Traditional (or commercial) CRM is a well-defined domain but there is currently no generally accepted definition of what constitutes CRM in the not for profit (NfP) sector. Not for profit organisations are organisations which exist for a social purpose, are independent of the State, and which re-invest all of their financial surpluses in the services they offer or in the organisation itself. This research aims to answer the question "What exactly is CRM as applied to the NfP sector, what are its boundaries and what functions should an NfP CRM information system perform?" Grounded Theory Method (GTM) within a Design Science framework was used to collect, analyse, categorise, generalise and structure data from a number of NfP organisations and NfP information systems suppliers. An NfP CRM model was constructed from this data in the form of three multi-level taxonomies. The main taxonomy relates to generic and reusable information system requirements both functional and non-functional. Within this taxonomy the high-level categorisations of commercial CRM, namely "Marketing, "Sales" and "Service", are greatly extended to reflect the special needs of the NfP sector and in particular a much broader definition of "customer". The two minor taxonomies relate to issues of CRM strategy and CRM systems architecture which need to be considered alongside the system requirements. In addition to and resulting from the taxonomies, an over-arching definition of NfP CRM was developed. NfP organisations now have a framework that will enable them to know what to expect of CRM systems and from which they can select requirements to build their own specification of information system needs. Using the requirements taxonomy for this task will make the process of requirements analysis and specification easier, quicker, cheaper and more complete than using traditional methods. The framework will also allow NfP system suppliers to know what NfP organisations expect of their systems and will assist them with the specification of new system features. The minor taxonomies will provide NfP organisations with a series of strategic issues and systems architecture options that should be considered when implementing a CRM system. This research also demonstrates how GTM can be utilised: as the development phase of Design Research, as a general method of domain analysis, and as a tool to develop a taxonomy of reusable information system requirements.

ABSTRACT In this Masters Research Report, I argue that different conceptual frameworks play a central role in influencing whether and why independent funders in South Africa choose to engage in either social justice philanthropy or traditional philanthropy. Based on documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with a sample population of independent funders and experts in the philanthropic field in South Africa, this research first puts forward a different understanding of social justice philanthropy, from a South African perspective. Based on this understanding, the research then reflects that the way in which independent funders conceptualise and operationalize the reasons why they do the work they do and their roles in relation to other development role players are the central elements that influence the nature and scope of the funding approaches, priorities and strategies that they adopt.

Bakgrund: Avkastningsstiftelse är en mycket speciell organisationsform vars syfte är att förvalta ett givet kapital och bruka dess avkastning för att främja ett uppsatt ändamål. Kapitalförvaltningens utformning får således stor inverkan på i vilken utsträckning dessa stiftelser kan främja deras ändamål och därmed uppnå deras syften. Dessa ändamål är i majoriteten av fallen allmännyttiga varför stiftelser spelar en viktig roll som resurstillförare i samhället. En genomgång av forskningen inom området visade att tidigare studier främst fokuserat på stiftelser som väsen i Sverige eller deras roll inom filantropin varför vi fann det intressant att genomföra en studie med fokus på deras kapitalförvaltning. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga och analysera svenska avkastningsstiftelsers kapitalförvaltning med fokus på investeringsprocessen och riskhantering, givet restriktioner och uppsatta mål. Genomförande: Studien är en kvalitativ flerfallstudie inom vilken åtta intervjuer genomfördes med personer med insyn i stiftelserna i urvalets kapitalförvaltning. Även dokumentstudier genomfördes, dels för att skapa studiens referensram och dels som ett komplement till empirin insamlad via intervjuerna. Den insamlade data analyserades sedan i relation till etablerad finansiell teori och beprövad erfarenhet med fokus på investeringsprocessen samt riskhantering. Slutsats: Undersökningen av avkastningsstiftelsernas praktiska kapitalförvaltning har visat att stiftelserna i överlag inte utformat sin kapitalförvaltning fullt ut i enlighet med teorin och den beprövade erfarenheten inom ramen för denna studie. Stiftelsers speciella situation och begränsningar anses generellt sett ej ligga till grund för detta. Möjliga skäl vilka diskuteras är misstro på modellernas funktionalitet, att förvaltarna fallit offer för psykologiska snedvridningar samt kostnadsaspekten. / Background: A Swedish grant making foundation is a very special organizational form with the purpose to manage a given amount of capital and use the capital returns to fulfill a certain purpose. The design of the portfolio management therefore has a large impact on to which extent these foundations can fulfill their purposes. The purposes are generally of benefit for the society, thus foundations play an important role as a contributor of resources to the Swedish society. In our review of previous research we found that earlier studies mainly focused on foundations as an organizational form in Sweden or on their role in philanthropy why we found it interesting to conduct a study focusing on their portfolio management. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the portfolio management of Swedish grant making foundations focusing on the investment process and risk management, given constraints and set goals. Completion: This study is a qualitative multi-case study within which eight interviews were conducted with people with insight in the portfolio management of the foundations in the sample. Document studies were also conducted in order to create the frame of references of the study and as a complement to the information collected via the interviews. The collected data was then analyzed in relation to established financial theory and well-tried experience focusing on the investment process and risk management. Conclusion: The examination of the grant making foundations’ portfolio management showed that the foundations, in general, have not fully designed their portfolio management in accordance with the theoretical models and well-tried experience which are analyzed inrelation to in this study. The foundations’ special situation and restrictions are generally not found to be the basis for this. Possible reasons discussed were disbelief in the functionality of the models, the portfolio managers being victims to psychological biases and the cost issue.