Master of Agribusiness / Agricultural Economics / Terry Griffin / Agricultural runoff containing phosphorus is believed to be a major contributor of algae blooms in the Western Lake Erie Basin. However, the implementation of best management practices (BMPs) can be used to help reduce the runoff of phosphorus. This research involved conducting surveys to analyze the current implementation of BMPs in Michigan and Indiana. The hypothesis is that the survey results are similar between the two states. An additional hypothesis is that the Michigan and Indiana results are similar to results from two other studies that were previously conducted. The results from this research generally support the hypothesis that a similar number of farmers in Michigan and Indiana are already implementing best management practices on their farms. In addition to the results being similar across Michigan and Indiana, there is also some evidence that shows that the results are similar to studies from the Ohio State University (LaBarge and Prochaska 2014), CropLife magazine (Erickson and Widmar 2015) and NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 2016); however upon further investigation there are distinct differences before and after media mentions of ramifications from the Lake Erie algal blooms. While it is difficult to force farmers to implement BMPs, the results of this study may help to educate them, which may cause them to add these practices to their operations.

Ce travail cherche à comprendre en quoi les causes de l’instabilité sécuritaire de la région des Grands Lacs sont rationnelles et interdépendantes, en dépit d’explications simplistes largement répandues (déterminisme ethnique, violence endogène, cupidité, etc.). Il s’agit donc d’identifier ces causes, pour saisir les mécanismes des conflits récurrents qui secouent la région dans notre période d’étude. Nous entendons ainsi étudier la modernité du phénomène insurrectionnel en Afrique, en nous attachant à l’analyse de ses différentes expressions dans la région des Grands Lacs, qui a hébergé de 1981 à 2013 des exemples empruntant à toutes ses évolutions contemporaines / This work seeks to understand how the causes of chronic insecurity in the Great Lakes region are both rational and interdependent, despite widespread simplistic explanations (ethnic determinism, endogenous violence, greed, etc.). We intend to identify these causes to better understand the mechanisms behind the recurring conflicts that shook the region in the period under study. In doing this, we gain greater understanding of contemporary insurrectionary practices and the evolutions of guerrilla tactics in Africa through their expression in rebel movements in the Great Lakes between 1981 and 2013

The International Joint Commission was instituted under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909; it held its constitutive meeting in 1912. The prime purpose of this organization is to prevent or settle Canadian -U.S. boundary waters - and certain other - disputes. The functions and powers the Commission was given under the 1909 Treaty are divided into four categories: administrative, quasi-judicial, arbitral, and investigative and advisory. The administrative functions were restricted to a then controversial group of boundary waters in the prairies. In its quasi-judicial capacity, which accounted for the majority of its work in the first half of its existence, the Commission is empowered to grant or withhold permission for certain planned endeavours - public or private - that would affect boundary waters. Thus far, the services of the Commission in its arbitral capacity have not been called upon. In recent years most of the Commission's work has resulted from matters referred to it by the two federal Governments for investigation and advisory opinion. In its most comprehensive endeavour yet the Commission, at the request of the two Governments in 1964, investigated and reported upon pollution in the lower Great Lakes and the international section of the St. Lawrence River. The Commission's final findings and recommendations, published in December, 1970, provided the basis for the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, entered into by Canada and the United States sixteen months later. The Agreement is a comprehensive and detailed pollution abatement programme, based upon laid down water quality objectives. It gives the Commission certain, primarily surveillance powers wiith regard to Great Lakes pollution without, however, changing the fundamental structure of its functions and powers. Though the clean-up of the Great Lakes is taking considerably longer than expected the two signatory countries can, according to the wording of the Agreement, hardly be held liable for breach of treaty. A comparison with several international commissions concerned with water resources reveals that the performance record of the International Joint Commission is decidedly superior to that of the others. This can be attributed to certain extrinsic advantages which it has over its counterparts, such as the number of countries involved, their political, cultural and economic proximity, and the geographically balanced location of the boundary waters, as well as to the way in which it has conducted its business, thus building up a respectable reputation over the years. Nevertheless, the Commission can ill afford to rest on its laurels. There remains considerable room for improvement in its operations. Moreover, major decisions concerning its future structure as well as a reassessment of its future role will have to be made in the near future. The final part of this thesis examines 1. whether the size of the Commission itself should be increased or whether the present six Commissioners should, instead, all serve on a full-time basis; the!latter is preferred; 2. whether the Commission should, or should not move towards becoming an international Great Lakes environmental administrative authority; basically, it should not; 3. the extent to which the public can participate in the work of the Commission. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

Magister Legum - LLM / Currently, one of the most dramatic threats to human security is constituted by internal armed conflicts. In 1998, violent conflicts took place in at least 25 countries. Of these armed conflicts, 23 were internal, engaging one or more non-State armed groups. A crucial feature of internal conflicts is the widespread violation of humanitarian law and human rights by armed groups, from rebel groups to private militias. This thesis aimed at identifying various ways of promoting a better implementation of the Geneva Conventions and its Protocols by NSAGs in the Great Lakes Region. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM

This work explores the fragility of the Great Lakes and the environmental degradation we have caused. My main focus revolves around what the EPA considers to be the Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs). This list contains 27 rivers that flow into the Great Lakes, most of which are or have been areas of industrial and chemical pollution. Through installations involving photography, ceramics, and video, I hope to reveal the issues facing the Great Lakes and explore how people can help.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the polluted Great Lakes became a central focus of the North American environmental movement. A majority of this pollution stemmed from phosphate-based laundry detergent use, which had become the primary product households used to wash fabrics after World War II. The large volume of phosphorus in these detergents discharged into the lakes caused excess growths of algae to form in waterways, which turned green and smelly. As the algae died off, it reduced the oxygen in the water, making it less habitable for fish and other aquatic life, a process known as eutrophication. As primary consumers of laundry detergents during the time period, women, particularly white, middle-class housewives in the United States and Canada, became involved in state/provincial, national, and international discussions involving ecology, water pollution, and sewage treatment alongside scientists, politicians, and government officials. Their work as volunteers, activists, and lobbyists influencing the debate and ensuing policies on how best to abate this type of pollution, known as eutrophication, has often been ignored. This thesis recognizes the work women completed encouraging the enactment of key water quality regulations and popularizing the basic tenets of environmentally-conscious consumption practices during the environmental movement in the early 1970s.

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