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Orientador : Silvana Venancio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T23:54:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_RitadeCassia_M.pdf: 437243 bytes, checksum: 10c68f7b129a4f9a216158bf179dc4c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Mestrado / Pedagogia do Movimento / Mestre em Educação Física

Rings is one of six disciplines in Men's Artistic Gymnastics. Judging criteria stipulate that a routine must incorporate two swinging elements completed in a motionless handstand. Performing backward and forward longswings in a routine fulfils this requirement. During both types of longswing, gymnasts typically use large angle changes at their hip and shoulder joints and move their arms laterally. Previous studies have ignored these three-dimensional arm movements, possibly neglecting a crucial aspect of technique. Using a computer simulation model this study investigated the contributions of hip and shoulder elevation angle changes and lateral arm movements to the performance of backward and forward longswings. A three-dimensional video and cable tension analysis of several backward and forward longswings performed by two elite gymnasts was conducted. The data provided accurate three-dimensional descriptions of backward and forward longswing techniques and the forces experienced by the gymnasts. In addition, data describing deformations of the rings frame and the extension of the gymnast were determined. A simulation model representing the three-dimensional movements of the rings cables and arms of a gymnast was developed. The model represented the right side of the gymnast and rings apparatus and comprised five segments: rings cable, arm, torso with head, thigh, and shank with foot. Damped linear springs represented the elasticity of the apparatus and gymnast. The model was evaluated against actual backward and forward longswing performances of two elite gymnasts. Actual joint angle time histories describing the gymnasts' techniques, together with subject specific inertia parameters, were used for this procedure. The RMS differences between values estimated by the model and actual values for the orientation of the gymnast and rings cable, the cable tension and the body extension were 4.3°, 2.1°,161N and 0.1 m respectively. The evaluated model was used to determine the contributions of each aspect of technique to the performance of longswings. Hip and shoulder elevation angle changes are important in producing the required rotation of the gymnast in both types of longswing. Without these components of technique the gymnast generated up to 113° less rotation. Lateral arm movements performed during backward longswings resulted in 40% less shoulder elevation torque required to complete the element and a 0.8 bodyweights decrease in peak force experienced at the shoulder joints. When lateral arm movements were omitted during forward longswings the gymnast produced 49° less rotation, and failed to reach the final handstand. This study shows that lateral arm movements make an important contribution to the performance of longswings on rings.

Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES) / Gymnastics is a sport code that develops basic motor skills, hand-eye coordination and provides participants with an opportunity to socialize and learn new skills. There are various social factors, such as a family’s socioeconomic status or accessibility to sports facilities that may play a role in affecting levels of participation. The aim of this study is to investigate the social factors that have an influence on gymnastics participation in the Western Cape. To this end, a qualitative approach is adopted to collect data. This study also adopts the ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1995) as the theoretical framework, and is used to analyse and interpret current social factors that directly or indirectly influence participation in gymnastics. The study’s objectives were to ascertain which social factors hinder participation, and which social factors promote participation, thus, coaches, parents and gymnasts participated in focus group discussions. Key informant interviews took place with experts in the field of gymnastics in the Western Cape. A thematic analysis was conducted on transcriptions from the focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Social factors investigated in this study occurred in the chronosystem, macrosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, and microsystem, and had both a direct and indirect influence on the gymnast’s continued participation. These systems are defined by Bronfenbrenner (1995), as the environment of the individual, in which they grow and develop. The research findings of this thesis are used to draw conclusions and make specific recommendations for practice and further research. The information gathered in this study can assist all stakeholders within the field of gymnastics, such as parents, judges, coaches, gymnasts, and the supporting community which surround the participating gymnast.

Several studies using a sociological approach identified the existence of a culture of risk in sport. These works studied professional, amateur, male and female sport figurations and concluded that this culture of risk enmeshes athletes to practice and compete while in pain and when injured. Particularly, studies about gender acknowledge the existence of similar male and female experiences of pain and injury. However, these studies separately studied male and female sports. No work to date has studied within the same research design athletes and coaches perceptions about pain and injury experiences and how they are negotiated and socialized. Thus, this study sought to explore whether male and female experiences of pain and injury really are similar, or whether differences would become evident through a study which involved a more direct comparison. The research design of this study was informed by figurational sociology. Data for this work were firstly gathered during 9 months of overt-observation. By including observational notes from the interactions between 11 male athletes, 13 female athletes, 3 coaches of the male team, 3 coaches of the female team and 2 physiotherapists, this research provides a more adequate understanding of the gymnastics figuration, its interdependences and power fluxes. Additionally, 9 male athletes, 8 female athletes, 3 male team coaches and 2 female team coaches were interviewed. Data collected in this research is in accordance with sociological literature about pain and injury in sport. All athletes revealed a willingness to continue training and competing even when injured and in pain. However, data also revealed gendered differences about how male and female athletes are enmeshed in the culture of risk. Particularly, gendered differences were found in the training environment, coach-athlete power differences, body control, socialization processes and in male and female athletes expressions of pain and injury. Thus, this research raises several questions about the value of sociological studies of gender in sport that approach male and female experiences separately, as gender is sociologically created through male and female interdependence.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of strength training by eccentric and isometric contractions in relation to isometric right leg strength. A secondary purpose was to determine if individual differences in eccentric strength gains were related to individual differences in isometric strength gains. Forty-five volunteer subjects were systematically assigned to three groups in such a manner that these groups were balanced in terms of initial isometric leg strength. The groups were then randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions. One group trained with eccentric contractions, another with isometric contractions and the last acted as a control. The groups were tested for isometric leg strength before and after a six week training program. The Eccentric Group was also tested for eccentric leg strength during the first and last training sessions. The training sessions took place three times per week and three maximal contractions were performed during each session. The results indicated that both isometric and eccentric training produced significant isometric strength gains (t = 7.13, 6.64 respectively, p < .05) when compared to the Control Group. However, there was no significant difference between the strength gains of the two experimental groups (t = .49, p > .05). Within the eccentrically trained group it was also found that eccentric strength was significantly improved due to training (t = 5.52, p < .05) but that this improvement was uncorrelated (r = .27) with isometric improvement scores. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that isometric and eccentric training were of approximately equal value in increasing isometric strength. Further, there was no relationship between isometric improvement scores and eccentric improvement scores. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

This thesis argues that the Swedish Gymnsatics League during the 1930’s articulated, what in previous research has been called a citizenship project. This citizenship project was formulated against the backdrop of the widely held gymnastic ideological belief about a ‘sound mind in a sound body’. In the historical context regarding the contemporary problem concerning the qualitative issue of the people, the gymnasts formulated gymnastics as an activity, aimed to produce an ideal, healthy citizen. In 1934, the Swedish gymnastics started a propaganda organization called National Society for promotion of Gymnastics (Riksföreningen för gymnastikens främjande) and its yearbook. The organization aimed to educate, and convince the Swedish population with the ultimate objective to make them active participants, and practitioners in gymnastic body culture. I argue that the gymnasts, through propaganda media as the yearbook, and the gymnastics display, addressed audiences as civic publics, with the potential of, though gymnastics, obtain properties connected to the idea of the ideal citizen. Regarding the conceptions of the gymnasts’ citizenship ideals, the essay demonstrates how the gymnasts argued that ideal civic virtues was reflected in the individual’s aesthetical bodily properties, which ultimately signified health. Thus, they argued that the properties liked to the ideal citizen only could be obtained through physical exercise, and the cultivation of a ‘healthy’ body, via gymnastic exercises. In the mid-1930’s the Gymnastics League undertook an international mission to display the superiority of Swedish gymnastics in front of foreign audiences, primarily by performing a non-competitive display at the Olympics in Berlin. I argue that this international outlook produced, and enhanced the national significance, and citizenship producing purpose of the gymnastics, especially when transcribed and mediated in the National Society’s yearbook, hence with the aim of addressing Swedish publics. The strategy of convincing the Swedish population of participating in gymnastics, through international exposure culminated at the Lingiad in Stockholm 1939, where the Gymnastics League invited to world in celebration of the centennial memory of the death of Per Hendrik Ling, the creator of Swedish gymnastics. This event displayed en masse what could be achieved through gymnastics, and enhanced the universal significance of Swedish culture in producing ascetically, and therefore civically sound, national citizens.

This study was designed to investigate the relative effects of selected physical education activities upon four components of physical well-being of college men. This study was intended to determine if changes occur in endurance, flexibility, balance, and agility by groups participating in either apparatus gymnastics, wrestling or swimming.