Hypothesised causes of the observed world-wide decline of amphibian populations are varied and in some cases contentious. Insufficient information relating to the autecology of many amphibian species can cause erroneous speculations regarding critical habitat requirements and hence management programs designed to enhance population viability are often unsuccessful. Most amphibians display a bi-phasic life history that involves occupation of an aquatic breeding habitat and terrestrial habitats that are used for foraging, and shelter from predation and environmental stress. However, the focus of most amphibian research is centred on the breeding habitat, with limited research being conducted into the terrestrial habitat requirements of most amphibian species. Barakula State Forest is a large continuous area of open woodland situated in the semi-arid region of Queensland. The forest supports 21 species of endemic anurans, many of which use ephemeral waterbodies for breeding. This area is, therefore, an ideal location to test the relative importance of terrestrial habitat on the distribution of a suite of frogs that display different morphological and physiological characteristics. On the landscape scale, the attributes of the terrestrial environment at three survey areas within Barakula were similar. However, at the patch scale, ground truthing showed there were considerable variations in vegetation and ground cover attributes within and between each survey site. Measured properties of the soil also tended to vary within and between sites. Soil texture ranged from sandy to heavy clay, soil pH ranged from 3.9 to 6.4 and soil moisture varied considerably. Agar models, used for testing evaporative moisture loss at different microhabitats, retained significantly higher levels of moisture when positioned in the buried microhabitat during summer, but in winter, models that were placed under leaf litter retained higher levels of moisture. Variations in levels of moisture loss at the five different microhabitats were evident within and between the survey sites. Despite a prolonged drought, 1844 native frogs representing 17 species were pitfall trapped. Members from the family Myobatrachidae comprised 94% of these captures, and burrowing species accounted for 75% of total captures. Species were not randomly distributed within or between the survey sites. Vegetation attributes and soil properties played a significant role in influencing the catch rates and traplines that supported similar vegetation and soil attributes also tended to catch similar species. Capture rates of six of the seven burrowing species were significantly influenced by soil properties. When given a choice of four different microhabitats created in enclosures, individuals from five species showed varying responses to habitat choice during night time activity. During daylight all species tended to avoid bare areas and burrowing species tended to burrow under some form of cover. Pseudophryne bibronii metamorphs showed a significant avoidance to soils with high pH. The number of Limnodynastes ornatus metamorphs was significantly and positively correlated with moisture levels surrounding a breeding area. Limnodynastes ornatus metamorphs tended to avoid areas that did not support some form of cover. Embryos from the terrestrial egg laying P. bibronii translocated to sites with varying levels of soil pH, suffered increased mortality where the soil pH was &gt4.8. In the laboratory, embryonic survival was not significantly different between the four pH treatments. There was a significant influence of fungal infection on survival rates and ranked fungal infection was significantly different between the four pH treatments. The terrestrial environment at the three survey sites has provided sufficient protection from environmental elements to allow a large diversity of anurans to persist for long periods without access to permanent water. Management must consider the importance of the non-breeding habitat when defining buffer zones, restoration programs and conservation strategies to ensure that the complete set of ecological requirements for frog species are provided.

An important strategy to obtain better quality of soil is the association of conservative systems on soil management with ground cover cultures which provide increased additions of carbon and nitrogen. Among the soil quality indicators, N has been pinpointed due to its relation to the productive capacity of the soil, once the increment on the yield of economical cultivations, when done subsequently to ground cover cultures, has been attributed to the increasing availability of N. In this way, leguminous plants are mainly preferred because of their symbiotic capacity with Rhizobium bacteria, which trap atmospheric nitrogen. The aim of this work was to evaluate three species of leguminous (crotalaria, guandu and black mucuna) for utilization of Direct Cultivation System (DCS) in maize culture. The statistical outline was done in randomized blocks with four repetitions in subdivided parcels, leguminous in parcels and two applications of N (0 and 80 kg ha-1) in subparcels. Before the seeding of DKB 333 B hybrid maize, the experimental area was prepared with limestone and cultivated leguminous before mentioned leguminous, in order to promote the implementation of the SPD. At 155 days after seeding, the high flowered leguminous were desiccated by apllication of 4 L ha-1 Glyfosate herbicide. The seeding of maize was then held making use of sowing machine propelled by mechanical traction with a spacing of 0,80 m x 0,20 m. The guandu species not only presented a better performance concerning the production of biomass and total accumulated N per hectare when compared to the other species. Crotalaria positively influenced the productivity of successively cultivated maize grains. The addition of 80 kg ha-1 of N for higher production of maize provided a reduction in the proportions of P, K, Ca + Mg, T and V in the soil. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A associação de sistemas conservacionistas de preparo do solo com culturas de cobertura que proporcionem elevadas adições de carbono e nitrogênio é estratégia importante na qualidade do solo. Entre os indicadores de qualidade do solo, destaca-se o N total por sua relação com a capacidade produtiva do solo, uma vez que o incremento no rendimento de culturas econômicas, quando cultivadas em sucessão a culturas de cobertura, tem sido principalmente atribuído ao aumento da disponibilidade de N. Neste sentido, as leguminosas são preferidas, principalmente pela sua capacidade de se relacionar simbioticamente com bactérias do gênero Rhizobium, que fixam nitrogênio atmosférico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar três espécies leguminosas (crotalária, guandu e mucuna preta) para utilização em Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD) na cultura do milho. O delineamento estatístico foi em blocos casualisados com quatro repetições em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, ficando as leguminosas nas parcelas e duas doses de N (0 e 80 kg ha-1) nas subparcelas. Antes da semeadura do milho híbrido DKB 333 B, a área experimental recebeu calagem e em seguida foi cultivada com as espécies de leguminosas mencionadas, de maneira a viabilizar a implantação do SPD. Aos 155 dias após a semeadura, quando as espécies leguminosas encontravam-se na fase de pleno florescimento, as mesmas foram dessecadas, aplicando-se 4 L ha-1 do herbicida Glyfosate, sendo realizada, posteriormente, a semeadura do milho, utilizando-se uma semeadora à tração mecânica no espaçamento de 0,80 m x 0,20 m. Constatou-se que o guandu apresentou uma melhor performance quanto à produção de fitomassa e N total acumulado por hectare quando comparado às demais leguminosas. Entretanto, a crotalária influenciou positivamente a produtividade de grãos de milho cultivado em sucessão. A adição de 80 kg ha-1 de N promoveu uma redução dos valores de P, K, Ca + Mg, T e V no solo.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Shacon.pdf: 2204413 bytes, checksum: 9df178e93b67c06c5a2ef88d2517a68d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aimed to study the tolerance of forage peanut at different herbicides in the edapho-climatic conditions of the city of Manaus-AM. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Western Amazon, located on km 29 highway AM 010, Manaus-AM, from May to October 2009, in greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized (5x6) with one additional treatment (control), with four replications in randomized block design (RBD). We applied six different doses of herbicides: Recommended Dose (RD), 25% DR (D1), 50% DR (D2), 75% DR (D3) and 125% DR (D4), plus additional treatment - control (D0 ). Stolons were used (20 cm) of forager peanut, cultivar Amarillo, planted in polyethylene bags containing 6.0 kg of capoeira forest humus substrate. Herbicide application was performed 70 days after planting (DAP), with a pressurized backpack sprayer at CO2. Visual assessments of tolerance (phytotoxicity) of the peanut plants (A. pintoi.) were examined in 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after herbicide application (DAA). For the evaluation of dry matter, was held the cutting of the plants at 110 days after planting (DAP) and its parts were separated in leaves, stems and roots. We removed a leaf of each plant to measure the specific leaf area (SLA). For processing the data we used SAS software, we did analyse of variance to test the differences between herbicides and the variables and regression analysis of doses of herbicides. Fomesafen treatment showed higher weight of dry matter of leaves (9.82 g plant-1) standing out from other herbicides. The A. pintoi was more tolerant to herbicides fomesafen with 6.57%of phytotoxicity, followed by bentazon (6.28%), and fluazifop-p-butyl (6.13%). The sulfentrazone showed the highest percentages of phytotoxicity (15.2%), resulting in a greater number of plants with leaf spots, necrosis and curling of leaves. The Arachis pintoi was tolerant to the herbicides fomesafen, bentazon and fluazifop-p-butyl, thus being the more suitable herbicides for the maintenance of A.pintoi / O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a tolerância do amendoim forrageiro a diferentes herbicidas nas condições edafoclimáticas de Manaus-AM. O experimento foi instalado na Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, localizada no km 29 da estrada AM 010, Manaus- AM, no período de Maio a Outubro de 2009, em condições de casa-de-vegetação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi Fatorial de (5x6) mais um tratamento adicional (testemunha), com 4 repetições em blocos casualizados (DBC). Foram aplicadas cinco doses de seis herbicidas: Dose Recomendada (DR); 25% DR (D1); 50% DR (D2); 75% DR (D3) e 125% DR (D4), mais o tratamento adicional testemunha (D0). Foram utilizadas estolões (de 20 cm de comprimento) de amendoim forrageiro do cultivar Amarillo, plantadas em sacos de polietileno contendo 6,0 kg de substrato de terriço de capoeira. A aplicação dos herbicidas foi realizada aos 70 dias após o plantio (DAP), com pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO2. As avaliações visuais de tolerância (fitotoxicidade) das plantas de amendoim forrageiro (A. pintoi.) foram feitas aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA), Para a avaliação da matéria seca, realizou-se o corte das plantas aos 110 dias após o plantio (DAP) e suas partes separadas em folhas, caule e raiz. Destacou-se também uma folha de cada planta para a mensuração da área foliar específica (AFE). Para o processamento dos dados foi utilizado o software SAS, foi realizada análise de variância para testar as diferenças entre herbicidas e as variáveis e as análises de regressão das doses dos herbicidas. O tratamento com fomesafen apresentou maior peso de matéria seca das folhas (9,82 g planta-1) destacando-se dos demais herbicidas. O A. pintoi mostrou-se mais tolerante aos herbicidas fomesafen com 6,57% de fitotoxicidade, seguido de bentazon (6,28%), e fluazifop-p-butil (6,13%). O sulfentrazone apresentou as maiores percentagens de fitotoxicidade (15,2%), acarretando em maior número de plantas com manchas foliares, necrose e encarquilhamento das folhas. O Arachis pintoi foi tolerante aos herbicidas fomesafen, bentazon e fluazifop-p-butil, portanto, sendo os herbicidas mais indicados para a manutenção do A.pintoi

Tendo em vista a importância de se obter um desenho urbano baseado no microclima e a possibilidade da utilização da vegetação arbórea como um elemento determinante na mitigação do desconforto urbano, este trabalho avaliou o efeito provocado por três diferentes arranjos espaciais de floresta urbana e do uso e ocupação do solo sobre a temperatura e umidade do entorno. A pesquisa foi realizada na cidade de Rio Claro/SP. As configurações escolhidas para análise foram uma avenida totalmente arborizada (S), uma praça (P) e um trecho de uma floresta periurbana (H) em áreas predominantemente residenciais com baixo gabarito de edificações. O trabalho de campo foi realizado em três dias consecutivos no período de seca e no período chuvoso. Os dados de temperatura e umidade foram obtidos por meio de registradores distribuídos ao longo de 200m nas ruas que se ramificavam para Norte, Sul, Leste e Oeste a partir do aglomerado arbóreo. As variáveis de velocidade e direção do vento foram registradas pela estação meteorológica do CEAPLA. Imagens termais do entorno das áreas foram obtidas com uma câmera termográfica. Foram aplicados questionários com os frequentadores das áreas verdes. Caracterizou-se o tecido urbano por meio de classificação supervisionada feita a partir de imagem multiespectral de alta resolução do satélite World-view 2. Polígonos circulares de 20m de raio foram gerados ao redor dos pontos onde os registradores permaneceram possibilitando correlacionar a porcentagem de cobertura com a temperatura e umidade do ponto. Mapas foram gerados no programa ARCMAP possibilitando visualizar a distribuição espacial da temperatura, amplitude e umidade relativa do ar nos locais. Nos locais do estudo nos horários mais quentes a temperatura e umidade do entorno variaram de 2 °C a 4 °C e 3 UR% a 15 UR%. Normalmente em ambientes semelhantes a variabilidade espacial da temperatura e umidade do ar não é alta e os fatores que mais influênciam essa mudança são a radiação solar e o vento local. Os valores mínimos de temperatura e máximos de umidade localizaram-se mais próximos à faixa florestada. As análises estatísticas mostram que ao considerar a variável distância a partir da área arborizada na análise geral, esta é considerada determinante na influência do aglomerado arbóreo no entorno, entretanto ao especificar a análise para cada local esta deixa de ser significativa nos locais H e P com significância somente no local S entre as distâncias 40 e 80m. Algumas coberturas, principalmente asfalto e copa de árvore, possuem correlação na variação da umidade e da temperatura dos pontos. A análise dos questionários mostra uma relação do conforto relatado com o fator de exposição ao sol. A observação qualitativa das imagens termais indica que os materiais de menor albedo como o asfalto superaquecem devido à radiação solar incidente, podendo chegar, nas horas mais quentes a 70°C, contribuindo para o desconforto. A forma mais barata e eficaz para solucionar este problema é promover o sombreamento das superfícies por meio da vegetação arbórea implantando corredores verdes na malha urbana com espécies de boa densidade foliar e copa ampla. / Given the importance of obtaining an urban design based on the microclimate and the possibility of the use of trees as a factor in mitigation of urban distress, this study evaluated the effect caused by three different spatial arrangements of urban forests and the use and occupation on soil in temperature and humidity of the environment in surroundings area. The research was conducted in the city of Rio Claro / SP. The configurations chosen for analysis were a fully forested avenue (S), a square (P) and a section from a periurban forest (H) in a area with predominantly residential buildings. Fieldwork was conducted in three consecutive days during the dry and rainy season. The air temperature and humidity were obtained by data loggers distributed over 200m in the streets that branched to the north, south, east and west from the tree cluster. The variable speed and wind direction were recorded by the meteorological station of CEAPLA. Thermal images of the surrounding areas were obtained with a thermographic camera. Questionnaires were applied to the green areas frequenters. Characterized the urban fabric by supervised classification made from multispectral image of high resolution two-view satellite World. Buffers with 20m were generated around the points where the data loggers remained possible to correlate the percentage of coverage with temperature and humidity of the point. Maps were generated in the ArcMap display showing the spatial distribution of temperature, amplitude and relative humidity at the sites. At the study sites, warmer periods in the surroundings showed temperatures and humidity ranged 2 °C to 4 °C and 3% RH to 15% RH. Usually in similar environments the spatial variability of temperature and humidity isn\'t high and the factors that influence this change are the local wind and solar radiation. The minimum temperature and maximum humidity were located closer to the forested area. Statistical analyzes show that when considering the distance variable in the overall analysis, this is considered decisive to influence of the tree cluster in the surroundings, however when the analysis is specific for each site the distance is no longer significant in the H and P sites and significant only in the place S between 40 and 80m distance. Some coverage, especially asphalt and canopy tree, show correlation between the variation of humidity and temperature points. Analysis of the questionnaires show a relationship between reported comforts with the exposure to the sun. A qualitative observation of thermal images indicate that the material of smaller reflectance as asphalt, overheat due to solar radiation, reaching, in the hottest hours at 70 ° C and contributes to discomfort. The most inexpensive and effective way to solve this problem is to promote the shading of surfaces by means of trees deploying green corridors in the urban area with good species of leaf density and ample canopy.

No description available.

Rodents often colonise agricultural lands and become pests that cause economic loss and crop damage. Eradicating or regulating pest numbers has economic and environmental costs and has always been of great interest to farmers and nature conservationists. To reduce rodent numbers poison baits are used more often than biological control. However, poisoning has adverse environmental impacts and ignores the underlying biological factors that influence pest abundance. This study examined the interactions of the common rat species of oil palm plantations, namely Rattus rattus diardii, R. argentiventer and R. tiomanicus, with their food resource, habitat structure and introduced predators in an attempt to provide a better understanding and approach for their control. To investigate the interrelationships among rodents, owls and oil palms, rodent trapping was conducted simultaneously with pellet collection and assessment of the breeding of owls over six study plots and seven trapping intervals in one oil palm plantation. Trapping records suggested that relative abundances of rodent species differed in plots with palms of differing ages. There were more R. r. diardii as a proportion of the total captures in older palms (seven years old) while R. argentiventer was the most common rat captured in younger palms (three years old). The abundance of R. tiomanicus remained low throughout trapping sessions for palms of all ages. A numerical response of rats to fruit availability in older palms was demonstrated by a positive and significant correlation between the numbers of fruit bunches present and the total number of rats captured. This relationship was observed in both older and younger palms only for R. argentiventer but not R. r. diardii or R. tiomanicus in either age of palms. This suggests that the competitiveness of R. argentiventer may be higher than that of the other two species providing that there were no factors other than food availability that limit the numbers of other two species. However, the levels of damage to palm fruit were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of R. argentiventer only in younger palms, not in older ones where R. r. diardii were more abundant. The more terrestrial nature of R. argentiventer may have restricted their acquisition of food when the palms became taller. In addition to differences in feeding niche, habitat heterogeneity may also be important in determining the rat species compositions at different ages of palms. Vegetation cover may act as a refuge for rats; the overall occurrence of rats, and especially R. argentiventer, was positively correlated with vegetation cover and height, and even certain vegetation associations. This study supported the continued use of the barn owl Tyto alba javanica for biological control of rodent pests in the palm oil plantations. The numbers of different rat species consumed by owls, as measured by pellet numbers, were proportional to prey captures with R. r. diardii dominating the prey items. Weights and sexes of rats, based upon sizes of bones recovered from owl pellets, indicated that the birds did not preferentially prey on any size or sex classes of rats. Although there was no differential predation by the owls, a functional, and possibly a numerical, response of the birds to changes in rat numbers was demonstrated. A functional response of barn owls to prey abundance was evidenced by a significant positive relationship between the relative abundance of rats captured and numbers of pellets collected. Some form of numerical response of barn owls was suggested by higher breeding records when rat abundances were significantly higher. Since both functional and numerical responses are important determinants of whether predators are likely to be able to regulate prey numbers, the role of barn owls as a practical biological control agent in oil palm plantations was supported. This study suggested that the regulation of rodent pests in oil palm plantations should not be limited to chemical measures but can be complemented by other biological factors including interspecific interactions, manipulation of the availability and density of food and habitat structure, in addition to predation by barn owls. The findings suggested that an integrated approach to rodent control, considering all biological factors that influence rat numbers, should be properly applied if an environmentally friendly and possibly cost effective approach is to be applied for the palm oil industry.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-08T15:58:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS17MA167.pdf: 1869193 bytes, checksum: d607c94be1d50fbf1dc0c4b56500c279 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-08T15:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS17MA167.pdf: 1869193 bytes, checksum: d607c94be1d50fbf1dc0c4b56500c279 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Capes / In agricultural production systems soil degradation by water erosion is one of the main causes of environmental contamination, whose erosion is strongly influenced by slope length, among other factors. The objective of this work was to quantify the losses of soil (PS) and water (PA), in different slope lengths, in a field experiment, cultivated in a no-tillage system under natural rainfall condition, Lages, SC. The treatments, with two replications, consisted of slope lengths of 11, 22, 33 and 44 m, at an average slope of 8%. Erosion was evaluated during the growing season of the consortium with black oats, turnip and common vetch between july and november 2015, between november and february 2015/2016 with single black bean, and between march and july 2016 with single black oats , in individual events of 49 erosive rains. Water erosion increased with increasing slope length, in the range between 11 and 44 m, establishing a potential relationship between the variables. Soil losses decreased from the first crop shortly after the implantation of the no-tillage, from this to the second crop and from this crop to the third crop. Soil losses were linearly and positively related to rainfall erosivity and water losses, while water losses were related in the same manner to slope length and rainfall height in the growing condition of the soil. Soil in the form of no-tilla / Nos sistemas de produção agrícola a degradação do solo por erosão hídrica é uma das principais causas de contaminação ambiental, cuja erosão é fortemente influenciada pelo comprimento de declive, dentre outros fatores. Com este trabalho objetivou-se quantificar as perdas de solo (PS) e água (PA), em diferentes comprimentos de declive num Cambissolo Húmico Alumínico léptico, em experimento de campo, cultivado em sistema de semeadura direta, em condição de chuva natural, em Lages, SC. Os tratamentos, com duas repetições, constituíram-se nos comprimentos de declive de 11, 22, 33 e 44 m, em uma declividade média de 8%. Avaliou-se a erosão no período de cultivo do consórcio com aveia, nabo e ervilhaca entre julho e novembro de 2015, entre novembro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016 com feijão preto solteiro e, de março a julho de 2016 com aveia preta solteira, em eventos individuais de 49 chuvas erosivas. A erosão hídrica aumentou com o aumento do comprimento de declive, no intervalo entre 11 m e 44 m, estabelecendo uma relação potencial entre as variáveis. As perdas de solo diminuiram do primeiro cultivo logo após a implantação da semeadura direta, deste para o segundo cultivo e, deste cultivo para o terceiro. As perdas de solo relacionaram-se linear e positivamente com a erosividade das chuvas e com as perdas de água, enquanto, as perdas de água relacionaram-se do mesmo modo com o comprimento de declive e com a altura de chuva em condição de cultivo do solo na forma de semeadura direta. As perdas de solo variaram menos do que as perdas de água, tanto entre os comprimentos de declive, quanto, entre os cultivos

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-17T17:33:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ruthestefaniasalazargascon.pdf: 12825677 bytes, checksum: d4f1b4c5c63aca50f95a5bc736215fb5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:39:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ruthestefaniasalazargascon.pdf: 12825677 bytes, checksum: d4f1b4c5c63aca50f95a5bc736215fb5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:39:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ruthestefaniasalazargascon.pdf: 12825677 bytes, checksum: d4f1b4c5c63aca50f95a5bc736215fb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / O Parque Nacional Canaima (PNC) está localizado no sudeste da Venezuela e sua fundação foi promovida para conservação da parte alta da Bacia do Rio Caroní, aonde se localizam as nascentes dos principais Rios que abastecem a Central Hidroelétrica Simón Bolívar (Represa Del Guri) a qual fornece aproximadamente 72% da energia hidroelétrica Nacional. No setor oriental do PNC está localizada a região da GS, que apresenta a maior quantidade de visitantes pelo turismo e tem a maior população de moradores indígenas Pemón dentro de uma área protegida na Venezuela, os quais utilizam o fogo como parte de sua cultura. Nas últimas décadas tem se observado um aumento considerável na frequência de anomalias climáticas e dos incêndios na GS, o que tem sido apontado pelos gestores como o principal agente na diminuição do fornecimento de água na Represa Del Guri. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a frequência e severidade das queimadas que aconteceram na Gran sabana (GS) - Parque Nacional Canaima (PNC) entre 2003 e 2014 em relação aos eventos climáticos extremos como ENOS (El Niño- La Niña/Oscilação do Sul) e AMO (Oscilação do Atlântico Norte) e às dinâmicas próprias da vegetação. Foram usados dados dos focos de calor, dados de pluviosidade, imagens de satélites e dados das anomalias nas Temperaturas da Superfície do Mar (TSM) no Oceano Pacífico. Estimaram-se: correlações de Pearson (r) entre as frequências de queimadas VS as anomalias nas TSM; (r) anomalias na pluviosidade para cada estação VS anomalias nas TSM; Índice Normalizado de Queimadas (INQ); Índice de Vegetação por Diferencia Normalizado (NDVI); quantidade e extensão de cicatrizes de queimadas e mudanças na cobertura do solo. Constatou-se que AMO, em sua fase quente, afeta infimamente a ubiquação da ZCIT e altera a Célula de Hadley aumentando as precipitações na GS; anomalias fase positiva/negativa do ENOS alteram infimamente a Célula de Walker, inibindo/promovendo a pluviosidade e incremento/diminuição na extensão dos períodos de secas na GS; ENOS em fase negativa e AMO em fase quente, simultaneamente, fomentam um incremento nos volumes de precipitação na GS; secas prolongadas contribuem na degradação dos sistemas arbóreos, na expansão dos sistemas herbáceos e no incremento da frequência de queimadas; AMO, La Niña, ou ambas, contribuem para a expansão dos sistemas arbustivos e, em menor grau, na recuperação dos sistemas arbóreos; a distribuição das cicatrizes de queimadas encontra-se fortemente associada às mudanças nos padrões culturais de subsistência da população local. Conclui-se que a severidade e frequências das queimadas na Gran Sabana são um processo multifatorial e multiescalar que acontecem como produto da sincronia de fatores ecossistêmicos (vegetação), sociais (proximidade aos centros populacionais) e climáticos (ENOS e AMO). / The Canaima National Park (PNC) is located in the southeast of Venezuela and its foundation was promoted to the conservation of the Bacía of the Río Caroní, where are the sources of the main rivers that feed the Hydroelectric Central Simón Bolívar (Guri Dam) which provides approximately 72% of the National hydroelectric energy. In the eastern sector of the PNC if located the region of GS, which has the highest number of visitors for tourism and has the largest population of indigenous Pemón residents within a protected area in Venezuela, which use the fire as part of their culture. The last decades has reported an increase frequency of climatic anomalies and fires at Gran Sabana (GS), which has been appointed by the managers as the main agents in the reduction of the supply of water at the Guri dam. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the frequency and severity of bushfires that occurred in the GS PNC between 2003 and 2014 in relation to extreme weather events as ENSO (El Niño-La Niña/Southern Oscillation) and AMO (Multidecadal Atlantic Oscillation) and the dynamics of the vegetation. Were used data from the sources of heat, rainfall data, satellite imagery, and data from the anomalies in Sea Surface temperatures (SST) in the Pacific Ocean. Estimated: Pearson correlation (r) between fire frequencies VS. the SST anomalies; (r) anomalies in rainfall for each season VS SST: anomalies, normalized Index Burned (INQ), vegetation index (NDVI), Normalized Differentiates amount and extent of burned scars; and changes in land cover. It was found that: AMO in its warm phase, affects insignificantly the population of the ITCZ and changes the cell Hadley increasing precipitation in GS; anomalies positive phase/negative ENSO alter insignificantly the cell Walker, inhibiting/promoting rainfall and an increase/decrease in the length of dry periods in GS; ENSO negative phase and AMO warm phase simultaneously encourage an increase in rainfall volumes in GS; prolonged droughts contribute to the degradation of arboreal systems, the expansion of herbaceous systems and increases the frequency of fires; AMO, La Niña , or both, contribute to the growth of shrubs systems and to a lesser extent, to the recovery of arboreal systems; the distribution of burned scars is strongly associated with changes in cultural patterns of livelihood of the local population. It is concluded that the severity and frequency of fires in the Gran Sabana is a multifactorial process and multiscale that happen as a product of sync ecosystem factors (vegetation), social (proximity to population centers) and climate (ENSO and AMO).

Uppmärksamheten och intresset för LIDAR data har blivit stort under 2000-talet. Som en väletablerad fjärranalysmetod uppvisar den resultat att studera och den kritisk frågan är ”Hur bra är egentligen resultatet att studera?”. I flera tidigare publiceringar infinner sig ofta en okritisk och positiv inställning till tekniken. Fördelaktiga resultat framhävs istället för helhets kritiska granskningar. Tidigt i processen finns det en rad olika aspekter, som kan utgöra störningsmoment. Hur inskanningen av LIDAR gemoförs, samt efterbehandlingens process. Den valda fornlämningstypen fossil åkermark, kan bli problematisk. Den fossila åkermarkens komplexa systemen kan med felaktiga visualisering döljas. Att kombinera höjdmodeller utifrån Hillshade och Slope förhindrar att den fossila åkermarkens system döljs. En annan aspekt att ta i beräkning är vegetationen. I vår frågeställning vill vi undersöka hur vanliga marktyper påverkar synligheten. Vi valde att utgå från Naturvårdsverkets marktäckesdata och har där tittat på tre olika marktyper. Granskog (utanför våtmark), Ädellövskog (utanför våtmark) och Temporärt ej skog (utanför våtmark). Av de tre marktyperna uppvisar Temporärt ej skog (utanför våtmark) svårigheter i samband med visualiseringen, kvalitén för markytan i höjdmodellaren skiftar avsevärt. Granskog (utanför våtmark) har möjligheter, däremot kan resultaten vara skiftande. Ädellövskog (utanför våtmark) har enklast material att tolka, med tydliga lämningar som tidigare inte vart registrerade hos FMIS. / The attention and interest in LIDAR data has grown considerably during the 2000s. As a well-established distance analysis method, it presents results to study and the critical question is "How good is the result to study?". I several previous publications there often is an uncritical and positive attitude to the technology. Beneficial results are emphasized instead of critical reviews of the whole technology. Early in the process, there are several different aspects, which can be disruptive moments. How the scan of LIDAR is organized, as well as the post-treatment process. The chosen ancient type of fossil arable land can be problematic. The complex systems of the fossil farmland can be hidden with incorrect visualization. Combining altitude models based on Hillshade and Slope prevents the fossil farmland system from being concealed. Another aspect to consider is vegetation. In our question we want to investigate how common types of vegetation affect visibility. We chose to use the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's ground cover data and have looked at three different vegetation types. Spruce forest (outside wetland), Nobel deciduous forest (outside wetland) and Temporary non forest (outside wetland). Of the three vegetation types, Temporary non forest (outside wetland) presents difficulties in visualization, the quality of the ground surface in the height model varies considerably. Spruce forest (outside wetlands) has opportunities, however the results can be varied. Noble deciduous forest (outside wetland) has the simplest material for interpreting, with remains that have not previously been registered with FMIS.

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