Le cas de l'interaction modèle entre le riz et le champignon pathogène Magnaporthe oryzae a été étudié afin de mieux comprendre les effets d'une pratique culturale, la fertilisation azotée, sur la résistance. Ce travail a permis de mettre au point un système simplifié permettant d'étudier au laboratoire l'augmentation de la sensibilité induite par l'apport azoté, un phénomène dénommé NIS (Nitrogen-Induced Susceptibility), d'analyser les effets de l'azote sur la croissance de M. oryzae et son pouvoir pathogène, d'explorer les effets de l'azote au travers de la diversité du riz et des différents types de résistance (complètes et partielles), et d'identifier par cartographie des zones du génome du riz importantes pour la NIS. L'expression des gènes de défenses ne semble pas altérée en cas de régime riche en azote. Au contraire, le suivi cytologique de l'infection par M. oryzae a mis évidence que la pénétration du champignon n'était pas modifiée par la présence d'azote alors que sa croissance dans la plante est accrue. Le niveau de maladie a pu être augmenté par apport d'acides aminés 24h après le début de l'infection, suggérant qu'une relation trophique est probablement à la base de la NIS. Une analyse de l'effet de l'azote sur la sensibilité à la pyriculariose à travers la diversité du riz nous a permis de mieux caractériser la diversité du phénomène de NIS. La NIS est très polymorphe mais n'est pas corrélée à la différence liée aux sous-groupes indica et japonica du riz. Par ailleurs, un fort apport en azote a réduit la résistance déclenchée par le gène de résistance Pi1, suggérant que la robustesse de ces gènes peut être affectée par la NIS Enfin, un locus qui contrôle la sensibilité du riz à la pyriculariose sous un régime riche en azote a été identifié sur le chromosome 1. Plusieurs éléments suggèrent un lien possible entre l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azote (NUE) et la NIS. / Nitrogen-Induced Susceptibility (NIS) to plant diseases is a widespread phenomenon. In this work, we set an experimental system in which nitrogen supply strongly affects rice blast susceptibility whereas it is only slightly perturbing plant growth. We show that fungal growth is affected before and after penetration in the plant but that the final penetration rate is not affected; thus a change in penetration is not responsible for increased susceptibility. Differences in total nitrogen amount and defense gene expression before infection are unlikely to be responsible for the observed increase in penetration. After penetration, small changes in plant growth, but not modifications of the transcriptional regulation of defense genes, could be responsible for nitrogen-induced susceptibility. On the other hand, the fungus seems to perceive small differences in nitrogen amount after penetration and this may explain enhanced growth under high nitrogen regime. Indeed, exogenous treatment with some free amino acids after inoculation mimicked Nitrogen-Induced Susceptibility, further arguing that this phenomenon is mostly due to a trophic relation between the plant and the fungus. We also used our experimental system that does not strongly affect plant development to address the question of NIS polymorphism across rice diversity. We show that the capacity of rice to display NIS is highly polymorphic and does not correlate with difference related to indica/japonica sub-groups. We also tested the robustness of three different major resistance genes under high nitrogen. Nitrogen partially breaks down resistance triggered by the Pi1 gene. Cytological examination indicates that penetration rate is not affected by high nitrogen whereas growth of the fungus is increased inside the plant. Using the CSSL mapping population between Nipponbare and Kasalath, we identified a Kasalath locus on chromosome 1, called NIS1, which dominantly increases susceptibility under high nitrogen. We discuss the possible relationships between Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), disease resistance regulation and NIS. This work provides evidences that robust forms of partial resistance exist across diversity and can be genetically mapped. This work also suggests that under certain environmental circumstances, complete resistance may breakdown, irrelevantly of the capacity of the fungus to mutate. These aspects should be considered while breeding for robust forms of resistance to blast disease.

Orientador: Anete Pereira de Souza / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T01:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schneider_DilaineRoseSilva_D.pdf: 11263694 bytes, checksum: 808a3a965f6f47fb9c2108a4c971b122 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A brusone do arroz (rice blast disease) causada pelo ascomiceto fitopatógeno Magnaporthe grisea continua a ter um enorme impacto nas culturas de arroz (Oryza sativa) no Brasil e no mundo. PWL2, uma proteína efetora, é um conhecido produto de um gene AVR (avirulência). O gene PWL2 impede que o fungo infecte weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Neste trabalho nós identificamos em uma linhagem de M. grisea um gene que produz uma proteína diferente de PWL2, denominada PWL2D. A seqüência do gene PWL2D tem duas bases que diferem do gene PWL2, as quais produzem alterações nos resíduos de 90 e 142 da proteína. A alteração do resíduo 90 (de D90 para N90) é fundamental para a avirulência. Neste trabalho foram efetuadas a clonagem do gene PWL2D no vetor pET32-Xa/LIC, a expressão em Escherichia coli e a avaliação da estrutura de PWL2D por técnicas espectroscópicas. A proteína PWL2D fusionada à cauda TRX é propensa a agregação, e sua solubilidade é melhorada quando super-expressa sem o seu peptídeo-sinal original. Os resultados estruturais obtidos indicam que a proteína PWL2D possivelmente é intrinsecamente desordenada. Foi elaborado um modelo para a resistência/susceptibilidade do hospedeiro à M. grisea considerando a atuação de PWL2D como uma proteína intrinsecamente desordenada. Os resultados obtidos deverão facilitar a análise estrutural de PWL2D e podem contribuir para a compreensão da função do gene nas interações fungo / planta. Oito diferentes genes de M. grisea, além de PWL2D, foram também estudados neste trabalho. Dentre estes, destacam-se o gene que produz a xilanase XYL5 e seu domínio catalítico, o gene que codifica a chaperona ABC1 e seus dois domínios funcionais, e o gene que codifica a trealase PTH9, sendo todos estes relacionados à patogenicidade do fungo M. grisea. A xilanase XYL5 (EC 3.2.1.8) e seu domínio catalítico conservado (XYL5/DOM) foram fusionados à Maltose Binding Protein (MBP) ou à tiorredoxina (TRX) e expressas em E. coli. A produção de proteína solúvel e ativa foi influenciada pelo tipo de fusão. Os extratos solúveis contendo as proteínas de fusão MBP-XYL5 e MBP-XYL5/DOM apresentaram atividade xilanolítica em relação ao controle. Entretanto, durante o processo de purificação, a atividade foi perdida. Assim, obteve-se pela primeira vez o gene de patogenicidade XYL5 de M. grisea expresso com sucesso em E. coli e sua atividade enzimática xilanolítica foi demonstrada. Não foi possível expressar a chaperona ABC1 na forma solúvel nos sistemas de expressão utilizados, e a sequência gênica referente à trealase PTH9 - por mostrar a presença de introns após o seqüenciamento do gene amplificado na linhagem de M. grisea em estudo, mostrou-se inadequado para a sua expressão protéica no sistema de expressão procariótico utilizado durante a realização deste trabalho / Abstract: The rice blast disease caused by the ascomycete phytopathogen Magnaporthe grisea continues to have a huge impact on crops of rice (Oryza sativa) in Brazil and worldwide. PWL2, an effector protein, is a product of an AVR (avirulence) gene . The gene PWL2 prevents fungus from infecting weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). In this work we identified in a strain of M. grisea a gene that produces a protein different from PWL2, called PWL2D. The gene sequence PWL2D has two bases that differ from PWL2 gene, which produce changes in residues 90 and 142 of the protein. The change of residue 90 (from D90 to N90) is critical to avirulence. In this work it was realized the cloning of the gene in the vector PWL2D pET32-Xa/LIC, the expression in Escherichia coli and the assessment of PWL2D structure by spectroscopic techniques. The protein fused to the tag PWL2D TRX is prone to aggregation, and its solubility is improved when overexpressed without its original signal peptide. The structural results obtained indicate that possibly the protein PWL2D is intrinsically disordered. A model for the resistance/susceptibility of the host to M. grisea was developed considering the performance of PWL2D as an intrinsically disordered protein. The results should facilitate structural analysis of PWL2D and may contribute to the understanding of gene function in the interactions fungus/plant. Eight different genes of M. grisea, besides PWL2D, were also studied in this work. Among these, stands out the gene that produces xylanase XYL5 and its catalytic domain, the gene that codify the chaperone ABC1 and its two functional domains, and the gene that codify the trehalase PTH9, all them being related to the pathogenicity of the fungus M. grisea. The xylanase XYL5 (EC 3.2.1.8) and its retained catalytic domain (XYL5/DOM) were fused to the solubilizing proteins (MBP) or thioredoxin (TRX) and expressed into E. coli. The production of soluble and active protein was influenced by the type of fusion. The soluble extracts containing the fusion proteins MBP- XYL5 and MBP-XYL5/DOM showed xylanolytic activity compared to the control. However, during the purification process, the activity was lost. Thus, we obtained for the first time the gene pathogenicity XYL5 M. grisea expressed successfully in E. coli and its enzymatic xylanolytic activity was demonstrated. It was not possible to express the chaperone ABC1 in soluble form in the expression systems used, and the gene sequence related to trehalase PTH9 - by showing the presence of introns after the sequencing of the gene amplified in the strain of M. grisea under study, rendered inadequate for its protein expression in the prokaryotic system used during the realization of this work / Doutorado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Magnaporthe grisea is a notorious pathogenic fungus that causes rice blast disease worldwide. Proteins secreted by the fungus are likely candidates for being effectors that are potentially recognized by determinants of resistance or susceptibility in host plants. However, knowledge of the role of secreted proteins of M. grisea is still limited. In this study, I identified 29 proteins that were secreted into culture filtrates from M. grisea strains expressing candidate proteins. I confirmed secretion of these proteins and tested them for elicitor activity on plants. Among them, I studied two groups: cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and small cysteine-rich proteins. Cysteine-rich proteins have been shown in other systems to function as elicitors. Initially, I expressed and purified proteins in M. grisea to obtain proteins by a homologous expression system. Although this was effective for a number of proteins, the need for greater amounts of protein led me to express several proteins in the Pichia pastoris system. Several candidate proteins were purified and found to induce symptoms on rice and maize. Hypothetical proteins MG10424.4 and MG09998.4 were both found to have elicitor activity. Lipase MG07016.4 did not induce response of plants and we concluded that the lipase activity of MG07016.4 does not function as an elicitor. I also purified a small cysteine-rich protein, which belongs to the group of cluster 180 proteins in M. grisea, MG10732.4 from P. pastoris. It is able to cause yellowing symptoms and hydrogen peroxide production in plants and it might contain elicitor activity.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-101).

O fungo Humicola grisea var. thermoidea foi submetido a diferentes condições de cultivo com o intuito de determinarem-se as melhores condições para produção de conídios, crescimento e produção de metabólitos secundários com atividade biológica. Para tal foram desenvolvidos experimentos avaliando dois parâmetros: meio fermentativo e tempo de incubação. Os meios fermentativos líquidos utilizados foram Czapek, Jackson e Vogel em condições de agitação (120 rpm), e os tempos avaliados foram 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 e 192 horas. Também foi desenvolvida cultura por fermentação em substrato sólido, meio de arroz enriquecido, em diferentes tempos de incubação, sendo escolhido o período de 60 e 90 dias como os mais promissores. Todos os cultivos foram realizados em temperatura de 40ºC. Dos cultivos em meio líquido foram obtidos extratos acetoetílicos e butanólicos dos filtrados das culturas e metanólicos dos micélios. Dos cultivos a partir do meio sólido foram obtidos extratos acetoetílicos. Os extratos foram avaliados pela técnica de bioautografia na concentração de 30 mg/mL (10 L), utilizando-se como indicadores biológicos as cepas Kocuria rhizophila (ATCC 9341), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 14885). Os extratos acetoetílicos e metanólicos obtidos a partir dos cultivos em Czapek e Vogel, nos tempos 144, 168 e 192 horas se mostraram ativos contra as cepas K. rhizophila e S. aureus. Os extratos obtidos do meio sólido e o extrato acetoetílico (192 horas) obtido do meio de cultivo de Czapek foram avaliados pelo método de microdiluição em microplaca com o objetivo de determinarem-se os valores de CIM, utilizando como microrganismos indicadores K. rhizophila e S. aureus. O extrato mais promissor foi o extrato acetoetílico do cultivo em meio de arroz enriquecido, durante 90 dias, sendo os valores de concentração inibitória mínima de 350 g/mL e de 250 g/mL, contra S. aureus e K. rhizophila, respectivamente. Os extratos foram avaliados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, sendo a princípio considerados promissores os extratos em acetato de etila de Czapek e arroz enriquecido. O fungo foi cultivado em arroz (60 e 90 dias), devido ao maior rendimento, manejo mais simples, menores valores de concentração inibitória mínima quando comparados aos cultivos desenvolvidos nos meios fermentativos líquidos avaliados. Deste modo, foi promovida ampliação da escala de cultivo em meio sólido e os extratos obtidos foram submetidos a processos cromatográficos visando o isolamento de substâncias ativas. Foram isoladas seis substâncias, e elucidadas três: dimetil tereftalato, ácido p-hidroxifenilacético e uma lactama, a qual foi isolada pela primeira vez de fungos e havia sido isolada apenas da esponja marinha (Halichondria melanodocia) infestada por alga. Os resultados dos ensaios de microdiluição em microplaca de tais substâncias se mostraram bastante discretos. Entretanto, outros ensaios biológicos, dentre eles, antitumorais e antiparasitários serão realizados para as substâncias isoladas. / The fungos Humicola grisea var. thermoidea was submmited to different growth conditions, aiming to determine the best condition for the conidia production, mycelia growth and production of secondary metabolites bearing biological activities, as well. For that, it was evaluated both deferent fermentative media (Czapek, Jackson and Vogel) and incubation time (72, 96, 120, 144, 168 e 192 hours), under 120 RPM. The fungus was also cultivated in solid medium using enriched rice in different times of incubation in two batches of 60 and 90 days of fermentation. All fermentations were undertaken at 40ºC. From the fermetation in liquid media it was obtained the extracts in ethyl acetate and n- butanol, from the broth, respectively, and in methanol from the mycelium. From the solid media (rice) it was obtained the ethyl acetate extract. The obtained extracts were submitted to bioautography assay by applying 10 L of a solution containing 30 mg/mL of each extract against the following bacteria strains: Kocuria rhizophila (ATCC 9341), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 14885). The extracts em ethyl acetate and methanol obtained from from Czapek and Vogel media at 144, 168 e 192 hours displayed activity against K. rhizophila and S. aureus. The extracts obtained from the solid medium and the ethyl acetate extract from the Czapek nediun at 192 hours were evaluated using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in microplates, aiming to determine the MIC values for these extracts against both K. rhizophila and S. aureus. The most active extract (ethyl acetate) was the one obtained from solid media cultivated for 90 days, furnishing the MIC values of 350 g/mL and 250 g/mL against S. aureus and K. rhizophila, respectively. All the obtained extracts were submitted to HPLC chromatography and the best chromatographic profiles were displayed by both ethyl acetate extracts from Czapek and enriched rice media. The cultivation in rice media was simple and produced the highest yield of extract, as well as displayed the lowest CIM in comparison with the extracts obtained from the broth of liquid media. Therefore, the fungus was cultivated in a larger scale in rice aiming to obtain enough amount of ethyl acetate extract to allow the isolation of the major active compounds by chromatographic means. Thus, six compounds were isolated, from which three were identified so far: dimethyl tereftalate, p-hidroxyphenylacetic acid and the one lactam. The lactam was isolated for the firs time from a soil fungus, and it was previous isolated only from a marine sponge (Halichondria melanodocia) infested by algae. However, the obtained MIC values for these compounds were very high. Even though, other biological assays, such as: anticancer and antiparasitic, among other will be undertaken to evaluate the potential of the isolated compounds.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-20T18:33:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 20005358 bytes, checksum: 1121af69167ca6262a2059e1892c3134 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T18:33:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 20005358 bytes, checksum: 1121af69167ca6262a2059e1892c3134 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Em Magnaporthe grisea, agente causal da brusone, mutagênese insercional mediada por transformação tem constituído estratégia para a identificação de genes essenciais para a patogenicidade em arroz. A técnica REMI, integração mediada por enzima de restrição, merece destaque em virtude da eficiência de transformação e da predominância de integrações simples. Visando a implantação de programa de mutagênese insercional em M. grisea, os objetivos deste trabalho incluíram: (1) adequar as condições para a obtenção e regeneração de protoplastos do ascomiceto, (2) estabelecer sistema de transformação REMI em M. grisea, avaliando o potencial dos protoplastos e do vetor pAN7-1 e (3) selecionar e caracterizar mutantes com patogenicidade alterada em plantas de arroz. Produção eficiente de protoplastos foi alcançada com o uso simultâneo de 10 mg de Lysing Enzymes e 10 mg de Cellulase Onozuka R10 em 3 mL de MgSO 4 a 1,2 M / NaH 2 PO 4 a 0,01 M (pH = 5,8). Protoplastos de M. grisea I-22 liberados com 3 horas de hidrólise enzimática apresentaram maior capacidade de regeneração da parede celular. Quando expostos ao vetor pAN7-1, os protoplastos foram prontamente transformados para a resistência à higromicina. Quando pAN7-1- HindIII foi usado para transformar I-22 na presença de HindIII, a freqüência de transformantes foi 1,1 a 8,1 vezes superior ao tratamento sem a adição da endonuclease de restrição. No geral, a melhor concentração de HindIII foi 5 unidades/reação de transformação. A partir de testes de patogenicidade envolvendo 125 transformantes, principalmente gerados por REMI, foi possível selecionar cinco mutantes com alterações consistentes na patogênese. Dois desses mutantes, T108 e T93, causaram poucas lesões em folhas de arroz, enquanto o mutante T251 não foi patogênico. A alteração na patogenicidade de T108 foi acompanhada pela menor capacidade de desenvolvimento in vitro. Quando inoculado em plantas de arroz, o mutante T41 apresentou agressividade reduzida, caracterizada por lesões arredondadas de tamanho limitado. Por sua vez, o período de incubação para o mutante T72 foi mais longo do que o do isolado selvagem. Além disso, atrasos consideráveis na germinação de conídios e na formação de apressórios foram detectados em T72. Os mutantes T93 e T251 apresentaram fenótipos semelhantes quando em cultura, caracterizados pela pigmentação marrom. Análises Southern blots de quatro mutantes indicaram que em 50 % dos casos, T108 e T251, apenas uma cópia de pAN7-1 se integrou em um único sítio no genoma. No mutante T251 ocorreu evento REMI propriamente dito. Os mutantes T41 e T93 apresentaram padrões de integração mais complexos. / Transformation mediated-insertional mutagenesis of phytopathogenic fungi is an important tool to identify genes involved in pathogenicity. An improved version of this method is the restriction enzyme mediated integration, or REMI. We chose REMI to begin an insertional mutagenesis project in M. grisea. In this work, were reported the: (1) protoplasts production and regeneration of M. grisea, (2) transformation of protoplasts with pAN7-1 mediated by restriction enzyme and (3) identification and characterization of five transformants with pathogenicity defects in rice, at the phenotypic and molecular levels. The highest protoplasts production was obtained with Lysing Enzymes plus Cellulase Onozuka R-10 and the osmotic buffer MgSO 4 at 1.2 M / NaH 2 PO 4 at 0.01 M (pH = 5.8). The highest regeneration frequency was obtained with protoplasts produced after 3 hours of incubation. The I-22 protoplasts were readily transformed for hygromycin resistance. When pAN7-1-HindIII was used to transform fungal protoplasts in the presence of the HindIII, the transformation efficiency was increased 1.1 to 8.1-fold. The optimal HindIII concentration for enhanced transformation corresponded to 5 unit/transformation mix. Out of 125 transformants screened for the ability to infect rice plants, five showed changes in pathogenicity. The T108 and T93 mutants caused few lesions in rice leaves, while the T251 mutant was non-pathogenic. The alteration in pathogenicity of T108 was accompanied by reduced development in culture. The T41 mutant caused small and limited round lesions. The incubation period of the T72 mutant was longer than of wild type. Furthermore, late germination and appresorium formation was detected in the T72 mutant. The T93 and T251 mutants had similar phenotypes, characterized by a brown-pigmented colony. Four mutants (T41, T93, T108 and T251) were examined by Southern blots. The T108 and T251 mutants contained one copy of the vector integrated at a single site in the genome. REMI event occurred in the T251 mutant. More complex integration events were observed in the T41 and T93 mutants. / Tese importada do Alexandria

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-03-06T12:00:41Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Lorraine Andrade Malaspina - 2014 - (1).pdf: 19847965 bytes, checksum: 80a80b846a7ec7bf574c1a4bbeb45756 (MD5) Dissertação - Lorraine Andrade Malaspina - 2014 - (2).pdf: 481787 bytes, checksum: 75b49000c4d8d2964d52487b43437104 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-03-06T12:06:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Lorraine Andrade Malaspina - 2014 - (1).pdf: 19847965 bytes, checksum: 80a80b846a7ec7bf574c1a4bbeb45756 (MD5) Dissertação - Lorraine Andrade Malaspina - 2014 - (2).pdf: 481787 bytes, checksum: 75b49000c4d8d2964d52487b43437104 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-06T12:06:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Lorraine Andrade Malaspina - 2014 - (1).pdf: 19847965 bytes, checksum: 80a80b846a7ec7bf574c1a4bbeb45756 (MD5) Dissertação - Lorraine Andrade Malaspina - 2014 - (2).pdf: 481787 bytes, checksum: 75b49000c4d8d2964d52487b43437104 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Obtaining 3-dimensional structure of an enzyme can be used as an initial step in projects of genetic engineering and enzymatic engineering when aiming for optimization of catalytic activity and/or production of target enzymes on an industrial scale. Currently, crystallography is the most widely used method for the determination of three-dimensional structures of macromolecules. The plant biomass in the form of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, have great potential for biotechnological applications. With the growing demand for renewable energy sources, its been proposed it's use to obtain energy, called biofuels. For such purpose, the main approach is the search of the degradation of biomass via enzymatic hydrolysis. In this context, the study of microorganisms capable of carrying out the degradation of biomass and the study of the enzymes involved in this process play a key role. Particularly, the thermophilic fungus Humicola grisea var. thermoidea presents signi cant production of active lignocellulolytic enzymes at high temperature and has been considered a strong candidate for industrial applications. However, the scienti c literature still lacks of structural information on fungal enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of lignocellulose. In previous work, the cellulolytic enzyme cellobiohydrolase (CBH1.2) from Humicola grisea has been identi ed and cloned into Pichia pastoris as well as one of the endoxylanases (HXYN2) from this same organism. In this master's project, the enzymes CBH1.2 and HXYN2 were expressed using heterologous expression system obtaining satisfactory yield for in vitro assays. Puri - cation protocols were established via precipitation by ammonium sulfate and initial experiments of enzyme activity were performed via the reducing sugars method for both enzymes. XX Crystallization conditions were found for the enzyme CBH1.2r, where small needleshaped crystals were obtained in crystallization trials. In addition to this, the cloning of the enzyme CBH1.2 from Humicola grisea with the pHIL-D2 expression vector (for extracellular expression) was performed. This vector was used to transform GS115 and SMD1168 strains of the yeast P. pastoris both with the genotype his4-. Transformants that were able to secrete active protein were detected in both strains. / A obten c~ao da estrutura tridimensional de uma enzima pode ser utilizada como passo inicial em projetos de engenharia gen etica e engenharia enzim atica com intuito de optimiza c~ao da atividade catal tica e/ou a produ c~ao em escala industrial de enzimas alvo. Atualmente, a cristalogra a e o m etodo mais empregado para a determina c~ao de estruturas tridimensionais de macromol eculas. A biomassa vegetal, na forma de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, apresenta grande potencial para aplica c~oes biotecnol ogicas. Com a crescente demanda por fontes renov aveis de energia, tem-se proposto sua utiliza c~ao para a obten c~ao de energia, os ditos biocombust veis. Para esse m, a principal abordagem que se tem procurado e a degrada c~ao da biomassa via hidr olise enzim atica. Neste contexto, o estudo de micro-organismos capazes de realizar a degrada c~ao da biomassa e o estudo das enzimas envolvidas no processo apresentam papel chave. Particularmente, o fungo term o lo Humicola grisea var. thermoidea apresenta produ c~ao signi cativa de enzimas lignocelulol ticas ativas a alta temperatura e tem sido considerado um forte candidato para aplica c~oes industriais. Contudo, a literatura cient ca ainda carece de informa c~oes estruturais sobre as enzimas do fungo envolvidas na hidr olise da lignocelulose. Em trabalhos anteriores, a enzima celulol tica celobiohidrolase (CBH1.2) de H. grisea foi identi cada e clonada em Pichia pastoris bem como uma das endoxilanases (HXYN2) deste mesmo organismo. Neste projeto de mestrado, foram expressadas as enzimas CBH1.2 e HXYN2 utilizando sistema heter ologo de express~ao, obtendo rendimento satisfat orio para ensaios in vitro. Foram estabelecidos protocolos de puri ca c~ao via precipita c~ao por sulfato de am^onio e realizados experimentos iniciais de atividade enzim atica via o m etodo dos a c ucares redutores para as duas enzimas. XVIII Foi encontrada condi c~ao de cristaliza c~ao para a enzima CBH1.2r onde foram obtidos pequenos cristais em forma de agulha nos ensaios de cristaliza c~ao. Al em deste, tamb em foi realizada a clonagem da enzima CBH1.2 de Humicola grisea no vetor de express~ao pHIL-D2 (para express~ao extracelular). Este vetor foi utilizado para transformar as linhagens SMD1168 e GS115 da levedura P. pastoris ambas com o gen otipo his4-. Foram detectados transformantes capazes de secretar a prote na ativa em ambas as linhagens.

O fungo Humicola grisea var. thermoidea foi submetido a diferentes condições de cultivo com o intuito de determinarem-se as melhores condições para produção de conídios, crescimento e produção de metabólitos secundários com atividade biológica. Para tal foram desenvolvidos experimentos avaliando dois parâmetros: meio fermentativo e tempo de incubação. Os meios fermentativos líquidos utilizados foram Czapek, Jackson e Vogel em condições de agitação (120 rpm), e os tempos avaliados foram 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 e 192 horas. Também foi desenvolvida cultura por fermentação em substrato sólido, meio de arroz enriquecido, em diferentes tempos de incubação, sendo escolhido o período de 60 e 90 dias como os mais promissores. Todos os cultivos foram realizados em temperatura de 40ºC. Dos cultivos em meio líquido foram obtidos extratos acetoetílicos e butanólicos dos filtrados das culturas e metanólicos dos micélios. Dos cultivos a partir do meio sólido foram obtidos extratos acetoetílicos. Os extratos foram avaliados pela técnica de bioautografia na concentração de 30 mg/mL (10 L), utilizando-se como indicadores biológicos as cepas Kocuria rhizophila (ATCC 9341), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 14885). Os extratos acetoetílicos e metanólicos obtidos a partir dos cultivos em Czapek e Vogel, nos tempos 144, 168 e 192 horas se mostraram ativos contra as cepas K. rhizophila e S. aureus. Os extratos obtidos do meio sólido e o extrato acetoetílico (192 horas) obtido do meio de cultivo de Czapek foram avaliados pelo método de microdiluição em microplaca com o objetivo de determinarem-se os valores de CIM, utilizando como microrganismos indicadores K. rhizophila e S. aureus. O extrato mais promissor foi o extrato acetoetílico do cultivo em meio de arroz enriquecido, durante 90 dias, sendo os valores de concentração inibitória mínima de 350 g/mL e de 250 g/mL, contra S. aureus e K. rhizophila, respectivamente. Os extratos foram avaliados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, sendo a princípio considerados promissores os extratos em acetato de etila de Czapek e arroz enriquecido. O fungo foi cultivado em arroz (60 e 90 dias), devido ao maior rendimento, manejo mais simples, menores valores de concentração inibitória mínima quando comparados aos cultivos desenvolvidos nos meios fermentativos líquidos avaliados. Deste modo, foi promovida ampliação da escala de cultivo em meio sólido e os extratos obtidos foram submetidos a processos cromatográficos visando o isolamento de substâncias ativas. Foram isoladas seis substâncias, e elucidadas três: dimetil tereftalato, ácido p-hidroxifenilacético e uma lactama, a qual foi isolada pela primeira vez de fungos e havia sido isolada apenas da esponja marinha (Halichondria melanodocia) infestada por alga. Os resultados dos ensaios de microdiluição em microplaca de tais substâncias se mostraram bastante discretos. Entretanto, outros ensaios biológicos, dentre eles, antitumorais e antiparasitários serão realizados para as substâncias isoladas. / The fungos Humicola grisea var. thermoidea was submmited to different growth conditions, aiming to determine the best condition for the conidia production, mycelia growth and production of secondary metabolites bearing biological activities, as well. For that, it was evaluated both deferent fermentative media (Czapek, Jackson and Vogel) and incubation time (72, 96, 120, 144, 168 e 192 hours), under 120 RPM. The fungus was also cultivated in solid medium using enriched rice in different times of incubation in two batches of 60 and 90 days of fermentation. All fermentations were undertaken at 40ºC. From the fermetation in liquid media it was obtained the extracts in ethyl acetate and n- butanol, from the broth, respectively, and in methanol from the mycelium. From the solid media (rice) it was obtained the ethyl acetate extract. The obtained extracts were submitted to bioautography assay by applying 10 L of a solution containing 30 mg/mL of each extract against the following bacteria strains: Kocuria rhizophila (ATCC 9341), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 14885). The extracts em ethyl acetate and methanol obtained from from Czapek and Vogel media at 144, 168 e 192 hours displayed activity against K. rhizophila and S. aureus. The extracts obtained from the solid medium and the ethyl acetate extract from the Czapek nediun at 192 hours were evaluated using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in microplates, aiming to determine the MIC values for these extracts against both K. rhizophila and S. aureus. The most active extract (ethyl acetate) was the one obtained from solid media cultivated for 90 days, furnishing the MIC values of 350 g/mL and 250 g/mL against S. aureus and K. rhizophila, respectively. All the obtained extracts were submitted to HPLC chromatography and the best chromatographic profiles were displayed by both ethyl acetate extracts from Czapek and enriched rice media. The cultivation in rice media was simple and produced the highest yield of extract, as well as displayed the lowest CIM in comparison with the extracts obtained from the broth of liquid media. Therefore, the fungus was cultivated in a larger scale in rice aiming to obtain enough amount of ethyl acetate extract to allow the isolation of the major active compounds by chromatographic means. Thus, six compounds were isolated, from which three were identified so far: dimethyl tereftalate, p-hidroxyphenylacetic acid and the one lactam. The lactam was isolated for the firs time from a soil fungus, and it was previous isolated only from a marine sponge (Halichondria melanodocia) infested by algae. However, the obtained MIC values for these compounds were very high. Even though, other biological assays, such as: anticancer and antiparasitic, among other will be undertaken to evaluate the potential of the isolated compounds.

L'intégrité de paroi cellulaire est cruciale pour la survie du champignon pendant son cycle de développement ou en réaction à des conditions de stress. Chez la levure, les voies de signalisation de MAP kinase, Slt2, et calcineurin, régulent la réparation de paroi cellulaire. MPS1, l'orthologue de SLT2, chez Magnaporthe grisea est essentiel pour la réparation de la paroi cellulaire et pour la pénétration de l'appressorium (Xu, et al., 1998). Chez la levure, Slt2 active les facteurs de transcription Rlm1, Swi4 et Swi6, alors que le calcineurin active Crz1. Par ailleurs, PaIdc1 a un rôle dans la localisation nucléaire de PaMpk1 (orthologue de Slt2 et Mps1). (Corinne Jamet-Vierny, et al., 2007). MgIDC1, Le gène orthologue de PaIDC1 a été, de même, identifié chez M. grisea. ScAGS1 (α-glucan synthase), est un composant principal de la paroi principal des champignons. CaCAS5, est un régulateur transcriptionel, régule plusieurs gènes de la paroi cellulaire et ScKnr4 est impliqué dans la régulation de l'activité de 1,3--glucan synthase et la formation de la paroi cellulaire Ces gènes ont été identifiés chez M. grisea et des mutants de délétion ont été construits par le remplacement de gène chez M. grisea. Les mutants Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1 et Guy11ΔKU80Δidc1 montrent une forte réduction de mycélium aérien. Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1, Guy11ΔKU80Δrlm1 et Guy11ΔKU80Δswi4 ont une très forte réduction de sporulation. Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1, Guy11ΔKU80Δrlm1 et Guy11ΔKU80Δcrz1 ont une forte réduction de pouvoir pathogène. De plus, les mutants Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1 et Guy11ΔKU80Δswi4 sont inhibé, de 100% en présence d'un mélange de l'Aculéacine et Nikkomycine à faible dose (DI20). Les résultats montrent que chez M. grisea, il existe deux voies impliquées dans l'intégrité de la paroi cellulaire. La voie MAPK MPS1, qui régule les facteurs de transcription Rlm1, Swi4, Swi6 et la voie de Calcineurine, qui régule Crz1. D'après les analyses, SWI4 est impliquée dans la régulation des gènes de glucan synthases et chitine synthase, quand RLM1 n'est impliqué que dans la régulation des gènes de chitine synthase. Dans la voie de Calcineurine, CRZ1 contrôle les gènes de chitine synthase aussi. Ces études suggèrent que les facteurs de transcription qui sont régulés par Mps1 et Calcineurine sont spécialisés dans la régulation des gènes de cible spécifiques à l'intégrité et la réparation de la paroi cellulaire. / The cell wall integrity is crucial for the survival of fungi during its development or in reaction in stress conditions. In yeast, the MAP kinase pathway Slt2, and the calcineurin pathway are responsible of the cell wall repair. MPS1, the orthologous of SLT2, in Magnaporthe grisea is essential for the repair of the cell wall and the penetration of the appressorium (Xu, and Al, 1998). In yeast, Slt2 activates the transcription factors Rlm1, Swi4 and Swi6, whereas the calcineurin activates Crz1. In addition, PaIdc1 has a role in the nuclear localization of PaMpk1 (orthologous of Slt2 and Mps1). (Corinne Jamet-Vierny, and Al, 2007), in Podospora anserina. MgIDC1, the gene orthologous of PaIDC1 , likewise, was identified in M. grisea. ScAGS1 (α- glucan synthase), is the principal component of the wall of fungi. CaCAS5, is a transcriptional regulator, controls several genes of the cell wall and ScKnr4 is implied in the regulation of the activity of 1,3-- glucan synthase and the formation of the cell wall These genes was identified at M. grisea and deletion mutants were obtained by the gene replacement in M. grisea. Mutants Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1 and Guy11ΔKU80Δidc1 show a strong reduction of mycelium. Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1, Guy11ΔKU80Δrlm1 and Guy11ΔKU80Δswi4 have a very strong reduction of sporulation. Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1, Guy11ΔKU80Δrlm1 and Guy11ΔKU80Δcrz1 have a strong reduction of pathogenicity. Moreover, mutants Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1 and Guy11ΔKU80Δswi4 are 100% inhibited, in presence of a mixture of Aculéacine and Nikkomycine with low dose (DI20). The results show that in M. grisea, there are two pathways implied in the cell wall integrity. The MAPK pathway Mps1, which controls the tr anscription factors Rlm1, Swi4, Swi6 and the calcineurin pathway, which controls the transcription factor, Crz1. According to this study, SWI4 is implied in the regulation of glucan synthases and chitin synthase genes, when RLM1 is implied only in the regulation of chitin synthase genes. In the calcineurin pathway, CRZ1 controls chitin synthase genes. These studies suggest that the factors of transcription which are controlled by Mps1 and Calcineurin are specialized in the regulation of target genes, specific to the cell wall integrity and cell wall repair.

L'intégrité de paroi cellulaire est cruciale pour la survie du champignon pendant son cycle de développement ou en réaction à des conditions de stress. Chez la levure, les voies de signalisation de MAP kinase, Slt2, et calcineurin, régulent la réparation de paroi cellulaire. MPS1, l'orthologue de SLT2, chez Magnaporthe grisea est essentiel pour la réparation de la paroi cellulaire et pour la pénétration de l'appressorium (Xu, et al., 1998). Chez la levure, Slt2 active les facteurs de transcription Rlm1, Swi4 et Swi6, alors que le calcineurin active Crz1. Par ailleurs, PaIdc1 a un rôle dans la localisation nucléaire de PaMpk1 (orthologue de Slt2 et Mps1). (Corinne Jamet-Vierny, et al., 2007). MgIDC1, Le gène orthologue de PaIDC1 a été, de même, identifié chez M. grisea. ScAGS1 (α-glucan synthase), est un composant principal de la paroi principal des champignons. CaCAS5, est un régulateur transcriptionel, régule plusieurs gènes de la paroi cellulaire et ScKnr4 est impliqué dans la régulation de l'activité de 1,3--glucan synthase et la formation de la paroi cellulaire Ces gènes ont été identifiés chez M. grisea et des mutants de délétion ont été construits par le remplacement de gène chez M. grisea. Les mutants Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1 et Guy11ΔKU80Δidc1 montrent une forte réduction de mycélium aérien. Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1, Guy11ΔKU80Δrlm1 et Guy11ΔKU80Δswi4 ont une très forte réduction de sporulation. Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1, Guy11ΔKU80Δrlm1 et Guy11ΔKU80Δcrz1 ont une forte réduction de pouvoir pathogène. De plus, les mutants Guy11ΔKU80Δmps1 et Guy11ΔKU80Δswi4 sont inhibé, de 100% en présence d'un mélange de l'Aculéacine et Nikkomycine à faible dose (DI20). Les résultats montrent que chez M. grisea, il existe deux voies impliquées dans l'intégrité de la paroi cellulaire. La voie MAPK MPS1, qui régule les facteurs de transcription Rlm1, Swi4, Swi6 et la voie de Calcineurine, qui régule Crz1. D'après les analyses, SWI4 est impliquée dans la régulation des gènes de glucan synthases et chitine synthase, quand RLM1 n'est impliqué que dans la régulation des gènes de chitine synthase. Dans la voie de Calcineurine, CRZ1 contrôle les gènes de chitine synthase aussi. Ces études suggèrent que les facteurs de transcription qui sont régulés par Mps1 et Calcineurine sont spécialisés dans la régulation des gènes de cible spécifiques à l'intégrité et la réparation de la paroi cellulaire.