No description available.

Despite their beneficial effects, concerns have been raised about the role of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the effects of approved AGP on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in commensal E. coli and foodborne pathogen Salmonella. A survey of antibiotic resistance levels in commercial broiler chicken farms in the Fraser Valley (B.C.) and an experimental feeding trial were conducted from May 2004 to February 2005 and May to November 2005, respectively. The latter examined the effects of ten AGP formulations (bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, bacitracin, combination of salinomycin and bacitracin, chlortetracycline, virginiamycin 11ppm, virginiamycin 22ppm, monensin and narasin) on bird performance as well. Multiple antibiotic resistant commensal E. coli and Salmonella carrying virulence genes were found at commercial broiler chicken farms and therefore may serve as reservoirs for these genes. There was no significant difference between feed formulations on the phenotypic or genotypic characteristics of the isolates, except for tetracycline resistance gene tet(B). In the experimental feeding trial, broiler chickens were fed a diet including or excluding AGP. Birds were sampled prior to and weekly during feeding of the control and the AGPP containing diets. Although not detected on day 0, E. coli increased after day 7 to more than 9.9 log10 CFU/g in ceca. Multi-drug resistant E. coli were isolated from birds fed the ten AGP containing diets as well as the control diet. Except for penicillin, none of the AGP containing diets significantly improved bird performance compared to the control diet (P>0.05). Good management practices can significantly improve broiler chickens performance and decrease the mortality rate.

Despite their beneficial effects, concerns have been raised about the role of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the effects of approved AGP on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in commensal E. coli and foodborne pathogen Salmonella. A survey of antibiotic resistance levels in commercial broiler chicken farms in the Fraser Valley (B.C.) and an experimental feeding trial were conducted from May 2004 to February 2005 and May to November 2005, respectively. The latter examined the effects of ten AGP formulations (bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, bacitracin, combination of salinomycin and bacitracin, chlortetracycline, virginiamycin 11ppm, virginiamycin 22ppm, monensin and narasin) on bird performance as well. Multiple antibiotic resistant commensal E. coli and Salmonella carrying virulence genes were found at commercial broiler chicken farms and therefore may serve as reservoirs for these genes. There was no significant difference between feed formulations on the phenotypic or genotypic characteristics of the isolates, except for tetracycline resistance gene tet(B). In the experimental feeding trial, broiler chickens were fed a diet including or excluding AGP. Birds were sampled prior to and weekly during feeding of the control and the AGPP containing diets. Although not detected on day 0, E. coli increased after day 7 to more than 9.9 log10 CFU/g in ceca. Multi-drug resistant E. coli were isolated from birds fed the ten AGP containing diets as well as the control diet. Except for penicillin, none of the AGP containing diets significantly improved bird performance compared to the control diet (P>0.05). Good management practices can significantly improve broiler chickens performance and decrease the mortality rate.

Despite their beneficial effects, concerns have been raised about the role of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the effects of approved AGP on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in commensal E. coli and foodborne pathogen Salmonella. A survey of antibiotic resistance levels in commercial broiler chicken farms in the Fraser Valley (B.C.) and an experimental feeding trial were conducted from May 2004 to February 2005 and May to November 2005, respectively. The latter examined the effects of ten AGP formulations (bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, bacitracin, combination of salinomycin and bacitracin, chlortetracycline, virginiamycin 11ppm, virginiamycin 22ppm, monensin and narasin) on bird performance as well. Multiple antibiotic resistant commensal E. coli and Salmonella carrying virulence genes were found at commercial broiler chicken farms and therefore may serve as reservoirs for these genes. There was no significant difference between feed formulations on the phenotypic or genotypic characteristics of the isolates, except for tetracycline resistance gene tet(B). In the experimental feeding trial, broiler chickens were fed a diet including or excluding AGP. Birds were sampled prior to and weekly during feeding of the control and the AGPP containing diets. Although not detected on day 0, E. coli increased after day 7 to more than 9.9 log10 CFU/g in ceca. Multi-drug resistant E. coli were isolated from birds fed the ten AGP containing diets as well as the control diet. Except for penicillin, none of the AGP containing diets significantly improved bird performance compared to the control diet (P>0.05). Good management practices can significantly improve broiler chickens performance and decrease the mortality rate. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

De nos jours, l’obésité est un problème majeur de santé publique dont la prévalence mondiale ne cesse d’augmenter. Ainsi selon la National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), le pourcentage d’adultes obèses aux Etats-Unis a presque doublé entre 1976-1980 et 1999-2002. De plus, pour la première fois dans l’histoire des Etats-Unis, la longévité de l’actuelle génération d’enfants est estimée à la baisse. Cette augmentation de l’obésité résulte à la fois de prédispositions génétiques et de facteurs environnementaux tels que l’accès à la nourriture, le tissu social, le régime alimentaire ou encore le manque d’activité physique. , Aussi, de récentes études ont suggéré que la flore microbienne intestinale jouait un rôle majeur dans la conversion énergétique des nutriments et son stockage. Bien que très peu d’expériences aient été réalisées, le rôle des Lactobacillus spp. a déjà été évoqué dans la prise de poids chez l’homme. Deux importantes études, l’une menée au Danemark et l’autre au sein même de notre laboratoire, ont montré que les Lactobacillus spp. étaient présents en quantité plus importante chez les sujets obèses par rapport aux contrôles et que leur taux corrélaient à la glycémie chez des patients diabétiques de type II (obèses). L’effet des Lactobacillus spp sur la prise de poids a été beaucoup plus étudié chez les animaux. En effet, l’agriculture représente l’un des domaines majeur d’utilisation des antibiotiques comme « growth promoters », notamment l’avoparcin qui empêche le développement de nombreuses bactéries dont des Gram positives comme les Actinobacteria et les Firmicutes à l’exception toutefois des Lactobacillus spp. Les probiotiques sont aussi utilisés comme « growth promoters » et il a été montré que l’addition de 106 Lactobacillus spp. dans les régimes alimentaires d’animaux permettait de modifier leur flore microbienne intestinale et d’entrainer un gain de poids important. A partir de toutes ces constatations, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les bactéries pouvaient jouer un rôle dans l’obésité via une modification de la composition de la flore intestinale. Il nous est également apparu essentiel d’évaluer l’effet de l’addition de concentration bactérienne importante dans l’alimentation quotidienne. L’objectif de notre étude est ainsi d’évaluer le rôle des Lactobacillus spp. en tant que facteur de croissance et d’évaluer leur impact sur la prise de poids. / The prevalence of obesity is a major world health problem that is rapidly increasing. In the USA, according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), the percentage of obese adults nearly doubled between NHANES 1976–1980 and NHANES 1999– 2002. Moreover, because of the increase in prevalence of American childhood obesity, the current children generation is predicted to be the first in United States to see a decrease in longevity. Obesity results from a mixture of genetic background and environmental factors including food availability, social networks, diet, and physical activity. Recent evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a major role in energy intake, conversion and storage. Although very few reports have investigated gut microbiota and its association with obesity, several evidences support a role of Lactobacillus spp. in weight gain within human. Lactobacillus spp. were found at higher levels among obese subjects in two major studies, one conducted by us and one made in Denmark. Moreover, the rate of Lactobacillus spp. was correlated with blood glucose in subjects with type II diabetes (obese). In agriculture avoparcin which is one of the most used antibiotics to cause weight gain in animals, is effective on most bacteria including Gram-positive Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, with the notable exception on some Lactobacillus spp.. In addition, probiotics are also used as growth promoters and the addition of even 106 Lactobacillus spp in the diet of farm animals results in gut microbiota changes and weight gain. As a result, we hypothesized that bacteria could play a role in the obesity pandemic notably with the ingestion of probiotics that modified the gut microbiota structure. In addition, we stressed the necessity for further investigations to assess the effects of routinely adding high amounts of bacteria in food. The objective of our study was to evaluate the putative role of Lactobacillus sp. in growth promotion.

Orientador: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Banca: Luciano dos Santos Bersot / Banca: Vera Lúcia Mores Rall / Resumo: No presente estudo foram avaliadas carcaças de frangos convencionais (originárias de aves que recebem promotores de crescimento) e alternativos (que não recebem promotores de crescimento), com o objetivo de: a) avaliar o efeito da não utilização de tais drogas sobre a prevalência de Salmonella spp. em frangos alternativos, comparando-a com a dos convencionais; b) determinar e comparar o perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos das cepas de Salmonella spp. isoladas de ambos os tipos de frangos; c) avaliar o efeito das operações de abate sobre a contaminação das carcaças, tanto em frangos convencionais quanto nos alternativos. Foram avaliadas 50 carcaças convencionais e 48 alternativas, as quais apresentaram prevalências de Salmonella spp. de 58% e 56,3%, respectivamente, ao longo da linha de abate. Na entrada dos frangos no abatedouro, não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) nas prevalências entre os dois grupos testados (38% nos convencionais e 47,9% nos alternativos), sendo que ao final do processamento os convencionais apresentaram 47,9% de positividade contra 14,6% dos alternativos, diferença essa significativa (p < 0,05). S. Enteritidis foi o sorotipo predominante entre as cepas identificadas. Quanto ao perfil de resistência, nossos resultados mostraram que, quando observada, ela foi maior nas cepas oriundas dos frangos convencionais. Conclui-se que: a) a não utilização dos promotores de crescimento não levou a um aumento da prevalência de Salmonella spp. nas aves alternativas; b) as cepas oriundas de frangos alternativos revelaram uma tendência a um menor nível de resistência aos antimicrobianos testados quando comparadas às dos convencionais; c) as operações de abate, no caso das aves alternativas, foram responsáveis por uma diminuição na contaminação inicialmente observada no tocante à Salmonella spp, sendo que no caso das convencionais, pelo seu aumento. / Abstract: Conventional chicken (receiving growth promoters) and alternative chickens (not receiving growth promoters) carcasses had been valuated in the present study, with the following objectives: a) to estimate the effect of no utilization of such drugs on the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in alternative chicken as compared to that of the conventional ones; b) to determine and to compare the resistance profile to antimicrobial agents of Salmonella spp. strains isolated from both types of chickens; c) to valuate the effect of the slaughter operations on the carcasses contamination in conventional chickens and in alternative ones. Fifty conventional and 48 alternative carcasses had been valuated, with Salmonella spp. prevalences of 58% and 56.3%, respectively, along the slaughter line. At the entry of the chickens in the slaughter-house there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalences between the two tested groups (38% in the conventional and 47,9% in the alternative), at the end of the processing the conventional presenting 47,9% of positiveness compared to 14,6% of the alternative, this difference being significant (p < 0,05). S. Enteritidis was the predominant serotype among the identified strains. In relation to the resistance profile, our results showed that when it had been observed, it was larger in the strains originated from the conventional chicken. It had been concluded that: a) the removal of the growth promoters did not produce an increase in the Salmonella spp. prevalence in the alternative chicken; b) the strains originated from alternative chicken showed a trend toward a smaller resistance level to the tested antimicrobial agents compared to those from the conventional ones: c) the slaughter operations in the case of the alternative chickens were responsible for a decrease in the contamination initially observed regarding Salmonella spp. and for its increase in the case of the conventional. / Mestre

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of removing antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on broiler performance and yield and to evaluate alternative products as potential replacements. In experiment one, approximately 552,000 broilers were reared in four solid-wall, tunnel ventilated houses that were divided into two paired-house facilities, each assigned one of two dietary treatments. The treated group received basal diets containing salinomycin (SAL), roxarsone (ROX) and AGP, while the control group received the same diets without ROX and AGP. Removal of ROX and AGP had no affect on average body weight and feed efficiency, while livability was significantly affected negatively by the removal of ROX and AGP. Tender, wing, drum and percentage of total white meat showed significant improvements in yield during the study, while all other parts were not affected by removal of ROX and AGP. In experiment two, an investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects on performance from feeding Bacillus subtilis spores (Gallipro®, Chr Hansen A/S, Denmark), as a direct-fed microbial additive, to commercial broiler chickens. Birds were divided among two paired-house facilities. The treatment group received basal diets supplemented with B. subtilis spores, while the control group was fed the same basal diets containing an AGP. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower for the treatment group, while average body weight, coccidiosis lesion scores, and footpad scores were not affected by the treatments. In experiment three, 6,000 broiler chickens were equally divided among four treatment groups and reared to 49 d to determine the effectiveness mannan oligosaccharides (MOS, Bio-Mos®, Alltech, Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA) as an alternative for an AGP program and MOS plus Natustat™ (NAT, Alltech, Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA) as an alternative to an enteric health program (AGP+anticoccidial drug). Average body weight for the control (CON) and antibiotic (ANT) groups was significantly different from the MOS+NAT group, but not the MOS group. Carcass front half, carcass hind half, frame and skin yields were improved for all treatments when compared to the MOS+NAT group. Conversely, percent total white meat yield was improved with the inclusion of MOS when compared to the ANT group. The findings of this research suggest that the removal of AGP from the diets of commercial broiler chickens does not affect the performance and yield of the birds over a one year production period. Furthermore, B. subtilis spores and mannan oligosaccharides provide acceptable alternatives to an AGP program.

O presente estudo buscou avaliar os efeitos dos Mananoligossacarídeos (MOS) como aditivo alimentar no desempenho de primíparas suínas em final de gestação e em lactação, bem como no desempenho e na saúde dos leitões até os 65 dias de idade. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (VNP-FMVZ-USP) Pirassununga SP. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial de tratamentos, sendo um fator o fornecimento dos MOS para fêmeas e o segundo para os leitões. Foram utilizadas 17 primíparas prenhes, tratadas a partir de 81 &plusmn;1,36 dias de gestação com 0,2% de MOS na dieta. Aos 82 &plusmn; 1,36 dias de gestação as fêmeas foram submetidas à coleta de sangue e à vacinação contra rinite atrófica progressiva, sendo pesadas quinzenalmente até a transferência para a maternidade, aos 109 &plusmn; 1,36 dias de gestação. Na segunda quinzena as fêmeas tratadas apresentaram uma vantagem numérica no ganho de peso médio diário (P=0,063). Durante o parto foram colhidas amostras de sangue e colostro para titulação de anticorpos contra o antígeno vacinal, sendo consideradas positivas 66,67% das fêmeas MOS e 42,86% das fêmeas controle. Os leitões aleitados por fêmeas tratadas tiveram um maior ganho numérico de peso na primeira semana (p=0,0614), significativo na segunda semana (p=0,047). Na terceira semana foi introduzido o segundo fator através do oferecimento de alimento sólido (0,4% de MOS). No período total, do nascimento aos 21 dias, foi observada uma vantagem numérica (p=0,0989) no ganho de peso a favor dos leitões de fêmeas MOS. As fêmeas, contudo, não diferiram quanto à variação de peso ou consumo durante a fase de lactação. Aos 23 &plusmn; 1,91 dias de idade dos leitões foi realizado o desmame abrupto com a transferência dos leitões para unidade de creche, onde foram alojados em gaiolas para 4 animais. O peso ao desmame foi maior nos leitões aleitados por fêmeas tratadas (p<0,0001), bem como em todas as pesagens semanais até a quinta semana pós-desmame. O consumo na primeira semana sofreu influência da suplementação de MOS nas fêmeas e do maior peso à desmama se mostrando superior nesses animais (P=0,049) influenciando diretamente o ganho de peso, superior na segunda semana (p=0,002). O MOS para os leitões aumentou o consumo de alimento (p=0,0784), e a conversão alimentar na segunda semana (p=0,0103). Aos 14 dias pós-desmame foram colhidas amostras de sangue para hemograma e realizada a aplicação oral de 108 UFC de Salmonella Typhimurium. Foram observadas diariamente a consistência das fezes por 28 dias e aferidas as temperaturas retais por 9 dias. Leitões tratados com MOS e os leitões oriundos de fêmeas MOS tenderam a apresentar o pico de hipertermia mais cedo que os demais (p=0,0629 e p=0,0976, respectivamente) e os leitões alimentados com MOS tenderam a ter uma temperatura de pico mais baixa (p=0,0989). Na última semana os leitões de fêmeas MOS apresentaram um maior consumo (p=0,0007) e uma incidência de Salmonella numéricamente inferior em linfonodos mesentéricos e nas fezes colhidas aos 36 dias pós-desafio. Pode-se concluir que a suplementação de MOS para primíparas prenhes e lactentes pode melhorar o desempenho e a saúde entérica de seus leitões nas fases de aleitamento e creche. / The present study evaluated the effects of mananoligossacarides (MOS) as a feed additive on the performance of primiparous sows in late gestation and lactation, as well as on performance and health status of their progeny up to 65 days of age. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Swine Research (FMVZ/USP) Pirassununga SP. For this purpose a completely random factorial design was used, factors which corresponded to (1) feeding sows with MOS and (2) feeding piglets with MOS, characterizing 4 treatments: MM Feeding MOS to both sows and piglets, MC Feeding MOS only to the sows, CM Feeding MOS only to piglets, CC Control diets for both sows and piglets. A total of seventeen pregnant gilts were used, and divided into 2 groups: MOS (n=9) and Control (n=8). MOS gilts had 0,1% MOS added to their diets from 81 &plusmn; 1,36 days of gestation onward. On day 82 &plusmn; 1,36 blood was collected and vaccination against Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis was conducted. Animals were weighted biweekly until 109 &plusmn; 1,36 days of gestation, when transference to the farrowing unit was conducted. Between the first and second weighing, MOS gilts show a numerical advantage in daily weight gain (p=0,063). At farrowing, blood and colostrum samples were collected for determination antibodies titles against vaccine antigen, being considered positive 66,67% and 42,86% of MOS and Control sows, respectively. Piglets nursed by MOS sows had a numerical advantage in weight gain in the first week (p=0,0614), with statistical significance in the second week (p=0,047). On the third week, the second factor was introduced by the offering of solid feed (0,4% MOS). During the suckling period, from birth to 21 days of age, a numerical advantage in weight gain was observed for MOS sows piglets (p=0,0989). The sows themselves did not differ in weight change or feed consumption. At 23 &plusmn; 1,91 days of age, weaning was conducted, as piglets were transferred to nursing facilities and allocated in pens of 4 animals. Weight of MOS sows piglets was higher at weaning (p<0,001) and until the 5th week port-weaning. Feed consumption was affected by MOS supplementation of sows and by the higher weaning weight (p=0,0049), directly influencing weight gain, which was superior in the 2nd week. Feeding MOS to piglets enhanced feed consumption (p=0,0784) and feed conversion (p=0,0103) on the 2nd week. At 14 days of age, blood samples were collected for hemogram analysis and an oral dose of 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium administered. Fecal consistency and rectal temperature were evaluated for 28 and 9 days, respectively. Piglets treated with MOS and MOS sows\' piglets tended to show a peek of hyperthermia earlier (p=0,0629 e p=0,0976, respectively). Piglets fed with MOS tended to show a lower temperature peek (p=0.0989). In the last week, MOS sows\' piglets show a higher feed consumption (p=0.0007) and a numerically inferior Salmonella incidence in mesenteric lymph nodes and feces 36 days after the bacterial challenge. In conclusion, supplementing primiparous sows with MOS during gestation and lactation can enhance their body weight gain and the performance and intestinal health of the offspring during the suckling and nursing period.

No description available.

Orientador: Everlon Cid Rigobelo / Resumo: Bactérias que habitam os tecidos externos e internos de plantas sem lhes causarem prejuízos são conhecidas como epífitas e endofíticas, atuando como promotoras de crescimento em plantas ou agindo como agentes de controle biológico. Dentre os benefícios proporcionados por essas bactérias, destacam-se a solubilização do fósforo, a fixação do nitrogênio e a produção de ácido indol acético (fitohormônio), mas também a resistência a patógenos e a adaptação a situações de estresse. Os desafios da agricultura moderna e a importância da cultura do milho exigem inovações como o uso de microrganismos promotores de crescimento. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de isolar e caracterizar bactérias epífitas e endofíticas obtidas da cultura do milho com capacidade solubilizar fósforo, fixar nitrogênio e produzir ácido indol acético. O isolamento resultou em 320 isolados retirados das folhas, caules e raízes, sendo 57% epífitas e 43% endofíticas. Foram selecionados 10 isolados, todas solubilizadoras de fósforo e fixadoras de nitrogênio, além de produtoras de ácido indol acético, que também foi quantificado e comparadas ao controle positivo. Os microrganismos selecionados foram submetidos à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e análise da porção 16S do rDNA, sendo que a identificação resultou em três espécies bacterianas diferentes, 8 Bacillus subtilis, 1 Bacillus velezensis e 1 Lactococcus lactis, encontradas nos diferentes órgãos vegetais. / Mestre