Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2003. / Supervisors: Bruce J. Hunt and Richard Graham. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available from UMI.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 672-761). Available also in an electronic version.

Not available / text

Tesis--Universidad de París, 1974. / Bibliogr. p. 289-302.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, 2018. / Submitted by Fabiana Santos (fabianacamargo@bce.unb.br) on 2018-08-31T20:55:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_RicardoLimaFigueira.pdf: 3169928 bytes, checksum: d4745ab98084aeea295c67029ab59a45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-09-10T21:17:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_RicardoLimaFigueira.pdf: 3169928 bytes, checksum: d4745ab98084aeea295c67029ab59a45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-10T21:17:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_RicardoLimaFigueira.pdf: 3169928 bytes, checksum: d4745ab98084aeea295c67029ab59a45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). / Dissolução de carbonatos, evaporitos, arenitos e formações ferríferas bandadas (FFB) a partir da sua exposição ao intemperismo e a variação do lençol freático, num processo que pode levar milhões de anos, podem proporcionar a formação de cavernas e desenvolver espeleotemas. Essas estruturas são depósitos de minerais secundários, formados por precipitação de soluções aquosas, a partir da dissolução de mineral primário solúvel e/ou com aporte externo de substâncias como guano. Em algumas cavernas, os espeleotemas podem ser de sulfatos e fosfatos. Estes, geralmente, são encontrados em complexos graníticos pegmatíticos e em gossans, normalmente derivados do intemperismo de sulfetos, e em solos com acúmulo de guano de aves ou mais raramente em cavernas. Nas cavernas da Amazônia oriental (Carajás), mais precisamente na região da Serra Norte, há cavernas desenvolvidas em consequência do intemperismo da FFB que gerou crostas lateríticas ferro-aluminosas. Nelas ocorrem espeleotemas associados a guano de morcego. Com o objetivo de determinar as condições físico-químicas em que 14 amostras de espeleotemas de sulfato e fosfato em dez cavernas espeleotemas foram desenvolvidos, além de investigar as características mineralógicas, cristalográficas e químicas dessas estruturas ainda não estudas na Amazônia Oriental (Carajás). Foram utilizadas as técnicas analíticas de difratometria de raios-X pelo método de Rietveld, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microssonda eletrônica, espectroscopia raman, infravermelho, termogravimetria e möusbauer, além das análises química do guano. Além da caracterização, foram determinadas as condições físico-químicas em que os espeleotemas foram desenvolvidos. Esses dados possibilitam um entendimento mais amplo acerca das condições paleoambientais no desenvolvimento dos espeleotemas. Os espeleotemas são do tipo coraloide e estalactite, compostos de aluminita, basaluminita, jarosita, esfeniscidita, fosfosiderita e estrengita. Esses minerais se formaram pela interação química entre o guano e a crosta laterítica que constitui o teto, piso e parede das cavernas em condições ácidas. / Dissolution of carbonates, evaporites, sandstones and banded iron ferruginous (BIF’s) from their exposure to weathering and the variation of the water table, in a process that can take millions of years, can provide the formation of caves and develop speleothems. These structures are deposits of secondary minerals, formed by precipitation of aqueous solutions, from the dissolution of soluble primary mineral and or with external supply of substances such as guano. In some caves speleothems may be sulfates and phosphates. These are generally found in pegmatitic granitic complexes and gossans, usually derived from the weathering of sulfides, and in soils with guano accumulation of birds or more rarely in caves. In the caves of Eastern Amazon (Carajás), more precisely in the Serra Norte region, there are caves developed as a consequence of the weathering of the BIF’s that generated ferrous-alumina laterite crusts. There are speleothems associated with bat guano. In order to determine the physico-chemical conditions in which 14 samples of speleothems of sulfate and phosphate in ten caves speleothems were developed, besides investigating the mineralogical, crystallographic and chemical characteristics of these structures not yet studied in the Eastern Amazon (Carajás). They were investigated using X-ray diffractometry by the Rietveld method, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, spectroscopy raman, infrared, thermogravimetry and möusbauer, as well as the chemical analysis of guano. Besides the characterization, the physical-chemical conditions in which the speleothems were developed were determined. These data enable a broader understanding of paleoenvironmental conditions in the development of speleothems. The speleothems are of the coraloid and stalactite type, composed of aluminite, basaluminite, jarosite, spheniscidite, phosphosiderite and strengite. These minerals were formed by the chemical interaction between the guano and the lateritic crust that constitute the ceiling, floor and wall of the caves under acidic conditions.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2011. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2013-04-23T13:34:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_SimoneSoaresSalgado.pdf: 2334300 bytes, checksum: 7250a6214cdf9e20f74ed924c9aa0eba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-04-24T12:33:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_SimoneSoaresSalgado.pdf: 2334300 bytes, checksum: 7250a6214cdf9e20f74ed924c9aa0eba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-24T12:33:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_SimoneSoaresSalgado.pdf: 2334300 bytes, checksum: 7250a6214cdf9e20f74ed924c9aa0eba (MD5) / O ecossistema de caverna está conectado ao solo e ao ecossistema de superfície pela entrada alóctone de energia, que em cavernas tropicais secas é representada principalmente pelo guano de morcegos. Na região neotropical, a alta riqueza de espécies de morcegos que utilizam cavernas como abrigo resulta em importação de energia por meio de depósitos de guano com qualidades distintas, uma vez que os morcegos utilizam uma grande variedade de recursos alimentares. O objetivo do primeiro capítulo foi caracterizar quantitativa e qualitativamente a disponibilidade de recurso (guano) como influência na riqueza e diversidade da comunidade de invertebrados em cinco cavernas (Sal/Fenda II, Dois Irmãos, Labirinto da Lama, Gruta dos Morcegos e Água Rasa) localizadas no Distrito Federal; e no segundo capítulo, analisar o fluxo de energia em cadeia alimentar da caverna Labirinto da Lama, por meio da determinação da origem alimentar de presas e predadores com a utilização da razão isotópica de carbono e nitrogênio. As coletas no ambiente cavernícola de invertebrados e de amostras de guano de morcegos foram realizadas manualmente e com funil de Berlese; os animais e serapilheira do ambiente externo foram coletados manualmente, sendo os primeiro coletados com auxílio de batedor entomológico e com armadilhas de queda. Os fatores físicos e químicos dos depósitos, analisados nas cinco cavernas foram pH, área, IDM, teor de C, N e P. A análise de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio na caverna Labirinto da Lama foi realizada para todos os invertebrados e para amostras de guano de morcegos e da serapilheira. Os resultados para as cinco cavernas mostraram que o aumento da riqueza e da diversidade de invertebrados não está relacionado a nenhum dos fatores físicos e químicos, devido à baixa quantidade de depósitos encontrados para cada caverna. A análise qualitativa do depósito de guano, com base no tipo de dieta alimentar do morcego, mostrou que depósitos similares com relação ao hábito alimentar dos morcegos nem sempre permitem o desenvolvimento de comunidades similares de invertebrados. A riqueza e a diversidade de invertebrados também podem estar relacionadas às diferenças geológicas entre as cavernas estudadas e às características da vegetação do ambiente externo e seu grau de preservação. A maior riqueza encontrada na caverna Água Rasa poderia ser explicada pelo conjunto de fatores influenciadores tanto do depósito quanto das características da caverna. Na caverna Labirinto da Lama, resultados mostraram que o guano não representa o único item alimentar para grilos Endecous sp. e baratas Blattidae no interior da caverna, tanto na região próxima quanto na região distante da entrada, e tanto no final da estação chuvosa quanto no final da estação seca. Por sua vez, esses grilos e baratas fazem parte da dieta da aranha Isoctenus coxalis, mas não representam os únicos recursos alimentares. Isso pode ser explicado pela dieta generalista e pela maior mobilidade desses grilos, baratas e aranhas, que os permitem ter acesso a outros itens alimentares. Nesse estudo, o carbono (δ13C) foi um importante indicador das fontes autotróficas, e o nitrogênio (δ15N) um importante indicador do nível trófico dos consumidores. A teia de interações alimentares compreende animais do ambiente externo e animais do ambiente cavernícola, e que nesse estudo está representado tanto por animais silvestres (morcegos e invertebrados) quanto por animais domésticos (gado), ou seja, representa uma teia alimentar influenciada pela interferência antrópica. Dessa forma, é importante que a fauna cavernícola seja estudada e preservada no contexto de toda paisagem na qual a caverna está inserida. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The cave ecosystem is connected to ground and surface ecosystem by input of energy that in tropical dry cave is represented mainly by the bat guano. In the Neotropics, the high species richness of bats using caves as shelter results in energy imports by deposit of guano with different qualities, because they use a variety of food resources. The goal of the first chapter was to characterize quantitatively and qualitatively the availability of resources (guano) as an influence on the richness and diversity of invertebrate communities in five caves (Sal/Fenda II, Dois Irmãos, Labirinto da Lama, Gruta dos Morcegos and Água Rasa) located at Distrito Federal, Brazil; and in the second chapter, we analyze the energy flow in food chain in the cave Labirinto da Lama, through the determination of food sources of prey and predators using the isotopic ratio of carbon and nitrogen. Invertebrates inside the cave and bat guano were sampled manually and with a Berlese extractor, animals and litter in the external environment were collected by hand or using beating sheet and pitfall traps. The physical and chemical aspects of guano were pH, area, IDM, and content of C, N and P. The analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the Labirinto da Lama Cave was performed for all samples of invertebrates and bat guano and leaf litter. The increase of richness and diversity are not related to any of the physical and chemical factors, due to the low number of deposits found in each cave. The qualitative analysis of the deposit of guano, based on the type of diet of the bat, showed that similar deposits in relation to the feeding habits of bats do not always allow the development of similar communities of invertebrates. The richness and diversity could be related to geological differences between the studied caves and vegetation characteristics of the external environment and its preservation degree. The greater richness found in the Água Rasa cave could be explained by the set of influential factors both the deposit and the characteristics of the cave. In the Labirinto da Lama cave, the results showed that guano is not the only food item for crickets Endecous sp. and cockroaches (Blattidae) inside the cave, both in the nearby region and the region far from the entrance, and either at the end of the rainy season or the end of the dry season. In turn, these crickets and cockroaches are part of the diet of spider Isoctenus coxalis, but do not represent the only food resources. This can be explained by a generalist diet and the increased mobility of crickets, cockroaches and spiders, which enable them to access other food items. In this study, carbon (δ13C) was an important indicator of autotrophic sources, and nitrogen (δ15N) an important indicator of the trophic level of consumers. The food web of interactions includes animals of the external environment and animals in the cave environment, represented both by wild animals (bats and invertebrates) and for domestic animals (cattle), representing a food web influenced by human interference. Thus, it is important that the cave fauna is preserved and studied in the context of the entire landscape in which the cave is located.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Environmental Biology, 2006. / "January 2006" Includes copies of author's previously published works. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

En un estudio efectuado en plantas enraizadas de vitis vinífera L. var. Chardonnay en macetas, se aplicaron los siguientes tratamientos: compost A, elaborado con residuos de té, guano de pollo y orujo de uva; compost B, elaborado con residuos de té, escobajo y orujo de uva; residuos sólidos de té; orujo de uva y guano seco de pollo. Cada una de estas enmiendas orgánicas fueron aplicadas en cobertera e incorporadas al suelo. Además de estos tratamientos existió un testigo químico (Fenamiphos) y un testigo absoluto. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficiencia nematicida de las enmiendas orgánicas sobre Meloidogyne spp. y constatar sus efectos en las variables de crecimiento vegetativo de las plantas. Se estableció un diseño experimental completamente al azar con 11 tratamientos y 6 repeticiones, siendo la unidad experimental una planta de vid. Se determinó la población de nematodos de segundo estado juvenil (estado infestivo) de Meloidogyne spp., la cantidad de nódulos y huevos por gramo de raíz y el índice reproductivo, determinando de esta manera la tasa de reproducción de los nematodos, además se evaluó el peso fresco de la parte aérea y peso fresco de la masa radical. El testigo químico fue el tratamiento que obtuvo menor población final de Meloidogyne spp. y al evaluar la actividad nematicida de las enmiendas orgánicas, el compost A incorporado al suelo, orujo de uva en cobertera y residuos sólidos de té en cobertera obtuvieron índices reproductivos bajos no diferentes estadísticamente del testigo químico. En cuanto al peso fresco de la parte aérea no existieron diferencias significativas. Con respecto a la evaluación del peso fresco de la masa radical el testigo químico presentó el valor más bajo comparado con los tratamientos de compost B en cobertera y residuos sólidos de té en cobertera. / In a study made on rooted plants of vitis vinífera L. Var. Chardonnay in pots, the following treatments were applied: compost A, elaborated from tea residue, chicken manure and grape marc; compost B, elaborated from tea residue, the scrapings of a grape bunch; solid tea residues; grape marc and dry chicken manure. Each of these organic amendments was both applied in cover and incorporated into the soil. Also it there was a chemical control (Fenamiphos) and an absolute control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nematicidal efficiency of the organic amendments against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. and to check their effects on the variables of the vegetative growth of the plants. Experimental design was completely at random with 11 treatments and 6 replications and the experimental unity was one vine. The population of second stage juveniles (infested state) of Meloidogyne spp. was determined, as well as the quantity of nodules and eggs per gram of root and the reproductive index. In addition fresh weight of the aerial part and of the root mass were measured. The chemical control was the treatment with least final population of Meloidogyne spp. and when compost A, incorporated into the soil, grape marc in cover and solid tea residues, obtained low reproductive index not statistically different from the chemical control. Respect to fresh weight of roots, the chemical control showed the lowest value compared with the treatments of compost B in cover and solid tea residues in cover.

La grotte de Tabon (Palawan, Philippines) est un site préhistorique majeur en Asie du Sud-Est. Elle a livré des fossiles d’Homo sapiens datant du Pléistocène supérieur, rares dans la région. Pourtant, son histoire demeure mal connue : d’importantes altérations physiques et chimiques compliquent la lecture de sa stratigraphie, tandis que des objets archéologiques sans contexte clair entravent l’élaboration d’une chronologie fiable. Cette étude jette un nouveau regard sur la grotte de Tabon à travers une approche pluridisciplinaire des sciences de la Terre. Elle explore notamment l’environnement et le climat des premiers hommes anatomiquement modernes dans la région. Les résultats mettent en lumière une période clef entre 40 et 33 ka BP, caractérisée par des climats plus secs, des paysages plus ouverts et une empreinte humaine marquée dans la grotte. Cette période a également été ponctuée par un court épisode d’humidité qui a laissé un spéléothème gypsifère étendu en guise de témoin. Dans l’avenir, de nouvelles approches, prenant en compte les contraintes particulières du site, pourraient permettre de souligner davantage la valeur scientifique et patrimoniale unique de la grotte de Tabon, une fenêtre sur les premiers périples de notre espèce à travers les archipels d’Asie du Sud-Est. / Tabon Cave (Palawan, Philippines) is a key prehistoric site in Southeast Asia, one of the few to have yielded Homo sapiens fossils from the Late Pleistocene. Its history remains poorly understood: heavy physical and chemical alterations have greatly complicated its stratigraphy, and contextually isolated archaeological finds hamper the construction of a clear chronology. This study reexamines Tabon Cave using a multi-pronged geosciences approach to explore environment, climate, and early modern human presence in the region. The results reveal a major period in the cave’s history between 40 and 33 ka BP, when drier climates, more open landscapes, and active human use of the cave were briefly spaced by a wet episode that left an extensive, gypsiferous speleothem. Future innovative research approaches spurred by the unique constraints of the site will undoubtedly further highlight the unique scientific and heritage value of Tabon Cave, a window into the earliest odysseys of our species across the archipelagos of Southeast Asia.

Bats are generalist predators of night flying insects, including many crop pests. Pecan nut casebearer (Acrobasis nuxvorella), hickory shuckworm (Cydia caryana), and several stink bug species are some of the most damaging crop pests in pecan orchards. Attracting bats to agricultural areas using bats houses may reduce the numbers of these pests and, consequently, their economic impact. This study uses quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) of mitochondrial DNA found in the guano of bats living in bat houses on organic pecan orchards to document the consumption of pecan nut casebearer, hickory shuckworm, and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), which is one of the most destructive pests of many crops throughout the world. This study also uses direct sequencing of insect remains in bat fecal pellets to identify species of stink bugs consumed by bats in bat houses. Evidence that bats prey upon crop pests supports the hypothesis that bats are both economically and ecologically beneficial to pecan farmers and provides incentives for bat conservation.