<p>Historically the research of International Business and the internationalisation of companies have been concentrated to large, mature companies with extensive resources to deploy in new markets. Since the 90’s a big field of research has though been on so called born globals, or international new ventures. In this thesis I will take up where this research is today and I will deal with the issue of new entrepreneurial ventures that internationalise from a very early stage of their existence From the theory five factors are retracted; 1) The Entrepreneur; 2) Identified Opportunities; 3) Entry/ Establishing mode; 4) Deployed Resources and 5) Local Challenges and from this the theoretical model is created. The following empirical study is made on Swedish entrepreneurs that have established in China during the last decade and the model seeks to answer why and how the entrepreneur established in China. The model is constructed to be usable for research on entrepreneurs from any market entering any other market. This specific study on Swedish entrepreneur in China merely fills the function of illustrating the use of the model, as the sample is too small to generalize.</p>

Historically the research of International Business and the internationalisation of companies have been concentrated to large, mature companies with extensive resources to deploy in new markets. Since the 90’s a big field of research has though been on so called born globals, or international new ventures. In this thesis I will take up where this research is today and I will deal with the issue of new entrepreneurial ventures that internationalise from a very early stage of their existence From the theory five factors are retracted; 1) The Entrepreneur; 2) Identified Opportunities; 3) Entry/ Establishing mode; 4) Deployed Resources and 5) Local Challenges and from this the theoretical model is created. The following empirical study is made on Swedish entrepreneurs that have established in China during the last decade and the model seeks to answer why and how the entrepreneur established in China. The model is constructed to be usable for research on entrepreneurs from any market entering any other market. This specific study on Swedish entrepreneur in China merely fills the function of illustrating the use of the model, as the sample is too small to generalize.

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abstract: Lu Pei (b. 1956) is a celebrated Chinese American composer who currently serves as a composition professor at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music. His work is known for its varied use of Chinese folk tunes. He lived in the United States a long time, which cultivated within him abundant Western musical influences. The sound of multi-ethnic elements is greatly reflected in his own music. Writing an opera has always been his ultimate dream as a composer, and after many years of work, the opera The Third of March was completed and premiered in 2018 in Guangxi. It has received wide acclaim and has been a favorite of younger listeners. Lu Pei aims to bring young people to modern music and the Chinese opera, not only using traditional Chinese musical elements, but also adopts “reinvented” modern Western musical styles, giving a new identity to the Chinese opera is the main foci of The Third of March. To prepare for my performer’s guide to The Third of March, I will discuss Lu Pei’s inspirations from the Guangxi Song Fairs, and the music and culture of the Zhuang people surrounding the date in the Chinese lunar calendar, March Third. For Westerners unfamiliar with Lu Pei’s music, I will briefly introduce the compositional blending of Western and Chinese musical styles with a section about Chinese composers active in the United States, Chen Yi (b. 1953), and Tan Dun (b. 1957). I will also include a brief outline of the history of Chinese opera development, and Lu Pei’s compositional concepts and the background of the opera The Third of March will be discussed. My performer’s guide, the primary focus of this project, will begin by stressing Lu Pei’s adoption of different Chinese folk songs and Western compositional elements. These techniques clearly gave the piece a unique stylistic identity. I will give a brief overview of the Chinese language diction in International Phonetic Alphabet. Finally, the qualities of the main arias in the opera, and some of the Chinese operatic techniques for singers, and their special effects, will be explored. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2020

Rocky desertification (RD) is a process of land degradation that often results in extensive soil erosion, bedrock exposure and considerable decrease of land productivity. The spatio-temporal evolution of RD not only reflects regional ecological environmental changes but also directly impacts regional economic and social development. The study area, Hechi, is a typical karst peak cluster depression area in southwest China. Remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical techniques were employed to examine the evolution, including the identification of driving forces, of karst RD in the Northwestern Guangxi. The results indicate that RD became most apparent between 1990 and 2005 when areas of various types of RD increased. Within the karst RD landscape, slight RD was identified as the matrix of the landscape while potential RD had the largest patch sizes. Extremely strong RD, with the simplest shape, was the most influenced by human activities. Overall the landscape evolved from fragmented to agglomerate within the 15-year timeframe. Land condition changes were categorized as five types; desertified, recovered, unchanged, worsened, and alleviated land. The largest turnover within the RD landscape was between slight and moderate RD. With regards to the driving forces all RD had been increasingly influenced by human activities (i. e., the stronger the RD, the stronger the intensity of human disturbances). Dominant impact factors of the RD landscape had shifted from town influence and bare rock land in 1990 to bare rock and grassland in 2005. Moreover, the impacts of stony soil, mountainous proportion and river density on RD increased over time, while that of others decreased. The significant factors included human activities, land use, soil types, environmental geology, and topography. However, only anthropogenic factors (human activities and land use) were reported as leading factors whereas the others acted simply as constraining factors.

The Border Trade between border provinces of Mainland China and their neighboring countries is a unique form of economy and trade. Before the reform and opening up in 1978, due to political, diplomatic, secure and planned economic considerations, the border trade had been rather limited. After the reform and opening, PRC began to reform foreign trade regime and to execute decentralization. Provinces scrambled developing foreign trade to prosper local economy. Border provinces, geographically in disadvantage, relied on border trade as a means of boosting economy, which has been featured in the model of foreign trade. Meanwhile, in order to take care of the ethnic minority in border provinces, the government has applied preferential rules successively to help promote border trade. Since the 1980¡¦s, accompanied with the improvements of relation between the PRC and its neighboring countries, Mainland China began to pay attention to the development of border trade. The Guangxi¡¦s ethnic minority lives in a gathered community. Owing to poor natural circumstances and long-term fighting, it has become one of the economically laggard provinces of border. Guangxi borders on Vietnam. Bilateral border trade has a long history, though it had been interrupted for a certain time due to strategic status and deterioration of China-Vietnam relationship. Until the relationship was normalized in the end of 1991, the border trade between both sides reached a new stage. While the PRC carries out an open-door system for border and has endowed with border trade preferential policies since 1992, Vietnam also executes opening the market and reforming economic policies. In consequence, the amount of Guangxi-Vietnam¡¦s border trade has been growing fast; border trade carries a heavy weight in foreign trade. Border trades make effects on promoting the living standard, increasing the income of frontiers, escalating local government¡¦s revenue, improving local construction, adjusting industrial structure, attracting foreign investment, strengthening local economic capability, benefiting the frontier steadiness and people united, as well as expanding good relationship with neighboring-countries. Obviously, border trades have made a significant meaning and contribution in economic development. Recently, it became a trend for countries and regions all over the world to carry out a closer economic cooperation on free trade, and form a regional economic group. Appropriate method to develop Guangxi¡¦s border trade is to furthermore become involved in the framework of economic regionalization of the neighboring-countries, to enlarge the magnitude of foreign-trade and to strengthen economic and trade cooperation with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

Les champignons du genre Aspergillus sont des moisissures banales de l'environnement. Elles sont présentes dans le sol et sur des végétaux en décomposition. Les Aspergillus se propagent par l'intermédiaire de spores microscopiques en suspension dans l'air. L'Homme et les animaux sont exposés en permanence aux spores aspergillaires mais les défenses immunes empêchent leur développement dans l'organisme. Lorsque ces défenses sont amoindries, une aspergillose est possible. Dans ce cas, Aspergillus fumigatus et A. flavus sont le plus souvent incriminés. Les oiseaux sont beaucoup plus sensibles que les mammifères et l'environnement représenté par les élevages aviaires est propice à la prolifération des moisissures du genre Aspergillus. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de caractériser la diversité génétique et la sensibilité aux antifongiques d'isolats d'Aspergillus provenant d'élevages aviaires dans la province du Guangxi en Chine. La première partie de la thèse est une analyse bibliographique sur les champignons du genre Aspergillus, les aspergilloses et les caractéristiques de l'élevage aviaire en Chine. Une première enquête a été réalisée dans 3 élevages près de la ville de Nanning et dans un élevage (incluant un éclosoir) à proximité de la ville de Guilin. Des écouvillonnages pharyngés et des prélèvements d'air ont été réalisés pendant plusieurs semaines. Des prélèvements ont également été faits sur des œufs dans l'éclosoir. Cette enquête a montré que le niveau de contamination fongique dépendait du type d'élevage. De nombreux isolats fongiques ont pu être collectés : 188 isolats d'A. fumigatus et 159 isolats d'A. flavus. La seconde partie du travail expérimental a porté sur la caractérisation de la diversité génétique d'A. fumigatus et d'A. flavus. Pour cela, la technique MLVA (multiple locus VNTR analysis) a été utilisée. Pour A. flavus, 8 marqueurs VNTR (variable-number tandem-repeat) ont été sélectionnés et une réaction PCR multiplex a été mise au point. Au total, 91 isolats d'A. flavus, incluant 6 souches de référence, ont été caractérisées avec le panel des 8 marqueurs VNTR. Cette analyse a permis de définir 78 génotypes distincts et un index de discrimination de 0,993. L'analyse de 188 isolats d'A. fumigatus avec 10 marqueurs VNTR a permis de définir 142 génotypes distincts. Certains génotypes d'A. flavus ou d'A. fumigatus sont clairement regroupés dans le nuage de point généré par l'analyse MST (minimum spanning tree). La troisième partie du travail expérimental a porté sur la sensibilité aux antifongiques de 177 isolats d'A. fumigatus. Ces isolats ont été récupérés dans des élevages aviaires en Chine et en France. Les isolats de Chine sont pour la plupart sensibles avec des valeurs minimales inhibitrices (vis-à-vis de l'itraconazole) comprises entre 0,38 et 0,75 µg/mL. Les isolats de France sont pour la plupart sensibles avec des valeurs minimales inhibitrices (vis-à-vis de l'itraconazole) comprises entre 0.19 and 1 µg/mL. Quatre souches ont été considérées comme résistantes : 2 souches provenant de deux élevages en Chine et 2 souches provenant de deux élevages en France. Des mutations sur le gène Cyp51A ont été détectées pour 11 isolats (3 résistants et 8 sensibles). Vingt et une mutations nucléotidiques ont été identifiées. Onze de ces mutations sont silencieuses et 9 sont à l'origine d'un changement de la composition de la protéine. Sept substitutions ont déjà été décrites dans la littérature ; les mutations A116R, E130D et Q131H sont originales.

Karst rocky desertification is a progressive process of land degradation in karst regions in which soil is severely, or completely, eroded. This process may be caused by natural factors, such as geological structure, and population pressure leading to poor ecosystem health and lagging economic development. Karst rocky desertification is therefore a significant obstacle to sustainable development in southwest China. We applied a radial basis function network model to assess the risk of karst rocky desertification in northwest Guangxi, a typical karst region located in southwest China. Factors known to influence karst rocky desertification were evaluated using remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques to classify the 23 counties in the study area from low to extreme risk of karst rocky desertification. Counties with extreme or strong karst rocky desertification risk (43.48%, nearly half of the study area) were clustered in the north, central and southeast portions of the study area. Counties with low karst rocky desertification (30.43%) were located in the west, northeast and southwest of the study area. The spatial distribution of karst rocky desertification was moderately correlated to population density.

Depuis la politique de réformes lancée par Deng Xiaoping à la fin 1978, la Chine s'est ouverte sur le monde et de nombreux touristes internationaux visitent aujourd'hui ce pays. Les statistiques officielles surestiment cependant la forme internationale du tourisme : il existe en effet un tourisme intérieur chinois qui est largement sous-estimé. Il est le produit de la nouvelle société de loisirs qui se développe dans les principales métropoles du pays. Les pratiques sociales et spatiales de ces nombreux touristes de l'intérieur sont encore méconnues, autant sur le plan de leurs formes que de leurs fondements ; en particulier dans les lieux fréquentés par les deux populations touristiques, mais encore plus dans les sites uniquement fréquentés par les Chinois. Cette thèse propose donc un travail pionnier sur cette question de la dissemblance des pratiques touristiques observées entre touristes intérieurs et touristes occidentaux, ainsi que sur les effets géographiques de cette dernière : selon qu'un site est orienté au profit de l'une ou l'autre de ces populations, les aménagements ne seront pas les mêmes, ce qui intéresse au premier titre la géographie de la Chine en général, l'approche géographique du tourisme en particulier. A partir de l'échelle nationale tout d'abord, puis à partir de deux provinces du sud-ouest du pays, ce travail entame un état des lieux du tourisme intérieur chinois. Il analyse ensuite les pratiques spatiales chinoises en face d'espaces naturels et urbains, notamment selon les différentes générations de touristes. Il démontre enfin que le tourisme intérieur chinois est un outil de développement dans le Sud-Ouest, un instrument qui a été utilisé par l'Etat pour produire des lieux urbains aux dynamiques spatiales méconnues.

本論文關注當代壯族民間使用銅鼓的現況，探討銅鼓作為承載傳統文化之物，在面對中華人民共和國政府非物質文化遺產政策下，如何創造出新的銅鼓使用價值。在比較多個壯族在節慶中使用銅鼓的地點，我以紅水河流域為主，走訪廣西河池市轄下的三縣共七個地點，以多點民族誌的田野調查方法，在春節期間最常使用銅鼓的螞虫另節與其他敲銅鼓的節日中進行田野調查。 我在本研究有四點發現：一、新鼓的製作與販售，使紅水河各持有銅鼓之村寨數量增加，並改變原先使用習慣、分布位置以及存放方式。二、節慶中新鼓、老鼓的使用情況如下：持有老鼓的地區多位處山上；新鼓的使用受到政府政策與經費的影響。銅鼓傳統的儀式性功能在節慶中逐步轉變，造成新、舊銅鼓走向活動用品與文物藏品的分岔路。三、銅鼓的功能性隨著不同地方與時間的移動，促使壯族的宗教與宇宙觀隨之縮減。而當地人口再次外移時，銅鼓的表演性異於過去農耕時的儀式性質。四、政府、地方幹部、麼公、地方人士與媒體五種銅鼓使用者對銅鼓的看法或關係：1.政府跟地方人士對於銅鼓的使用常處於不同的看法。2.地方幹部視銅鼓為權力的象徵或展示品，作為向外界尋求更多資源之物。3.麼公藉由銅鼓維持自己的地位與特殊性。4.部分地方人士視銅鼓為籌碼，擁有聲望與地位的物品，或為賺錢的文化商品。5.政府主導下，致使政府跟媒體對於地方銅鼓使用的看法不同，導致地方人士的聲音被埋沒。 / This study concerns the current situation of bronze drum use in Zhuang society; it concerns drums as a traditional cultural carrier, and in what way drums create new value in the context of the Chinese government’s Intangible Cultural Heritage policy. Looking for locations where bronze drums are used in Zhuang festivals, I chose the Hongshui River watershed and did fieldwork in 7 locations in 3 counties within Guangxi Hechi region. Through multi-sited ethnography, I did fieldwork during the Spring Festival and other festivals in which bronze drums are used. In this study, I made four important discoveries. First, the production and selling of new drums increase the number of bronze drums stored in each village and also changes people’s habits, the geographic distribution of drums, and the ways in which they are stored. Second, the situation of using new or old drums during festivals is that most old drums are located in mountainous areas, and the use of new drums is influenced by the Chinese government’s policy and subsidies. The drums’ traditional ritual function during festivals in gradually changing to a pattern in which new drums are used for activities and old drums become collectur’s items. Third, Zhuang religion and treditional world view are diminished while the drums’ functionality shifts in pace with place and time. When the local population migrates to the cities, the performance of bronze drums is different from their ritual nature in the past agricultural period. Fourth, the government, local officers, vernacular priests, local people, and the media have five different views in relation to bronze drums, such as: 1. the government and local people have different views about bronze drums; 2. local officers view about bronze drums as the symbol of authority or displays, giving them the jurisdiction to seek more resources to the outside world; 3. vernacular priests utilize bronze drums to maintain their own status and particularity; 4. a fraction of local people treat bronze drums as a bargaining chip to enhance their own prestige and status, or for goods; 5. dominated by the Government, so that the local government with the media have different views about bronze drums, which decreases local people’s voice on bronze drums use.