, não afetaram o CMS 19,9 kg/dia, a produção 25,1 kg/dia e a composição do leite (gordura 3,5%, proteína 3,3%, lactose 4,4%), das vacas. As diferentes estratégias de vedação utilizadas não influenciam a qualidade das silagens de cana-de-açúcar e o desempenho de vacas leiteiras e se mostraram efetivas para vedação de silos horizontais. No presente estudo, tanto a utilização de aditivos como a adoção de estratégias de vedação não foram efetivas em controlar perdas em silagens de cana-de-açúcar. / The aim of this study was to discover the best strategies to control losses in sugarcane silages, using combinations of chemical and microbial additives or covering strategies. In the first trial the aim was to compare strategies to prevent clostridium grow in sugarcane silages added with lime. Treatments were Control: no additives; L: 1.5% lime; L + LP: 1.5% lime + Lactobacillus plantarum Ma 18/5U (5×105 cfu/g fresh forage); L + LB: 1.5% lime + Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (5×105 cfu/g fresh forage); L + N: 1.5% lime + 0.07% sodium nitrite; L + B: 1.5% lime + 0.15% sodium benzoate. As experimental silos were used plastic buckets with a capacity of 20 L. Mini bags were prepared with the following treatments 1) control, 2) 1.5 % of lime and 3) 1.5 % of lime + 5 × 105 cfu/g of L. plantarum, in order to analyze the pH drop at the onset of fermentation. The lime was not effective in decreasing losses compared to control silages (20.6% and 19.1%, respectively) however the treatments lime+Benzoate, lime+nitrite, lime+LP and lime+LB, decreased losses, showing lower values: 11.2%, 14.1%, 14.1% and 13.9%, respectively. The aerobic stability of silages treated with lime (172 h), lime+Benzoate (155 h) and lime+Nitrite (223 h) were higher compared to those treated with lime+LB (49 h), lime+LP (48.4 h) and control (51.9 h). The control treatment showed the lowest counts of clostridia (3.26 log cfu/g) and treatment with lime and lime+LB had the highest counts (6.74 log cfu/g and 5.96 log cfu/g, respectively), while lime+nitrite (5.24 log cfu/g), lime+LP (4.63 log cfu/g) and lime+benzoate (4.41 log cfu/g) showed intermediate counts of clostridia. None of additives combined with lime were able to provide butyric acid free silages. In the second trial the aim was to compare plastic films for sealing sugarcane silages. Treatments were: 1) polyamide film 45?m plus a protection against physical damage and ultraviolet light (PA45 + P), 2) polyethylene film coextruded with polyamide, black-on--white, 125?m (PA125), 3) polyethylene film, blackon- white 200?m (BW). Three trench silos were filled out simultaneously with chopped sugarcane treated with 0.15% of sodium benzoate (as fed basis). After 90 days of storage, the silos were opened and silages fed to lactating cows as total mixed rations. . Fifteen Holstein cows (615 kg BW) were randomly allocated into 3x3 Latin square with periods of 18 days. Dry matter intake, diet apparent digestibility, milk yield and milk composition were evaluated on days 14 to 18 in each period. Chromium oxide was used as external marker to estimate fecal excretion. Sealing strategies had no influence on silage quality and cows performance. Dry matter intake (19.9 kg /day), milk yield (25.1 kg/day), and milk composition (fat 3.5%, 3.3% protein, and 4.4% lactose) were quite similar across treatments. The different sealing strategies do not affect sugarcane silage quality and dairy cows performance and proven effective for sealing horizontal silos. In the present study, neither additives nor covering strategies were effective in reducing losses in sugarcane silages.

This is an experimental study into the permeability and compressibility properties of bagasse pulp pads. Three experimental rigs were custom-built for this project. The experimental work is complemented by modelling work. Both the steady-state and dynamic behaviour of pulp pads are evaluated in the experimental and modelling components of this project. Bagasse, the fibrous residue that remains after sugar is extracted from sugarcane, is normally burnt in Australia to generate steam and electricity for the sugar factory. A study into bagasse pulp was motivated by the possibility of making highly value-added pulp products from bagasse for the financial benefit of sugarcane millers and growers. The bagasse pulp and paper industry is a multibillion dollar industry (1). Bagasse pulp could replace eucalypt pulp which is more widely used in the local production of paper products. An opportunity exists for replacing the large quantity of mainly generic paper products imported to Australia. This includes 949,000 tonnes of generic photocopier papers (2). The use of bagasse pulp for paper manufacture is the main application area of interest for this study. Bagasse contains a large quantity of short parenchyma cells called ‘pith’. Around 30% of the shortest fibres are removed from bagasse prior to pulping. Despite the ‘depithing’ operations in conventional bagasse pulp mills, a large amount of pith remains in the pulp. Amongst Australian paper producers there is a perception that the high quantity of short fibres in bagasse pulp leads to poor filtration behaviour at the wet-end of a paper machine. Bagasse pulp’s poor filtration behaviour reduces paper production rates and consequently revenue when compared to paper production using locally made eucalypt pulp. Pulp filtration can be characterised by two interacting factors; permeability and compressibility. Surprisingly, there has previously been very little rigorous investigation into neither bagasse pulp permeability nor compressibility. Only freeness testing of bagasse pulp has been published in the open literature. As a result, this study has focussed on a detailed investigation of the filtration properties of bagasse pulp pads. As part of this investigation, this study investigated three options for improving the permeability and compressibility properties of Australian bagasse pulp pads. Two options for further pre-treating depithed bagasse prior to pulping were considered. Firstly, bagasse was fractionated based on size. Two bagasse fractions were produced, ‘coarse’ and ‘medium’ bagasse fractions. Secondly, bagasse was collected after being processed on two types of juice extraction technology, i.e. from a sugar mill and from a sugar diffuser. Finally one method of post-treating the bagasse pulp was investigated. The effects of chemical additives, which are known to improve freeness, were also assessed for their effect on pulp pad permeability and compressibility. Pre-treated Australian bagasse pulp samples were compared with several benchmark pulp samples. A sample of commonly used kraft Eucalyptus globulus pulp was obtained. A sample of depithed Argentinean bagasse, which is used for commercial paper production, was also obtained. A sample of Australian bagasse which was depithed as per typical factory operations was also produced for benchmarking purposes. The steady-state pulp pad permeability and compressibility parameters were determined experimentally using two purpose-built experimental rigs. In reality, steady-state conditions do not exist on a paper machine. The permeability changes as the sheet compresses over time. Hence, a dynamic model was developed which uses the experimentally determined steady-state permeability and compressibility parameters as inputs. The filtration model was developed with a view to designing pulp processing equipment that is suitable specifically for bagasse pulp. The predicted results of the dynamic model were compared to experimental data. The effectiveness of a polymeric and microparticle chemical additives for improving the retention of short fibres and increasing the drainage rate of a bagasse pulp slurry was determined in a third purpose-built rig; a modified Dynamic Drainage Jar (DDJ). These chemical additives were then used in the making of a pulp pad, and their effect on the steady-state and dynamic permeability and compressibility of bagasse pulp pads was determined. The most important finding from this investigation was that Australian bagasse pulp was produced with higher permeability than eucalypt pulp, despite a higher overall content of short fibres. It is thought this research outcome could enable Australian paper producers to switch from eucalypt pulp to bagasse pulp without sacrificing paper machine productivity. It is thought that two factors contributed to the high permeability of the bagasse pulp pad. Firstly, thicker cell walls of the bagasse pulp fibres resulted in high fibre stiffness. Secondly, the bagasse pulp had a large proportion of fibres longer than 1.3 mm. These attributes helped to reinforce the pulp pad matrix. The steady-state permeability and compressibility parameters for the eucalypt pulp were consistent with those found by previous workers. It was also found that Australian pulp derived from the ‘coarse’ bagasse fraction had higher steady-state permeability than the ‘medium’ fraction. However, there was no difference between bagasse pulp originating from a diffuser or a mill. The bagasse pre-treatment options investigated in this study were not found to affect the steady-state compressibility parameters of a pulp pad. The dynamic filtration model was found to give predictions that were in good agreement with experimental data for pads made from samples of pretreated bagasse pulp, provided at least some pith was removed prior to pulping. Applying vacuum to a pulp slurry in the modified DDJ dramatically reduced the drainage time. At any level of vacuum, bagasse pulp benefitted from chemical additives as quantified by reduced drainage time and increased retention of short fibres. Using the modified DDJ, it was observed that under specific conditions, a benchmark depithed bagasse pulp drained more rapidly than the ‘coarse’ bagasse pulp. In steady-state permeability and compressibility experiments, the addition of chemical additives improved the pad permeability and compressibility of a benchmark bagasse pulp with a high quantity of short fibres. Importantly, this effect was not observed for the ‘coarse’ bagasse pulp. However, dynamic filtration experiments showed that there was also a small observable improvement in filtration for the ‘medium’ bagasse pulp. The mechanism of bagasse pulp pad consolidation appears to be by fibre realignment. Chemical additives assist to lubricate the consolidation process. This study was complemented by pulp physical and chemical property testing and a microscopy study. In addition to its high pulp pad permeability, ‘coarse’ bagasse pulp often (but not always) had superior physical properties than a benchmark depithed bagasse pulp.

The preschool is a place that should contribute to the health of children and the preschool teachers have an important role to create good conditions for this. The purpose of my study is to examine preschool teachers’ perceptions of chemical products in food and organic food in relation to children's health. Through qualitative interviews with six preschool teachers at two different preschools in two separate municipalities it is shown in my results that preschool teachers have variable perceptions about chemical additives and organic food. Most of them have a negative perception of chemical additives and a positive perception of organic food, and different views on how these would affect the health of children.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi descobrir melhores estratégias de controle de perdas em silagens de cana-de-açúcar, utilizando combinações de aditivos químicos e microbianos ou estratégias de vedações. No primeiro experimento o intuito foi estudar estratégias de controle de clostrídios em silagens de cana-de-açúcar aditivadas com cal virgem. Os tratamentos foram: 1) controle; 2) 1,5% cal virgem (Cal); 3) 1,5% cal virgem + 5×105 ufc/g Lactobacillus plantarum Ma 18/5U (Cal+LP); 4) 1.5% cal virgem + 5×105 ufc/g Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (Cal+LB); 5) 1,5% cal virgem + 0,07% nitrito de sódio (Cal+Nitrito); 6) 1,5% cal virgem + 0,15% benzoato de sódio (Cal+Benzoato). Como silos experimentais foram utilizados baldes plásticos com capacidade de 20 L. A cal não foi eficiente em diminuir perdas em relação ao controle (20,6% e 19,1%, respectivamente) já as combinações cal+Benzoato, cal+Nitrito, cal+LB e cal+LP, diminuíram perdas, apresentando os valores de 11,2%, 14,1%, 14,1% e 13,9%, respectivamente. A estabilidade aeróbia das silagens tratadas com cal (172 h), cal+Benzoato (155 h) e cal+Nitrito (223 h), foram maiores em comparação às tratadas com cal+LB (49 h), cal+LP (48,4 h) e controle (51,9 h). A silagem controle apresentou menores contagens de clostrídios (3,26 log ufc/g) e os tratamentos Cal e Cal+LB apresentaram as contagens mais altas (6,74 log ufc/g e 5,96 log ufc/g, respectivamente), enquanto Cal+nitrito (5,24 log ufc/g), Cal+LP (4,63 log ufc/g) e Cal+benzoato (4,41 log ufc/g) apresentaram contagens intermediárias. Nenhum tratamento imposto foi capaz de controlar o crescimento de clostrídios estimulado pela cal virgem. No segundo ensaio o objetivo foi comparar filmes plásticos na vedação de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos impostos foram: 1) filme de poliamida 45?m, recoberta com manta de polietileno para proteção contra raios ultravioleta e danos físicos (PA45+M); 2) filme de polietileno coextrusado com poliamida, dupla face, 125?m (PA125); 3) filme de polietileno, dupla face, 200?m (DF). Três silos tipo trincheira foram preenchidos simultaneamente e durante o abastecimento a cana-de-açúcar picada foi tratada com benzoato de sódio na dose 0,15% da matéria natural. Decorridos 90 dias de armazenamento, os silos foram abertos e as silagens utilizadas como ingredientes para alimentação de vacas em lactação. Quinze vacas Holandesas (615 kg PV) foram alocadas aleatoriamente em três Quadrados Latinos 3x3, com períodos de 18 dias. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS). Amostras de leite foram coletadas para análises de proteína, gordura, lactose, caseína, ácidos graxos livres, sólidos totais, Nuréico e contagem de células somáticas. O óxido de cromo foi utilizado como marcador externo para estimar a produção fecal. As diferentes estratégias de vedação não influenciaram a qualidade das silagens e, consequentemente, não afetaram o CMS 19,9 kg/dia, a produção 25,1 kg/dia e a composição do leite (gordura 3,5%, proteína 3,3%, lactose 4,4%), das vacas. As diferentes estratégias de vedação utilizadas não influenciam a qualidade das silagens de cana-de-açúcar e o desempenho de vacas leiteiras e se mostraram efetivas para vedação de silos horizontais. No presente estudo, tanto a utilização de aditivos como a adoção de estratégias de vedação não foram efetivas em controlar perdas em silagens de cana-de-açúcar. / The aim of this study was to discover the best strategies to control losses in sugarcane silages, using combinations of chemical and microbial additives or covering strategies. In the first trial the aim was to compare strategies to prevent clostridium grow in sugarcane silages added with lime. Treatments were Control: no additives; L: 1.5% lime; L + LP: 1.5% lime + Lactobacillus plantarum Ma 18/5U (5×105 cfu/g fresh forage); L + LB: 1.5% lime + Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (5×105 cfu/g fresh forage); L + N: 1.5% lime + 0.07% sodium nitrite; L + B: 1.5% lime + 0.15% sodium benzoate. As experimental silos were used plastic buckets with a capacity of 20 L. Mini bags were prepared with the following treatments 1) control, 2) 1.5 % of lime and 3) 1.5 % of lime + 5 × 105 cfu/g of L. plantarum, in order to analyze the pH drop at the onset of fermentation. The lime was not effective in decreasing losses compared to control silages (20.6% and 19.1%, respectively) however the treatments lime+Benzoate, lime+nitrite, lime+LP and lime+LB, decreased losses, showing lower values: 11.2%, 14.1%, 14.1% and 13.9%, respectively. The aerobic stability of silages treated with lime (172 h), lime+Benzoate (155 h) and lime+Nitrite (223 h) were higher compared to those treated with lime+LB (49 h), lime+LP (48.4 h) and control (51.9 h). The control treatment showed the lowest counts of clostridia (3.26 log cfu/g) and treatment with lime and lime+LB had the highest counts (6.74 log cfu/g and 5.96 log cfu/g, respectively), while lime+nitrite (5.24 log cfu/g), lime+LP (4.63 log cfu/g) and lime+benzoate (4.41 log cfu/g) showed intermediate counts of clostridia. None of additives combined with lime were able to provide butyric acid free silages. In the second trial the aim was to compare plastic films for sealing sugarcane silages. Treatments were: 1) polyamide film 45?m plus a protection against physical damage and ultraviolet light (PA45 + P), 2) polyethylene film coextruded with polyamide, black-on--white, 125?m (PA125), 3) polyethylene film, blackon- white 200?m (BW). Three trench silos were filled out simultaneously with chopped sugarcane treated with 0.15% of sodium benzoate (as fed basis). After 90 days of storage, the silos were opened and silages fed to lactating cows as total mixed rations. . Fifteen Holstein cows (615 kg BW) were randomly allocated into 3x3 Latin square with periods of 18 days. Dry matter intake, diet apparent digestibility, milk yield and milk composition were evaluated on days 14 to 18 in each period. Chromium oxide was used as external marker to estimate fecal excretion. Sealing strategies had no influence on silage quality and cows performance. Dry matter intake (19.9 kg /day), milk yield (25.1 kg/day), and milk composition (fat 3.5%, 3.3% protein, and 4.4% lactose) were quite similar across treatments. The different sealing strategies do not affect sugarcane silage quality and dairy cows performance and proven effective for sealing horizontal silos. In the present study, neither additives nor covering strategies were effective in reducing losses in sugarcane silages.

Η ευρύτατη χρήση του τσιμέντου οφείλεται στην χρήση του ως βασικού δομικού υλικού σε σύγχρονες κατασκευές περιλαμβανομένου και του εγκιβωτισμού επικίνδυνων στερεών ή υγρών αποβλήτων. Οι υψηλές τιμές pH και οι πολύπλοκες στερεοχημικές δομές των ένυδρων αλάτων του πυριτικού ασβεστίου (C-S-H gel) στο τσιμέντο, μπορούν να εγκλωβίσουν πολλά χημικά είδη βαρέων μετάλλων στο πλέγμα τους, καθιστώντας τα έτσι ανενεργά. Ο βαθμός σχηματισμού των ένυδρων πυριτικών αλάτων είναι επίσης, ρυθμιστικός παράγων του πορώδους, της σκληρότητας και της αντοχής του σκυροδέματος. Οι κυριότεροι τύποι του C-S-H gel που εντοπίζονται στα συστατικά του τσιμέντου είναι το πυριτικό διασβέστιο Ca2SiO4 και το πυριτικό τριασβέστιο Ca3SiO5. Εύλογα λοιπόν, η μελέτη της θερμοδυναμικής και της κινητικής σχηματισμού των αλάτων αυτών είναι πολύ σημαντική. Στην παρούσα εργασία, πραγματοποιήθηκε μελέτη της κινητικής της καταβύθισης του C-S-H gel σε υπέρκορα υδατικά διαλύματα παρασκευαζόμενα από στόκ διαλύματα Ca(NO3)2 και Na2Si3O7 σε σταθερή θερμοκρασία 25°C. Η επίδραση παραμέτρων, όπως το pH των υπέρκορων διαλυμάτων και του γραμμομοριακού λόγου των συγκεντρώσεων Ca/Si στα διαλύματα, μελετήθηκαν σε συνθήκες σταθερού pH με την προσθήκη διαλύματος NaOH από αυτόματο τιτλοδοτητή. Η κινητική ανάλυση έδειξε ότι ο μηχανισμός της ανάπτυξης των κρυσταλλικών στερεών γίνεται κυρίως με επιφανειακή διάχυση και εξαρτάται από το pH των διαλυμάτων στην περιοχή pH 10-12. Η ταυτοποίηση των ιζημάτων με τεχνικές περίθλασης ακτίνων Χ (ΧRD), υπερύθρου (FTIR) και με θερμοσταθμική ανάλυση, έδειξε τον σχηματισμό C-S-H gel με πιθανή συγκαταβύθιση άμορφης σίλικας. Το γεγονός ότι το καθορίζον την ταχύτητα στάδιο είναι η επιφανειακή διάχυση των δομικών μονάδων οδηγεί στο συμπέρασμα ότι η τροποποίηση της επιφάνειας των κρυστάλλων παρέχει την δυνατότητα ελέγχου του ρυθμού σχηματισμού του C-S-H gel και κατ’ επέκταση των ιδιοτήτων του τσιμέντου κατά την ενυδάτωσή του. Η τροποποίηση της επιφάνειας μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί με την βοήθεια υδατοδιαλυτών και μη χημικών ουσιών οι οποίες μπορούν να αλληλεπιδράσουν με την επιφάνεια, αλλοιώνοντας τον αριθμό και την ενεργότητα των κρυσταλλικών κέντρων ανάπτυξης. Βάσει των αποτελεσμάτων της επίδρασης της παρουσίας προσθέτων στην κινητική της καταβύθισης, πραγματοποιήθηκαν δοκιμές σε δοκίμια τσιμέντου στα οποία έγινε και εφαρμογή πολυμερών (υδατοδιαλυτών και μη) και μετρήθηκαν η υδροπερατότητα και η αντοχή τους, ιδιότητες που εξαρτώνται από τον βαθμό σχηματισμού του πυριτικού ασβεστίου. / The widespread use of cement as a building material in modern construction, including use for embedding radioactive wastes makes it a material of paramount importance. The formation of calcium silicate hydrates is of key importance for the determination of the cement characteristic properties including porosity, strength and hardness. The main types of C-S-H gel identified between cement components include di-calcium silicate Ca2SiO4 and tri-calcium silicate Ca3SiO5. Since these silicate salts during the cement hydration interact with water yielding C-S-H gel, the investigation of homogeneous precipitation of this phase is very interesting. In the present work the kinetics of spontaneous C-S-H gel precipitation in aqueous solutions was investigated at constant solution pH from supersaturated solutions at 25°C. The pH range investigated covered the range between 10-12. The effect of the solution pH and of the molar calcium:silicate ratio in the supersaturated solutions was investigated. Plots of the rates of precipitation as a function of the solution supersaturation, showed a high order dependence suggesting that the rate determining step for the precipitation of C-S-H gel was surface diffusion. The rates were found to be pH dependent in the range investigated. The precipitate was identified by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis as a mixture of calcium silicate hydrate gel and amorphous silica. The fact that the rate determining step was surface diffusion control, suggested that it is possible to control the rate of precipitation through surface modification, possibly treating the surface with compounds which may interact, resulting in poisoning of the active crystal growth sites. It is anticipated that control of kinetics may result in the control of the rate and of the extent of C-S-H gel formation and subsequently of the cement properties during its hydration. On the basis of the results obtained for the precipitation of C-S-H gel in the presence of additives, a series of experiments was done on cement specimens using both water soluble and compounds soluble in organic solvents. In general, the presence of the tested additives resulted in a significant reduction of water uptake suggesting, indirectly, that the formation of C-S-H gel was suppressed. Moreover the resistance to friction was reduced, possibly due to the fact that the compounds tested formed soft but impermeable to water, surface films.

The use of cellular concrete in buildings has been increasing recently due to its advantages (low density, better thermal comfort, among others). Some norms already regulate its application for walls of one floor buildings, and normative projects, still under development, which will regulate its application with structural purposes for walls of multi-level buildings. However, there still is not a specific dosage method that relates the formulation with the compression strength for cellular concrete manufacture, moreover, there are many variables (additive dosage, generation process of air bubbles, diameter, density and volume of bubbles, use of coarse aggregates, etc.), which influence the production process that needs a better understanding. Therefore, this study had as objective to evaluate the obtaining and properties of different types of cellular concrete, with the application intensio for structural purposes in construction walls. Thus, three types of cellular concrete procedures were developed adopting dosage procedures and different materials and compositions. The first with foam generated by generators (CESP), using foaming agent chemical additive (AESP), without coarse aggregate. The second with chemical additives incorporating the air bubbles through the mechanical action of the mixer (CBAM), also without coarse aggregate. And the third with coarse aggregates (CBAMG), and incorporating additives of air bubbles. The properties were evaluated in the fresh state (density, consistency and incorporating air content) and in the hardened state (compression strength). Based on results, the production of CESP was found to be made difficult by the use of foam-generator, damaging their manufacture, despite in agreement with the normative requirements for construction applications. CBAM presented a lower variability in the manufacturing process providing a better performance. Finally, CBAMG presented an improvement in workability compared to the CBAM concrete. The highest compression strength of cellular concrete CESP, CBAM and CBAMG, at 28 days, were 6.5 MPa, 19.5 MPa and 23.5 MPa, respectively, this can be applied in walls with structural purposes. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Atualmente o uso de concreto celular em edificações vem crescendo devido as suas vantagens (baixa densidade, melhor conforto ambiental e outras). Algumas normas já regularizam sua aplicação em paredes para edificações térreas, e projetos de normas, ainda em elaboração, que irão regularizar sua aplicação com fins estruturais em paredes de edificações de vários pavimentos. Entretanto, para a obtenção de concretos celulares ainda não existem métodos de dosagens que relacionem sua formulação com a resistência à compressão, além disso, há muitas variáveis (dosagem de aditivo, processo de geração das bolhas de ar, diâmetro, densidade e volume das bolhas, uso de agregados graúdos, etc.) que influenciam no processo de produção necessitando de um melhor entendimento. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a obtenção e as propriedades de diferentes tipos de concretos celulares, com o intuito de aplicação para fins estruturais em paredes de edificações. Para isso, três tipos de concretos celulares foram desenvolvidos adotando diferentes procedimentos de dosagens, materiais e composições. O primeiro com formação de espumas geradas através de geradores (CESP), utilizando aditivo químico espumígeno (AESP), sem agregado graúdo. O segundo com aditivo químico incorporador de bolhas de ar através da ação mecânica do misturador (CBAM), também sem agregado graúdo. E o terceiro com agregados graúdos (CBAMG) e aditivos incorporadores de bolhas de ar. Foram avaliadas as propriedades no estado fresco (densidade, consistência e teor de ar incorporado) e no estado endurecido (resistência à compressão). Com base na análise dos resultados verificou-se que a produção do CESP foi dificultada pelo uso dos geradores de espuma, prejudicando sua obtenção, apesar de atender os requisitos normativos para aplicações em edificações. Já o CBAM apresentou menor variabilidade no processo de obtenção proporcionando um melhor desempenho. Quanto ao CBAMG este apresentou uma melhora na trabalhabilidade comparado aos concretos de referência CBAM. As maiores resistências à compressão dos concretos celulares CESP, CBAM e CBAMG, aos 28 dias, foram, 6,5 MPa, 19,5 MPa e 23,5 MPa, respectivamente, podendo estes serem aplicados em paredes com fins estruturais.

In this diplomatic work, the issue of low-temperature asphalts and binders for asphalt mixtures is solved. Diploma work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part of diploma work, the purpose was to process a overview of technologies that allow the reduction of working temperature in the production and laying of asphalt mixtures. The purpose of the practical part was to comparison the functional parameters of two types of asphalt mixtures made in two variants, with the common asphalt binder and adding licomont into asphalt. Attention was given to stiffness, wheel drive tests and low temperature parameters.

A ensilagem de grãos de milho reidratados é uma estratégia de armazenamento vantajosa, economicamente viável e que melhora a digestibilidade do amido. Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos - Experimento 1: Utilização de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre aspectos fermentativos e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho reidratado. Os tratamentos consistiram em silagens de milho tratadas com Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5×105 ufc/g da matéria natural); Bactérias homoláticas (Homo - 5×105 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + homoláticas (Combo - 1×106 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + nitrito de sódio (LB - 5×105 ufc/g MN + 1,5 g/kg MN de nitrito) e benzoato de sódio (Benz - 2,0 g/kg MN). Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Experimento 2: Utilização de silagem de grãos de milho reidratados com ou sem a adição de benzoato de sódio sobre a digestibilidade e desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 18 vacas Holandês, alocadas em três quadrados latinos para avaliação dos tratamentos: Controle (silagem de milho reidratado); Benz (silagem de milho reidratado + benzoato de sódio - 2,0 g/kg MN) e MiS (milho seco moído). Em todas as dietas o nível de inclusão do milho foi de 17,3%. No primeiro experimento, a composição química das silagens foi adequada e as perdas fermentativas foram baixas (<1,6%) para todos os tratamentos. A presença de aditivos microbianos resultou em silagens bem fermentadas, enquanto silagens Benz preservaram carboidratos solúveis e resultaram em menor concentração de produtos de fermentação. A estabilidade aeróbia foi máxima para LB, Combo e Benz (240h) e intermediária para LBNit (151h). A silagem inoculada com bactérias homoláticas foi menos efetiva em promover estabilidade aeróbia (74,7h), comparada à controle (53,5h). Os melhores parâmetros de degradabilidade ruminal da MS foram obtidos para a silagens LB e Combo. Silagem Benz e Homo foram semelhantes à Controle e o LBNIT piorou a degrabilidade ruminal da MS. No segundo experimento, O CMS foi similar entre os tratamentos, com média de 21,1 kg/dia, ao passo que a digestibilidade do amido e CNF foi maior para os grãos fermentados. O maior aporte energético das silagens gerou tendência de aumento na produção de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura. Ao relacionar essa produção com o CMS, os animais alimentados com silagens de grãos reidratados tenderam a uma maior eficiência alimentar. Vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagens apresentaram menor excreção de nitrogênio ureico no leite (11,9 vs 13 mg/dL), o que sugere um melhor uso de nitrogênio para produção de proteína microbiana. O uso dos aditivos benzoato de sódio, L. buchneri e L. buchneri combinado com bactérias homoláticas é aconselhável para promover a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo de silagens de grãos de milho reidratados. / Rehydrated corn grain silage is an advantageous storage method, economically viable and improves starch digestibility. This study was carried out in two experiments - Experiment 1: Use of chemical and microbial additives on fermentation aspects and aerobic stability of rehydrated corn grain silage. The treatments consisted of rehydrated corn silage with different types of additives: control (no additive); Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g of fresh matter); homolactic bacteria (Homo - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + homolactic bacteria (Combo LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g + LP - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + sodium nitrite (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM + nitrite - 1.5 g/kg FM) and sodium benzoate (Benz - 2.0 g/kg FM). The experiment was made in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. Experiment 2: Use of rehydrated corn silage with or without sodium benzoate on the digestibility and performance of dairy cows. Eighteen Holstein cows were distributed in a replicated 3×3 latin square design with three periods (22-d) to evaluate the effect of control treatment (rehydrated corn silage); Benz (rehydrated corn silage plus sodium benzoate - 2.0 g/kg FM) and DGC (dry ground corn). In all diets the inclusion of corn was 17.3% in dry matter basis. In the first experiment, the chemical composition of silages was adequate and the fermentative DM losses were low (<1.6%) for all treatments. The presence of microbial additives resulted in well fermented silages, while Benz silages preserved WSC and showed lower concentration of fermentation products. The aerobic stability was highest for LB, Combo and Benz (240h) and intermediate for LBNit (151h). The Homo silages was less effective in promoting aerobic stability (74.7h), compared to the control (53.5h). The best parameters of ruminal DM degradability were obtained for LB and Combo silages. Benz and Homo silages were similar to the control, while LBNIT worsened the ruminal degrability of DM. In the second experiment, dry matter intake was similar across treatments with average of 21.1 kg/day, whereas starch and CNF digestibility was higher for fermented grains. The higher energy of silages tended to increase the production of 3.5 % fat-corrected milk. Therefore, animals fed rehydrated grain silages tended to present increased feed efficiency. Dairy cows fed silages had lower excretion of milk urea nitrogen, suggesting a better use of nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis. The use of additives sodium benzoate, L. buchneri and L. buchneri combined with homolactic bacteria is advisible to improve the fermentation, the aerobic stability and the nutritive value of rehydrated corn grain silages.

La fluorescence en temps résolu est une méthode d'analyse spectrophotométrique avancée permettant la sélection des photons émis par luminescence sur un critère temporel. Il est ainsi possible, et cela même dans des milieux complexes et pollués issu de l'industrie, de faire émerger sélectivement le signal d'espèces luminescentes présentant des durées de vie de luminescence relativement grandes.Ce type d'analyse spectrale est particulièrement adapté à la détection de trace d'éléments lanthanides. Chacun des éléments de la série présente en effet des propriétés luminescentes uniques bien que largement fonction de la nature des ligands qui les entourent. Les travaux de thèse présentés dans ce manuscrit utilisent avantageusement la constatation précédente. Deux technologies ont étés mise sur pied et/ou optimisées pour permettre un transfert vers des domaines industriels aux cahiers des charges bien définis.Ainsi dans le domaine de la lutte anti-contrefaçon l'ajout de marqueurs luminescents à temps résolu à base de lanthanide rend possible la surveillance de l'origine et du devenir de divers produits industriels.Dans le domaine pétrolier l'analyse des effluents à l'aide de sondes luminescentes à base de lanthanide permet de quantifier le taux résiduel de plusieurs classes d'additifs chimiques et permet d'optimiser la sécurité, la rentabilité et l'impact écologique du processus d'extraction.Dernièrement un prototype de spectrofluorimètre résolu en temps adapté à un usage industriel a été mis au point pour permettre un transfert technologique du laboratoire vers le milieu industriel / Time-resolved fluorescence is an advanced spectrophotometric analysis method which allows the selection of emitted luminescent photons on a time-based parameters. It is possible to extract the signal of long-lived luminescent species even in complex and polluted matrix from the industry. This type of analysis is especially fitted for the detection of lanthanide ions. During this thesis two technologies based on time-resolved analysis were designed to answer specific industrial problematics. The first one yields the residual concentration of chemical additives used during oil and gas extraction. The second one aims at protecting crude oils and refined fuels from counterfeiting. They both rely on the use of lanthanide complex and the measurement of their luminescent properties. A prototype of time-resolved spectrofluorimeter was also built to transfer the technologies from the laboratory to the industrial world

A ensilagem de grãos de milho reidratados é uma estratégia de armazenamento vantajosa, economicamente viável e que melhora a digestibilidade do amido. Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos - Experimento 1: Utilização de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre aspectos fermentativos e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho reidratado. Os tratamentos consistiram em silagens de milho tratadas com Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5×105 ufc/g da matéria natural); Bactérias homoláticas (Homo - 5×105 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + homoláticas (Combo - 1×106 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + nitrito de sódio (LB - 5×105 ufc/g MN + 1,5 g/kg MN de nitrito) e benzoato de sódio (Benz - 2,0 g/kg MN). Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Experimento 2: Utilização de silagem de grãos de milho reidratados com ou sem a adição de benzoato de sódio sobre a digestibilidade e desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 18 vacas Holandês, alocadas em três quadrados latinos para avaliação dos tratamentos: Controle (silagem de milho reidratado); Benz (silagem de milho reidratado + benzoato de sódio - 2,0 g/kg MN) e MiS (milho seco moído). Em todas as dietas o nível de inclusão do milho foi de 17,3%. No primeiro experimento, a composição química das silagens foi adequada e as perdas fermentativas foram baixas (<1,6%) para todos os tratamentos. A presença de aditivos microbianos resultou em silagens bem fermentadas, enquanto silagens Benz preservaram carboidratos solúveis e resultaram em menor concentração de produtos de fermentação. A estabilidade aeróbia foi máxima para LB, Combo e Benz (240h) e intermediária para LBNit (151h). A silagem inoculada com bactérias homoláticas foi menos efetiva em promover estabilidade aeróbia (74,7h), comparada à controle (53,5h). Os melhores parâmetros de degradabilidade ruminal da MS foram obtidos para a silagens LB e Combo. Silagem Benz e Homo foram semelhantes à Controle e o LBNIT piorou a degrabilidade ruminal da MS. No segundo experimento, O CMS foi similar entre os tratamentos, com média de 21,1 kg/dia, ao passo que a digestibilidade do amido e CNF foi maior para os grãos fermentados. O maior aporte energético das silagens gerou tendência de aumento na produção de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura. Ao relacionar essa produção com o CMS, os animais alimentados com silagens de grãos reidratados tenderam a uma maior eficiência alimentar. Vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagens apresentaram menor excreção de nitrogênio ureico no leite (11,9 vs 13 mg/dL), o que sugere um melhor uso de nitrogênio para produção de proteína microbiana. O uso dos aditivos benzoato de sódio, L. buchneri e L. buchneri combinado com bactérias homoláticas é aconselhável para promover a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo de silagens de grãos de milho reidratados. / Rehydrated corn grain silage is an advantageous storage method, economically viable and improves starch digestibility. This study was carried out in two experiments - Experiment 1: Use of chemical and microbial additives on fermentation aspects and aerobic stability of rehydrated corn grain silage. The treatments consisted of rehydrated corn silage with different types of additives: control (no additive); Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g of fresh matter); homolactic bacteria (Homo - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + homolactic bacteria (Combo LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g + LP - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + sodium nitrite (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM + nitrite - 1.5 g/kg FM) and sodium benzoate (Benz - 2.0 g/kg FM). The experiment was made in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. Experiment 2: Use of rehydrated corn silage with or without sodium benzoate on the digestibility and performance of dairy cows. Eighteen Holstein cows were distributed in a replicated 3×3 latin square design with three periods (22-d) to evaluate the effect of control treatment (rehydrated corn silage); Benz (rehydrated corn silage plus sodium benzoate - 2.0 g/kg FM) and DGC (dry ground corn). In all diets the inclusion of corn was 17.3% in dry matter basis. In the first experiment, the chemical composition of silages was adequate and the fermentative DM losses were low (<1.6%) for all treatments. The presence of microbial additives resulted in well fermented silages, while Benz silages preserved WSC and showed lower concentration of fermentation products. The aerobic stability was highest for LB, Combo and Benz (240h) and intermediate for LBNit (151h). The Homo silages was less effective in promoting aerobic stability (74.7h), compared to the control (53.5h). The best parameters of ruminal DM degradability were obtained for LB and Combo silages. Benz and Homo silages were similar to the control, while LBNIT worsened the ruminal degrability of DM. In the second experiment, dry matter intake was similar across treatments with average of 21.1 kg/day, whereas starch and CNF digestibility was higher for fermented grains. The higher energy of silages tended to increase the production of 3.5 % fat-corrected milk. Therefore, animals fed rehydrated grain silages tended to present increased feed efficiency. Dairy cows fed silages had lower excretion of milk urea nitrogen, suggesting a better use of nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis. The use of additives sodium benzoate, L. buchneri and L. buchneri combined with homolactic bacteria is advisible to improve the fermentation, the aerobic stability and the nutritive value of rehydrated corn grain silages.