The majority of gymnasts are young girls. Training hours required to meet competition demands are high and gymnasts begin serious training at a young age. Concerns regarding injury risk are substantial and may be the result of repeated high impact loads experienced during landings from dismounts, tumbling and vaulting. There is currently little information available to coaches regarding the quantity of training that is safe or not safe. The use of acceleration was tested for its efficacy for use in the field to examine risk factors for injury. Risk factors examined were loading and fatigue. Kinematics, ground reaction forces and acceleration were measured during landing from gymnastics skills and also pre- and post fatigue during landing from a vertical jump and a 35cm drop in the laboratory. A pilot study was performed in the field to examine accelerations during gymnastics skills pre- and post-training. Lower body kinematics of landing were notably different between gymnastics skills analysed. Joint positions at touchdown and range of motion available during landing due to these joint positions affect the ability to contribute to energy absorption. Peak ground reaction forces and peak accelerations measured at the pelvis showed significant differences between skills landing on both the hands and the feet. The peak acceleration during landing from gymnastics skills was positively correlated with the peak ground reaction force. A large variability stiffness during landing meant that an estimation of ground reaction force using simple modelling was not successful in improving the correlation. After a fatiguing jumping and landing task peak accelerations measured at the pelvis during landing were increased indicating the use of acceleration for identifying fatigue. Pilot field testing of acceleration during landing from gymnastics skills showed similar results to laboratory results. Pre- and post-training measurements showed no difference in peak accelerations during landing from the skills analysed. The training session completed was not demanding enough to induce enough fatigue to be seen in acceleration values Acceleration has potential to be used to quantify repeated loading and accumulative effects in gymnastics, as well as the presence of fatigue in gymnasts during training sessions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

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Orientador: Silvia Deutsch / Resumo: / Abstract: / Mestre

Orientador: Silvia Deutsch / Resumo: O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com 112 colaboradores (operários de ambos os sexos) de uma indústria farmacêutica. Em busca de uma melhor adequação metodológica, o presente estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. O experimento 1 teve como objetivo selecionar de acordo com a preferência dos participantes, 3 músicas de cada estilo musical pré selecionado - rock nacional, dance pop e new age. Esta seleção musical foi utilizada no experimento 2 que teve como objetivo verificar a interferência da Ginástica Laboral (G.L.) acompanhada ou não de diferentes estilos musicais nos estados de ânimo dos colaboradores. Para isto, os operários participaram de 4 sessões experimentais de G.L. com duração de 10 minutos acompanhada ou não dos estilos musicais selecionados. Para verificar os resultados, a LEA - RI (Lista de Estados de Ânimo - Reduzida e Ilustrada) foi aplicada antes e após cada sessão experimental. Através da Análise Qualitativa, da Prova Binomial e da Análise de Correspondência, foi verificado que não ocorreram grandes mudanças nos estados de ânimo após a intervenção. Isto pode ter ocorrido devido a familiaridade dos participantes como o programa e ao patamar de bem estar adquirido por eles após 3 anos de prática. Concluindo, a G.L. acompanhada ou não de diferentes estilos musicais não proporcionou alterações significativas nos estados de ânimo de colaboradores que já haviam atingido um bom nível de intensidade de seus estados de ânimo contribuindo para uma boa qualidade de vida / Abstract: The present study was developed with 112 participants (workers of both sex) of a pharmaceutical industry. Trying to find the best methodological adjustment, this study was divided in two. Experiment 1 has had as purpose to select accordingly to the participants preference, 3 music of each musical style pre determined - Brazilian rock, dance pop and new age. This music selection was used in experiment 2 that has had purpose to verify the interference of Fitness Employee (G.L.) accompanied or not of different musical styles on collaborator's mood. In this experiment, workers participated of 4 experimental sessions in which they practiced G.L. during 10 minutes accompanied or not of different styles. To verify the results, the LEA-RI (Lista de Estados de Ânimo - Reduzida e Ilustrada) was applied before and after each experimental session. Through a Qualitative Analyses, a Binomial Analyses and a Correspondence Analyses on data, no significant changes in mood states were found. This may be occurred despite to workers familiarity to the sessions they have been practicing for 3 years. Concluding, the G.L. accompanied or not by different music styles did not promoted significant changes in workers mood that already have got a good intensity level of their moods contributing to a good quality of life / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:09:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:27:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000198512.pdf: 1438194 bytes, checksum: 3c87fc18ff01f6dd2650d44998928dfe (MD5) / O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com 112 colaboradores (operários de ambos os sexos) de uma indústria farmacêutica. Em busca de uma melhor adequação metodológica, o presente estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. O experimento 1 teve como objetivo selecionar de acordo com a preferência dos participantes, 3 músicas de cada estilo musical pré selecionado - rock nacional, dance pop e new age. Esta seleção musical foi utilizada no experimento 2 que teve como objetivo verificar a interferência da Ginástica Laboral (G.L.) acompanhada ou não de diferentes estilos musicais nos estados de ânimo dos colaboradores. Para isto, os operários participaram de 4 sessões experimentais de G.L. com duração de 10 minutos acompanhada ou não dos estilos musicais selecionados. Para verificar os resultados, a LEA - RI (Lista de Estados de Ânimo - Reduzida e Ilustrada) foi aplicada antes e após cada sessão experimental. Através da Análise Qualitativa, da Prova Binomial e da Análise de Correspondência, foi verificado que não ocorreram grandes mudanças nos estados de ânimo após a intervenção. Isto pode ter ocorrido devido a familiaridade dos participantes como o programa e ao patamar de bem estar adquirido por eles após 3 anos de prática. Concluindo, a G.L. acompanhada ou não de diferentes estilos musicais não proporcionou alterações significativas nos estados de ânimo de colaboradores que já haviam atingido um bom nível de intensidade de seus estados de ânimo contribuindo para uma boa qualidade de vida / The present study was developed with 112 participants (workers of both sex) of a pharmaceutical industry. Trying to find the best methodological adjustment, this study was divided in two. Experiment 1 has had as purpose to select accordingly to the participants preference, 3 music of each musical style pre determined - Brazilian rock, dance pop and new age. This music selection was used in experiment 2 that has had purpose to verify the interference of Fitness Employee (G.L.) accompanied or not of different musical styles on collaborator's mood. In this experiment, workers participated of 4 experimental sessions in which they practiced G.L. during 10 minutes accompanied or not of different styles. To verify the results, the LEA-RI (Lista de Estados de Ânimo - Reduzida e Ilustrada) was applied before and after each experimental session. Through a Qualitative Analyses, a Binomial Analyses and a Correspondence Analyses on data, no significant changes in mood states were found. This may be occurred despite to workers familiarity to the sessions they have been practicing for 3 years. Concluding, the G.L. accompanied or not by different music styles did not promoted significant changes in workers mood that already have got a good intensity level of their moods contributing to a good quality of life

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:09:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:27:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000192678.pdf: 563955 bytes, checksum: 026f22f00aa235dd5fefce6f2aa7bd50 (MD5)

The effect of intense gymnastic training on bone mineral density was investigated in 16 elite prepubertal (9.82 ± 0.89 years) (mean ± SD) gymnasts (GYM) and 16 normoactive (9.87 ± 0.75 years) controls (CON). Pubertal status was determined according to the criteria of Tanner. Additionally the mother of each subject was recruited, and was included in all measurements as an estimate of hereditability. GYM were in elite pre-competitive or competitive programs for at least two years, and trained on average 18 hr per week. Areal bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition (%BF) was measured for the whole body, and BMD for the left hip and lumbar spine (L1-L4) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and volumetric BMD for the distal radius by peripheral QCT (pQCT). There were no significant differences between groups for age, pubertal status or body mass; however GYM were significantly shorter (129.3 ± 5.7 vs. 136.7 ± 4.4 cm; P<0.01) and leaner (15.12 + 1.95 vs. 19.58 + 4.29 %BF) than CON. In an attempt to account for inter-group height differences, areal DXA measurements were converted to apparent bone mineral density (BMAD). GYM had significantly (P<0.05) greater femoral neck (0.698 ± 0.058 vs. 0.648 + 0.064 g.cm⁻²) and trochanteric (0.616 ± 0.060 vs. 0.530 + 0.084 g.cm⁻²) BMD. Additionally GYM had significantly greater whole body (0.101 ± 0.009 vs 0.094 ± 0.007 g.cm⁻³) BMAD than CON. GYM also had significantly greater total 367.75 ± 51.61 vs 307.37 ± 27.59 mg.cm⁻³), trabecular (207.93 ± 45.35 vs 163.76 ± 31.41 mg.cm⁻³) and cortical (496.94 ± 67.51 vs 429.80 ± 33.78 mg.cm⁻³) volumetric BMD than CON at the distal radius. There were no significant differences between mothers of GYM or CON for any of the variables studied. Significant daughter mother correlations existed only for lumbar spine BMD (r=0.55). These results suggest that participation in elite gymnastics prior to puberty elicits favourable whole body adaptations in bone mineral density, and also that striking regional differences are observed at the wrist, a site subjected to repetitive high impact loading during training. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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The gymnastics manual for student-teachers has been prepared to give the student-teacher the opportunity to get acquainted with gymnastics skills, cognitive information, conditioning exercises, curriculum development, and audiovisual media, needed to teach gymnastics. Student-teachers' responsibilities and student-teachers' program are discussed. Information is also provided concerning basic material in the school curriculum to get started in the student-teaching experience. The gymnastics section presents detailed description of skills for female and male events, spotting techniques and common errors committed by beginners. Addresses of companies where audiovisual materials, gymnastics charts and safety information can be purchased, are provided. The Student-Teacher Gymnastics Manual is the beginning of a new wave of educational literature, seeking well prepared professionals in the school curriculum. / M.S.