Vários estudos têm mostrado os benefícios da aplicação agronômica de lodo de esgoto sobre as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo. No entanto, poucos são aqueles que avaliam o impacto desta prática sobre o comportamento de pesticidas em solos tropicais. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes fontes de lodo (Ribeirão Preto, Franca e Jundiaí) na sorção / dessorção e lixiviação do herbicida ametrina em solos canavieiros do estado de São Paulo (Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico Típico (RQ), Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico Típico (LVd), Argissolo Vermelho Eutroférrico Chernossólico (PV) e Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (LVdf). Cinco concentrações (de 4,4 a 79,8 mg i.a. L-1) do herbicida foram utilizadas para obter os valores dos coeficientes de sorção de Freündlich (Kf) e dos coeficientes aparentes de sorção médio e para a menor concentração (Kd ap médio e Kd ap [menor]), a qual corresponde à dose de campo recomendada. Para o teste de lixiviação, o método utilizado foi o de lixiviação em colunas de solo (diâmetro = 5 cm e comprimento = 30 cm), utilizando-se três repetições para cada tratamento, sobre as quais foi simulada chuva de 200 mm uniformemente distribuídas durante 48 h, após a aplicação da solução de 14Cametrina na dose de 3,0 kg i.a. ha-1. De forma geral, a sorção da ametrina variou de moderada à alta em todos os tratamentos (2,68 < Kd ap [menor] < 85,71 L kg-1). Solos argilosos com maior teor de matéria orgânica e argilas do tipo 2:1, como é o caso do PV, apresentaram muito maior potencial de sorção da ametrina; enquanto que solos arenosos com baixos teores de matéria orgânica, como foram os casos do LVd e RQ, apresentaram moderado potencial de sorção. A aplicação de lodos menos estabilizados, com biomassa e material orgânico menos recalcitrante e, portanto, com maiores valores de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico dissolvido e pH, como é o caso do lodo de Ribeirão Preto, tendeu a diminuir o potencial de sorção da ametrina. Já a adição de lodos mais recalcitrantes, como o de Jundiaí, tendeu a aumentar o potencial de sorção da ametrina, principalmente em solos arenosos devido a sua menor capacidade tampão. Nestes cenários, poderá ocorrer redução da eficácia agronômica ametrina, uma vez que haverá menos produto disponível na solução do solo. A ametrina apresentou baixo potencial de lixiviação (< 1% da quantidade aplicada) em todos os tratamentos, os quais não apresentaram diferenças entre si, sendo que a grande maioria do pesticida (> 95% da quantidade aplicada) ficou retida na camada de 0-10 cm de profundidade da coluna de solo. Isto implica dizer que a ametrina apresenta baixo potencial de contamina águas subterrâneas, mesmo em solos arenosos, como RQ (90% de areia) / Several studies have shown the benefits of applying sewage sludge on the physical and chemical properties of the soils. However, just a few of them evaluates the impact of this practice on the behavior of pesticides in tropical soils. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of applying different sources of sewage sludge (Ribeirão Preto, Franca e Jundiaí) on the sorption / desorption and leaching of ametryne in soils from São Paulo state (Brazil) cultivated with sugarcane (Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico Típico (RQ), Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico Típico (LVd), Argissolo Vermelho Eutroférrico Chernossólico (PV) e Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (LVdf). Five concentrations (4.4 to 79.8 mg a.i. ha-1) of the herbicide were applied to the soil samples to attain the Freündlich sorption coefficients (Kf) and the apparent sorption coefficient for the lower concentration (Kd ap [menor]), which corresponded to the field application rate. For the leaching test the adopted method was the soil leaching columns (diameter = 5 cm and depth = 30 cm), in triplicates, over which a 200 mm rainfall evenly distributed during 48 h was simulated just after ametryne application at the rate of 3.0 kg a.i. ha-1. In general, ametryne sorption ranged from moderate to high in all treatments (2.68 < Kd ap [menor] < 85.71 L kg-1). Clay soils with higher organic matter and 2:1 clay contents, such as the PV, showed much higher sorption potential, whereas sand soils with low organic matter content, such as LVd and RQ, showed moderate sorption potential. The application of less stabilized sewage sludges, with less recalcitrant biomass and organic material and, therefore, with higher organic matter and dissolved organic carbon contents and pH values, such as the Ribeirão Preto, tends to decrease ametryne sorption potential. Otherwise, the addition of more recalcitrant sludges, such as the Jundiaí, tends to enhance its sorption potential, mainly in sand soils due to its lower buffer capacity. In those cases, the agronomic efficacy of ametryne may be reduced since there is lower concentration of the compound available in the soil solution. The ametryne presented low leaching potential in all treatments (< 1% of the applied amount), which were not different among themselves, and that its majority (> 95% of the applied amount) was found at 0 -10 cm soil depth in the column. It implies that ametryne has low potential to contaminate groundwater even in sandy soils, such as the RQ (90% sand)

Thesis (MPH)--University of Limpopo, 2005 / Water and sanitation inadequacy is still an environmental health challenge in several regions worldwide and a billion people lack access to safe water, while 2.4 billion people have inadequate sanitation [2]. Assessment of water quality by its chemistry includes measures of elements and molecules dissolved or suspended in water. Commonly measured chemical parameters include arsenic, cadmium, calcium, chloride, fluoride, total hardness, nitrate, and potassium [16]. Water quality can also be assessed by the presence of waterborne microorganisms from human and animals’ faecal wastes. These wastes contain a wide range of bacteria, viruses and protozoa that may be washed into drinking water supplies [21]. Three villages were selected for water quality analysis, based on their critical situation regarding access to water and sanitation: namely, Matlou, Sekuruwe and Taolome villages, situated in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality within the Waterberg district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. A proposal was written to the Province of North Holland (PNH) and was approved for funding to start with the implementation of those projects, with 20% of each village’s budget allocated for water quality research [26]. This was a cross sectional, analytical study to investigate the chemical and microbial quality of water in Matlou, Sekuruwe and Taolome villages. The study was also conducted to explore methods used by household members to store and handle water in storage tanks. Water samples were collected and analysed according to the standard operating procedures (SOPs) of the Polokwane Municipality Wastewater Purification Plant in Ladanna, Polokwane City of South Africa. The questionnaire used was adopted from the one used for cholera outbreak in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Results show that water from all sources in all the villages had increased total hardness concentration. Water from the borehole in Matlou village had increased number of total coliform bacteria. There were increased total and faecal coliform bacteria in storage tanks samples from Matlou village. Water samples from reservoirs in Sekuruwe and Taolome villages did not test positive for any microbial contamination. Water from xiv informally connected yard taps in Sekuruwe village had increased total coliform bacteria, while increased total and faecal coliforms were found in households’ storage tanks. Water samples from communal taps in Taolome village had minimal number of total coliform bacteria, while water from storage tanks had both increased total and faecal coliform bacteria. Matlou village was the only place with increased nitrate concentration at the households’ storage tanks. While all the villages had microbial contamination, Taolome village had the least number of coliform bacteria in water samples from households’ storage tanks as compared to Matlou and Sekuruwe villages. It is concluded that water from sources supplied by the municipalities are safe to be consumed by humans while water from informally connected taps and households’ storage tanks are not safe to be used without treatment. It is recommended that a health and hygiene education package be prepared for all the villages, so that handling of water from the main source into their storage tanks can be improved. Secondly, it is recommended that water in all sources be treated for total hardness and water in storage tanks in Matlou village be treated for nitrate. Thirdly, it is recommended that water be accessed everyday of the week, so that people do not use unsafe water supplies. / The Province of North Holland, Netherlands.

This thesis aims to quantify the human impact on the natural resource water at the landscape scale. The drivers in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), the area under investigation, are land-use changes induced by policy decisions at European and federal state level. The water resources of the federal state are particularly sensitive to changes in land-use due to low precipitation rates in the summer combined with sandy soils and high evapotranspiration rates. Key elements in landscape hydrology are forests because of their unique capacity to transport water from the soil to the atmosphere. Given these circumstances, decisions made at any level of administration that may have effects on the forest sector in the state are critical in relation to the water cycle. It is therefore essential to evaluate any decision that may change forest area and structure in such a sensitive region. Thus, as a first step, it was necessary to develop and implement a model able to simulate possible interactions and feedbacks between forested surfaces and the hydrological cycle at the landscape scale. The result is a model for simulating the hydrological properties of forest stands based on a robust computation of the temporal and spatial LAI (leaf area index) dynamics. The approach allows the simulation of all relevant hydrological processes with a low parameter demand. It includes the interception of precipitation and transpiration of forest stands with and without groundwater in the rooting zone. The model also considers phenology, biomass allocation, as well as mortality and simple management practices. It has been implemented as a module in the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model). This model has been tested in two pre-studies to verify the applicability of its hydrological process description for the hydrological conditions typical for the state. The newly implemented forest module has been tested for Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and in parts for Common Oak (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) in Brandenburg. For Scots Pine the results demonstrate a good simulation of annual biomass increase and LAI in addition to the satisfactory simulation of litter production. A comparison of the simulated and measured data of the May sprout for Scots pine and leaf unfolding for Oak, as well as the evaluation against daily transpiration measurements for Scots Pine, does support the applicability of the approach. The interception of precipitation has also been simulated and compared with weekly observed data for a Scots Pine stand which displays satisfactory results in both the vegetation periods and annual sums. After the development and testing phase, the model is used to analyse the effects of two scenarios. The first scenario is an increase in forest area on abandoned agricultural land that is triggered by a decrease in European agricultural production support. The second one is a shift in species composition from predominant Scots Pine to Common Oak that is based on decisions of the regional forestry authority to support a more natural species composition. The scenario effects are modelled for the federal state of Brandenburg on a 50m grid utilising spatially explicit land-use patterns. The results, for the first scenario, suggest a negative impact of an increase in forest area (9.4% total state area) on the regional water balance, causing an increase in mean long-term annual evapotranspiration of 3.7% at 100% afforestation when compared to no afforestation. The relatively small annual change conceals a much more pronounced seasonal effect of a mean long-term evapotranspiration increase by 25.1% in the spring causing a pronounced reduction in groundwater recharge and runoff. The reduction causes a lag effect that aggravates the scarcity of water resources in the summer. In contrast, in the second scenario, a change in species composition in existing forests (29.2% total state area) from predominantly Scots Pine to Common Oak decreases the long-term annual mean evapotranspiration by 3.4%, accompanied by a much weaker, but apparent, seasonal pattern. Both scenarios exhibit a high spatial heterogeneity because of the distinct natural conditions in the different regions of the state. Areas with groundwater levels near the surface are particularly sensitive to changes in forest area and regions with relatively high proportion of forest respond strongly to the change in species composition. In both cases this regional response is masked by a smaller linear mean effect for the total state area. Two critical sources of uncertainty in the model results have been investigated. The first one originates from the model calibration parameters estimated in the pre-study for lowland regions, such as the federal state. The combined effect of the parameters, when changed within their physical meaningful limits, unveils an overestimation of the mean water balance by 1.6%. However, the distribution has a wide spread with 14.7% for the 90th percentile and -9.9% for the 10th percentile. The second source of uncertainty emerges from the parameterisation of the forest module. The analysis exhibits a standard deviation of 0.6 % over a ten year period in the mean of the simulated evapotranspiration as a result of variance in the key forest parameters. The analysis suggests that the combined uncertainty in the model results is dominated by the uncertainties of calibration parameters. Therefore, the effect of the first scenario might be underestimated because the calculated increase in evapotranspiration is too small. This may lead to an overestimation of the water balance towards runoff and groundwater recharge. The opposite can be assumed for the second scenario in which the decrease in evapotranspiration might be overestimated. / Das übergreifende Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Interaktion zwischen Landnutzungsänderung und dem Landschaftswasserhaushalt zu quantifizieren. Das Untersuchungsgebiet für die Analyse ist das Land Brandenburg. Bedingt durch seine Kombination geringer Sommerniederschläge mit der Dominanz sandiger Böden und hoher Verdunstungsraten, insbesondere von den großflächigen Wäldern und Forsten, ist es besonders empfindlich gegenüber Landnutzungsänderung. Waldflächen sind Schlüsselelemente im Landschaftswasserhaushalt, da sie den Bodenwasserspeicher effizienter mit der Atmosphäre koppeln als die meisten anderen Vegetationsformen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit war es daher notwendig, ein geeignetes Modellkonzept zu finden. Der Ansatz sollte in der Lage sein, die hydrologischen Effekte auf Landschaftsebene zu modellieren, ohne dabei die Datenverfügbarkeit in diesem Anwendungsbereich zu überschreiten. Das entwickelte Modellkonzept wurde in das ökohydrologische Einzugsgebietsmodell SWIM (Soil Water Integrated Model) integriert. Nach einer Test- und Entwicklungsphase konnte das Modell für die integrierte Analyse der Wirkung von zwei Szenarien auf den Landeswasserhaushalt verwendet werden. Das erste Szenario beschäftigt sich mit der möglichen Zunahme der Waldfläche als Folge der Neuausrichtung der Agrarsubventionspolitik der Europäischen Union. Die Waldflächenzunahme führt zu einer Steigerung der Evapotranspiration im langjährigen Mittel. Das zweite Szenario behandelt die Auswirkung des Brandenburger Waldumbauprogramms und hat eine vergleichsweise geringe Abnahme der langjährigen mittleren Verdunstung zur Folge. Der lineare mittlere Verlauf überdeckt ein ausgeprägtes räumliches und saisonales Muster der Veränderung. Die Zonen starker Effekte der beider Szenarien überlappen sich nur in einigen Fällen, so ist es möglich, dass die positiven Wirkungen des Waldumbauprogramms in einigen Regionen durch eine mögliche Ausweitung der Waldfläche aufgehoben werden. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass Landnutzungsänderungen, die durch politische oder administrative Entscheidungen ausgelöst werden, Auswirkungen auf elementare Landschaftsfunktionen wie den Wasserhaushalt haben. Es wird deutlich, dass ein integrativer Modellierungsansatz, der die wahrscheinlichen Wirkungen administrativer Entscheidungen in Betracht zieht, Grundlagen für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung liefern kann. Diese Ergebnisse werden umso relevanter, je stärker die betroffene Ressource bereits eingeschränkt ist. In Bezug auf die Wasserressourcen im Land Brandenburg ist das der Fall und aktuelle Studien zum Globalen Wandel in der Region prognostizieren eine Verschärfung dieser Situation.

With the advent of cloud computing and Software-as-a-Service, Service-Based Application (SBA) represents a new paradigm to build rapid, low-cost, interoperable and evolvable distributed applications. A new application is created by defining a workflow that coordinates a set of third-party Web services accessible over the Internet. In such distributed and loose coupling environment, the execution of SBA requires a high degree of flexibility. For example, suitable constituent services can be selected and integrated at runtime based on their Quality of Service (QoS); furthermore, the composition of service is required to be dynamically modified in response to unexpected runtime failures. In this context, the main objective of this dissertation is to design, to develop and to evaluate a service middleware for flexible execution of SBA by using chemical programming model. Using chemical metaphor, the service-based systems are modeled as distributed, selforganized and self-adaptive biochemical systems. Service discovery, selection, coordination and adaptation are expressed as a series of pervasive chemical reactions in the middleware, which are performed in a distributed, concurrent and autonomous way. Additionally, on the way to build flexible service based systems, we do not restrict our research only in investigating chemical-based solutions. In this context, the second objective of this thesis is to find out generic solutions, such as models and algorithms, to respond to some of the most challenging problems in flexible execution of SBAs. I have proposed a two-phase online prediction approach that is able to accurately make decisions to proactively execute adaptation plan before the failures actually occur.

This study aims to provide subsidies for groundwater management at the basin of Rio Santa Maria-BHRSM. Located in the southwest of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, on the edge of Paraná Basin and transitioning towards the Uruguaio Sul-Riograndense Shield, has an area of 15,797,300 square kilometers. About 16 formations occur in outcrops Pavão (2004), of which 36% arises as the Guarani Aquifer System/GAS. The outcrop areas represent areas of direct recharge of GAS and of locally discharge on BHRSM. Four Hydrogeologic Domains have gathered CPRM (2007). Domains 1 and 2 form intergranular porous aquifers in 83.08%. Domains 5 and 6 form fissural aquifers in 16.92%. An outline for the use of draft coverage criteria was elaborated, for granting the use of groundwater: Global, Regional and Local. On the Global scale, were approached four Hydrogeologic Domains, three Hydrogeologic Provinces, seven Hydrogeologic Sub-Provinces; seven Hydrogeologic Systems (six aquifers and one aquitard) and sixteen Hydrostratigraphic Units. The Regional scale approaches the Catchment and its 21 Reference Hydrological Sections, designed for sectorizing the surface water studies and sometimes used for the management of groundwater. A database on 590 hydrogeological captures was developed. The potentiometric quotas indicating groundwater flow, vadose zone, concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids-TDS, nitrates concentrations and vulnerable to contamination of aquifers Method GOD Foster et al. (2006) were spacialized as thematic maps. The gathered information gave rise to the SIG-BHRSM shapefiles containing the plans relating to information for each theme. The preponderant use of groundwater supplies is human, by forming a greater amount of information in urban areas and gaps in rural areas. The predominant groundwater flow is south-to-north, along the trim of the natural terrain. As to the potentiometry, were acknowledged evidences of contribution of groundwater to the Rivers base flow, establishing a cross-border Brazil-Uruguay flow and vice versa. The prevalent vulnerability classes were: high 35.6%, moderate 30.2%, low 26.5%, negligible 5.7% and extreme 0.4%. The areas with information gaps accounted 1.1% of BHRSM. The overlap of the TDS test concentrations in classes 1 and 2 to the vulnerability to contamination of groundwater will apply as guideline for the implementation of management tools, integrated with other policies to protect the physical environment. These guidelines have been spatialized into three scales: the Global scale accounting 1: 250,000 or less (in general), the Regional scale rating between. 1: 250,000 and 1: 50,000 (semi-detailed), and the Local rating 1: 50,000 or higher (greater detail). This segmentation in scales intends to subsidize the implementation of integrated management tools for groundwater resources in a basin. / O presente estudo visa fornecer subsídios para gestão das águas subterrâneas na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria-BHRSM. Localizada no sudoeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul na borda da Bacia do Paraná na transição para o Escudo Uruguaio Sul-Riograndense, possui uma área de 15.797,300 km². Ocorrem aflorantes cerca de 16 formações geológicas Pavão (2004) destas o Sistema Aquífero Guarani ocorre em cerca de 36%. Estas áreas aflorantes representam áreas de recarga direta dos aqüíferos e localmente de descarga na BHRSM. Reuniram-se em quatro Domínios Hidrogeológicos CPRM (2007). Os Domínios 1 e 2 formam Aqüíferos porosos intergranulares 83,08%. Os Domínios 5 e 6 formam Aquíferos fissurais 16,92%. Elaborou-se uma proposta de utilização de escalas de abrangência para critério de outorga de uso das águas subterrâneas: Global, Regional e Local. Na escala Global consideraram-se 4 Domínios Hidrogeológicos; 3 Províncias e 7 Sub-Províncias; 7 Sistemas Hidrogeológicos (6 aquíferos e 1 aquitardo) e 16 Unidades Hidroestratigráficas. A escala Regional considerou a Bacia Hidrográfica e suas 21 Seções Hidrológicas de Referência-SHR criadas para setorizar as águas superficiais. Elaborou-se um banco de dados hidrogeológicos relativos a 590 captações por poços. Espacializaram-se na forma de mapas temáticos, as cotas potenciométricas indicativas dos fluxos subterrâneos, a zona vadosa, as concentrações de Sólidos Totais Dissolvidos-STD, as concentrações dos nitratos e a vulnerablidade à contaminação dos aquíferos Método GOD Foster et al. (2006). Essas informações deram origem ao SIG-BHRSM contendo os shapefiles referentes aos planos de informações. O uso preponderante das águas subterrâneas é o abastecimento humano, dispondo-se de uma maior quantidade de informações em áreas urbanas e vazios em áreas rurais. O fluxo subterrâneo predominante tem direção sul-norte, acompanhando o caimento natural do terreno. A potenciometria notou-se evidências da uma contribuição dos aquíferos para os escoamentos de base dos cursos de água, além de se constatar a existência de um fluxo transfronteiriço para o lado Uruguaio. As classes de vulnerabilidade foram: alta 35,6%, seguida da média 30,2%, baixa 26,5%, insignificante 5,7 % e na extrema 0,4%. As áreas com vazios de informação corresponderam a 1,1% da BHRSM. A sobreposição do critério concentrações de STD nas classes 1 e 2 ao da vulnerabilidade à contaminação das águas subterrâneas servirão de diretrizes para a implementação dos instrumentos de gestão de forma integrada com as demais políticas de proteção ao ambiente físico. Estas diretrizes foram espacializadas em três escalas: a Global igual ou menor a 1: 250.000 (generalizada), a Regional entre. 1: 250.000 e 1: 50.000 (semi-detalhe) e a Local, de 1: 50.000 ou maior (maior detalhe). Esta segmentação em escalas visa subsidiar a implementação dos instrumentos de gestão dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos em uma bacia hidrográfica.

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