The purpose of this study is to explore the processes of family resilience within a grandmother-headed household, caring for orphaned grandchildren, in a low socio-economic South African community. To do so, the researcher posed questions relating to the existing family processes, resources and how those are utilised to grow from adverse situations. A qualitative methodological design was followed to allow the accounts of the sample to emerge. A single grandmother-headed household was chosen to take part in a focus group. The transcriptions from the focus group was analysed using an in-depth inductive thematic analyses in order to induce themes that emerged from their experiences. These themes were then analysed in relation to the current literature on family resilience in grandmother-headed households. This study forms part of a larger longitudinal project headed by Dr R. Mampane, namely: Building resilience in families: The role of care workers in mitigating family risk factors. The themes that emerged as a result of the inductive thematic analysis were: spirituality; family resilience processes (communication, problem solving, roles and role reversal, emotional attachment, involvement, managing behaviour, and knowledge and respect of the individual); resources (inter-familial resources and external resources); the family’s perceptions (definition of the family and definition of adversity); and finally adversities (males, physical impairments, and inter- and intra-familial conflict, amongst others less pronounced). These findings answered questions regarding the process and support structures utilised by a grandmother-headed household to overcome and grow from their adversities. A conceptual model for family resilience was suggested. A better understanding of how a grandmother-headed household engages in resilient processes could assist various professionals and community healthcare workers identify processes of strength and the lack thereof in grandmotherheaded household who look after their orphaned grandchildren. / Mini-dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted

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[pt] Mas e depois? Narrativas e memórias de netas e netos de sobreviventes do Holocausto, tem como tema central as narrativas de netas e netos de sobreviventes do Holocausto que nasceram e/ou residem na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O estudo se debruçou sobre as narrativas de quatro netas e três netos de sobreviventes do Holocausto, pessoas que se encontram dentro da faixa etária aproximada de 35 a 40 anos e que conviveram com avós vítimas da perseguição e extermínio nazista. Escutá-los trouxe fragmentos de histórias do passado ressignificados no tempo presente. O objetivo central foi ouvir as narrativas de netas e netos de sobreviventes deste evento para compreender o que conhecem e falam sobre o Holocausto. Foram perguntas orientadoras da pesquisa: (a) netas e netos de sobreviventes ouviram histórias sobre o Holocausto? (b) por quais experiências, relacionadas ao Holocausto, passaram junto de seus avós? O que aprenderam com eles? (c) há relevância dessas narrativas para além da esfera familiar? A memória de um evento traumático contribui para a formação humana? (d) existem tensões entre a voz e o silêncio – falar e calar - diante da lembrança do Holocausto? (e) existem e, se existem, quais são os impactos dessas narrativas para uma educação que caminhe na dimensão contrária à barbárie? A pesquisa teve como estratégia metodológica entrevistas semiestruturadas, individuais. Em função da pandemia de COVID-19, as entrevistas foram todas realizadas no formato online, através da plataforma google meet, gravadas em áudio e transcritas em sua íntegra. Foi escrita em pandemia. Desafiador. Possui como central aporte teórico-metodológico Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) e Zygmunt Bauman (1925-2017), dois importantes pensadores que foram escolhidos em função da relevância de seus conceitos e obras para o tema. Muitos outros autores chegam no decorrer de toda a dissertação com amplas contribuições e interlocuções teóricas. As análises indicam que ser terceira geração de sobrevivente do Holocausto traz o sentido de ser parte direta dessa história; carrega segredos, mistérios e sentimentos entrecruzados de singularidade e coletividade histórica. Medo, coragem, decisão, sustentação, luta, são sentimentos que as pessoas entrevistadas nesta pesquisa trouxeram entrelaçadas às suas memórias do que ouviram de seus avós e às suas reflexões no tempo presente. Rememorar os avós como exemplo, força e resistência, foram dados que apareceram de forma recorrente nas narrativas. Os achados ainda dizem de avós que falavam e não falavam sobre as experiências vividas no Holocausto; que narrar fazia bem a alguns e não necessariamente a outros; e que sentirem-se próximos das experiências vividas por seus avós se correlaciona com lugares geográficos e museus visitados, filmes, palestras ouvidas, além do que ouviram de seus pais, membros da segunda geração, e outros familiares. / [en] But then what? Narratives and memories of granddaughters and grandchildren of Holocaust survivors, has as its central theme the narratives of granddaughters and grandchildren of Holocaust survivors who were born and/or reside in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The study focused on the narratives of four granddaughters and three grandchildren of Holocaust survivors, people within the approximate age range of 35 to 40 years old and who lived with grandparents who were victims of Nazi persecution and extermination. Listening to them brought fragments of past stories reinterpreted in the present time. The main objective was to listen to the narratives of the granddaughters and grandchildren of survivors of this event in order to understand what they know and say about the Holocaust. The research guiding questions were: (a) granddaughters and grandchildren of survivors heard stories about the Holocaust? (b) what experiences, related to the Holocaust, did you have with your grandparents? What did you learn from them? (c) are these narratives relevant beyond the family sphere? Does the memory of a traumatic event contribute to human formation? (d) are there tensions between voice and silence – speaking and being silent – in the face of the memory of the Holocaust? (e) are there and, if so, what are the impacts of these narratives for an education that walks in a dimension contrary to barbarism? The research had as a methodological strategy semi-structured individual interviews. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the interviews were all conducted online, through the google meet platform, recorded in audio and transcribed in their entirety. It was written in pandemic. Challenger. Its central theoretical-methodological contribution is Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) and Zygmunt Bauman (1925-2017), two important thinkers who were chosen due to the relevance of their concepts and works to the theme. Many other authors arrive throughout the dissertation with extensive contributions and theoretical dialogues. Analyzes indicate that being a third generation Holocaust survivor makes the sense of being a direct part of this story; it carries secrets, mysteries and intertwined feelings of uniqueness and historical collectivity. Fear, courage, decision, support, struggle, are feelings that the people interviewed in this research brought intertwined to their memories of what they heard from their grandparents and to their reflections in the present time. Remembering grandparents as an example, strength and resistance were data that appeared recurrently in the narratives. The findings also tell of grandparents who talked and did not talk about the experiences lived in the Holocaust; that narrating was good for some and not necessarily for others; and that feeling close to the experiences lived by their grandparents correlates with geographical places and museums visited, movies, listened to lectures, in addition to what they heard from their parents, members of the second generation, and other family members.

Grandfamilies, or families in which grandparents are raising their grandchildren, often form due to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) experienced by the grandchildren. ACEs have been linked to multiple negative short- and long-term behavioral and emotional consequences for children. Yet, having an ACE history does not guarantee negative outcomes, as protective factors such as positive relationships with a safe and caring adult, healthy family functioning, and utilization of formal services can mitigate the negative effects of ACEs. Researchers have regularly called on families to seek timely intervention and services for ACEs; however, many grandparents raising grandchildren report negative interactions with service providers as well as service delivery. Limited research has explored the extent to which grandfamilies with ACEs may have experienced similar interactions while seeking and using formal services. Guided by Andersen's (1995) Behavioral Model of Health Service Use, this qualitative study sought to explore (1) the service needs of grandchildren with an ACE history who are being raised by their grandparents; (2) the service needs of grandparents raising grandchildren with an ACE history; (3) the process of seeking services when grandparents raising a grandchild with an ACE history look for services for their grandchild; and (4) best practices for delivering services to grandfamilies with an ACE history. The research questions were primarily addressed through via interviewing 10 grandparents from Central Appalachia who were raising a grandchild with an ACE history and by conducting two focus groups of 8 to 12 formal service providers with experience working with grandparents raising grandchildren with an ACE history. Interview data were analyzed using grounded theory and focus group data were analyzed through thematic analysis. Study findings indicated that grandchildren have emotional and developmental needs. Grandparents described needs related to the emotional impact of raising a grandchild with an ACE history, family and parent involvement, and parenting a grandchild with an ACE history. Study results also highlighted how grandparents can expect to encounter barriers throughout the service seeking and delivery process. Study results also highlighted the critical nature of having a strong relationship with a service provider and the importance of a service provider reducing barriers, being attentive to grandfamily needs, and involving the grandparent in the treatment process. Finally, results from the focus groups revealed best practices such as providing grandparents with education on ACEs, being aware of intergenerational ACE cycles, and engaging in assessment and intervention when working with this population. Implications for clinical practice as well as directions for future research are discussed. / Doctor of Philosophy / Historically, grandparents have long been called upon to assist with caring for their grandchildren. In the last forty years, grandparents have increasingly shifted to a new role—that of parent. Grandfamilies are commonly created due to adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, which can include child abuse, child neglect, or household challenges such as parental substance abuse or parental incarceration. Experiencing ACEs does not guarantee negative outcomes in a child's life, but their presence and number can affect it, particularly when a child has experienced numerous ACEs. Professional services or treatment are one way to support these children. However, negative interactions with service providers or unfulfilled expectations with service delivery can dissuade grandparents from continuing services. This study sought to understand how grandparents raising a grandchild with an ACE history identify the grandchild's needs, come to the realization that their grandchild needs professional help, the process and experience of receiving that professional help, as well as what happened after the grandchild received professional services. After interviewing 10 grandparents raising a grandchild with an ACE history, study findings revealed how grandparents identify grandchild needs, and then manage those needs as well as grandchild behaviors. Study findings also illustrated a recursive relationship between grandparents managing grandchild needs and building a relationship of trust with the formal service provider once services have started. Building a relationship of trust with a formal service provider can then result in creating change or the grandparent deciding to end services. Finally, grandparent interview data revealed that throughout the entire process of service seeking, grandparents raising a grandchild with an ACE history commonly experience barriers hindering their access to services including personal, availability, and systemic barriers. Finally, the study sought to understand best practices for working with grandparents raising grandchildren with an ACE history, which include assessing for and creating interventions targeting ACEs, providing education on ACEs to grandparents, and being aware of intergenerational ACE cycles with these families. Strategies for clinical practice are also identified.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the following relationships: (a) how moderating factors (gender, age, ethnicity, social support, marital status, reason for role assumption and number of grandchildren in the home) can influence the mediating role of resiliency, and (b) how resiliency may mediate the negative effects of raising grandchildren (role demands, life disruptions, and difficulties with grandchildren) on grandparent adjustment over time. Resiliency was hypothesized to have the greatest effect on custodial grandparents who experienced the most stress (i.e., older, single, Caucasian males lacking social support and raising more than one grandchild). Mediation was assessed using structural equation modeling. Results indicated resilience mediated the relationship between role assumptions (i.e., role demands and life disruptions) and grandparent adjustment; however, resilience did not mediate the relationship between grandchild characteristics and grandparent adjustment. Due to the small number of custodial grandfathers (n = 14), non-married grandparents (n = 29), non-Caucasian grandparents (n = 10), the small number of grandparents who assumed the custodial role for less ambiguous reasons (n = 24), and the number of custodial grandparents with more than one grandchild residing in the home (n = 29) participating within the study, hierarchical multiple regressions were only conducted to test for moderated mediation for perceived social support and the age of the grandparent. Results indicated resilience mediates the relationship between life disruption and grandparent well-being for younger custodial grandparents and for custodial grandparents with perceived high social support.

The focus of this study was to investigate psychological effect on grandchildren when they are being raised by their grandparents. Considerable research has been done on the psychological effect on the grandparents, but very little on the effects on grandchildren, especially in South Africa. By means of a mainly qualitative investigation, empirical data were collected through informal discussions, observations and projection media from four families and seven grandchildren in total. The findings yielded a number of common themes among all the grandchildren, and yet others showed the influence of the attitude of the grandparents towards the situation. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and counseling)

Three psychosocial dynamics were assessed for their effect on role satisfaction among grandchildren: (1) the impact of expanding a household on a limited fixed income, (2) health issues of the grandparent as they apply to stamina, and (3) the interaction with their existing social structure to include grandchildren (adjustments, prioritizing, and social isolation). Sampling included a population of 33 custodial grandparents (age=55 and older; male and female; various ethnicities) and selected from a Grandparents Raising Grandchildren support group in Idyllwild, California. The instrument of this quantitative and qualitative study was an adaptation from the County of Riverside, Department of Mental Health, Children's Department Personal Satisfaction Survey. Survey answers were based on a Likert scale model. Responses from the surveys indicated that the custodial grandparents are satisfied with their roles. However, there are sufficient data to suggest there is a need to increase quality of life and custodial role satisfaction.

The focus of this study was to investigate psychological effect on grandchildren when they are being raised by their grandparents. Considerable research has been done on the psychological effect on the grandparents, but very little on the effects on grandchildren, especially in South Africa. By means of a mainly qualitative investigation, empirical data were collected through informal discussions, observations and projection media from four families and seven grandchildren in total. The findings yielded a number of common themes among all the grandchildren, and yet others showed the influence of the attitude of the grandparents towards the situation. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and counseling)