Le remodelage osseux est un phénomène finement régulé selon la balance de formation et de résorption osseuse. La régulation de la résorption osseuse se fait principalement par l'apoptose des ostéoclastes. Nous avons démontré auparavant que plusieurs facteurs comme TRAIL, FASL et TGF-[bêta]1 induisent l'apoptose des ostéoclastes humains. Par contre, nous ne connaissons pas l'effet de l'OPG sur l'apoptose ostéoclastique en plus de ne pas connaître les mécanismes impliqués dans la mort cellulaire induite par le TGF-[bêta]1 chez les ostéoclastes. Afin de vérifier ces effets, nous avons utilisé une culture primaire d'ostéoclastes humains produite à partir de monocytes de sang de cordon ombilical. Ces ostéoclastes sont différenciés à l'aide du M-CSF et du RANKL. L'OPG est un membre de la famille des récepteurs du TNF. L'OPG est un récepteur soluble pour RANKL et pour TRAIL. Nous avons démontré que l'OPG permettait de diminuer l'apoptose des ostéoclastes cultivés dans un milieu sans M-CSF et sans RANKL. Cette baisse surprenante de la mort a été expliquée par une augmentation d'expression de TRAIL par les ostéoclastes lorsque ceux-ci sont cultivés en absence de ses facteurs de survie (M-CSF et RANKL). L'OPG agit sur l'apoptose en séquestrant le TRAIL produit par les ostéclastes [ostéoclastes] empêchant ainsi l'induction de l'apoptose par le TRAIL des ostéoclastes environnants. Ceci en fait un mécanisme de régulation autocrine de la survie des ostéoclastes lors du remodelage osseux. De plus, nous avons aussi démontré un mécanisme expliquant l'apoptose des ostéoclastes par le TGF-[bêta]1. Nous avons premièrement démontré la présence des récepteurs de type I et II à la surface des ostéoclastes proposant une action directe du TGF-[béta]1. Par la suite, nous avons démontré que le TGF[bêta]1 induisait une activation de la caspase 9 objectivant ainsi une apoptose par la voie mitochondriale. Cette activation de l'apoptose par la voie intrinsèque serait le résultat de l'activation de la voie de p38 des MAPK et de la voie des Smad suivie par une augmentation de l'expression des homologues de Bcl-2 pro-apoptotiques Box et Bim. En sachant que le TGF-[béta]1 peut être libéré et activé de la matrice osseuse lors de la résorption, l'induction de l'apoptose des ostéoclastes par ce facteur de croissance en fait un autre mécanisme de régulation du remodelage osseux.

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Biochemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

published_or_final_version / abstract / Zoology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Paediatrics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

No description available.

We have previously demonstrated that Llgl1 loss results in a gain of mesenchymal phenotypes and a loss of apicobasal and planar polarity. We now demonstrate that these changes represent a fundamental shift in cellular phenotype. Llgl1 regulates the expression of multiple cell identity markers, including CD44, CD49f, and CD24, and the nuclear translocation of TAZ and Slug. Cells lacking Llgl1 form mammospheres, where survival and transplantability is dependent upon the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Additionally, Llgl1 loss allows cells to grow in soft-agar and maintain prolonged survival as orthotopic transplants in NOD-SCID mice. Lineage tracing and wound healing experiments demonstrate that mammosphere survival is due to enhanced EGF-dependent migration. The loss of Llgl1 drives EGFR mislocalization and an EGFR mislocalization point mutation (P667A) drives these same phenotypes, including activation of AKT and TAZ nuclear translocation. Together, these data indicate that the loss of Llgl1 results in EGFR mislocalization, promoting pre-neoplastic changes.

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition occurs in the later stages of epithelial tumor progression, with cells expressing mesenchymal markers. Of these, the intermediate filament protein vimentin is frequently upregulated in metastatic carcinomas. Previously, microarray studies showed that the gene encoding vimentin is highly upregulated in metastatic HN12 cells compared to a related primary tumor cell line. In this study, we confirmed this difference using real-time quantitative PCR, western blot analysis, and immunostaining. Furthermore, EGF and TGF-β, growth factors that induce migration and invasion of HN12 cells, produced synergistic increases in vimentin expression. To assess the contribution of vimentin to the biological properties, HN12 cells were stably transfected with a plasmid that directs synthesis of vimentin shRNA. Clones expressing decreased amounts of vimentin were isolated and characterized. These cells showed significantly reduced proliferation compared to non-targeting controls. Moreover, downregulation of vimentin led to a decrease in cell motility, as well as reducing their ability to invade through a basement membrane substitute. Using transient transfection assays, vimentin promoter activity was determined in HN12 cells to define regulatory elements important for controlling vimentin upregulation in the absence or presence of EGF and TGF-β. Taken together, the data indicate that overexpression of vimentin is important for proliferation and invasion of metastatic HN12 cells, and suggest that EGF- dependent pathways target binding elements in the proximal vimentin promoter, while TGF-β is likely to act in an AP1-dependent manner. Furthermore, both growth factors appear to synergize by stimulating promoter activation through the ASE site, suggesting involvement of Stat-dependent pathways in regulation of vimentin expression in HN12 cells.

Articular cartilage is an extraordinary tissue, allowing frictionless movements of articulated joints, and acting as a load-bearing cushion to protect joints from damage. Breakdown of articular cartilage may result in crippling diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) and, since articular cartilage has a limited repair capacity, a greater understanding of the mechanisms of joint homeostasis and its response to injury are of great clinical need. In this project the hypothesis that endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may contribute to the healing process of a full-thickness articular cartilage defect was investigated by combining a mouse model of joint surface injury and repair with a nucleoside analogue labelling scheme in DBA/1 mice. Following injury, proliferative responses of nucleoside analogue-retaining cells were detected between 4 and 12 days post injury (dpi) in both the bone marrow and the synovial membrane of the knee joint. Phenotypic analysis of these label-retaining cells using immunofluorescence staining revealed an MSC-compatible phenotype (CD44+, CD105+, CD146+, PDGFRα+ and p75NGFR+), with differences observed between the two tissues in expression of CD105 and CD146. The response of the label-retaining cells to the injury was associated with early activation of Notch signalling (4 dpi), followed by BMP signalling at 8 dpi and TGF-β at 12 dpi. Conversely, canonical Wnt signalling, which was active in uninjured knee joints and in injured knee joints up to 8 dpi, was attenuated at 12 dpi. The contribution of nerve growth factor (NGF), known as a pain mediator in OA, to the repair process was then investigated in vitro. NGF was released by both cartilage explants and femoral head cultures following injury. Using a Transwell-based cell migration assay, NGF was revealed to have a chemotactic effect on human bone marrow derived MSCs, but not synovial membrane derived MSCs. High-density micromass cultures also revealed NGF had a potent stimulatory effect on the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells. The data presented here demonstrate a contribution of endogenous MSCs to the repair of articular cartilage in vivo and suggest a possible new therapeutic strategy: stimulation of in vivo recruitment of MSCs by modulating signalling pathways activated during the healing process. Furthermore, a novel role for NGF as a factor involved in migration and the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs is suggested.