In Bonheur d'occasion (1945), Hey Waitress and Other Stories (1989), Les enfants Beaudet (2001) and Lullabies for Little Criminals (2006), the characters struggle with exclusion, confinement and lack of social recognition in precarious environments. Moving in and out of home, they resist power structures that define and delineate their living spaces and they use strategies of transgression that allow them to make sense of their existence in relation to other people who share similar struggles. One aspect of the transgressive function of the texts is to represent alternative spaces in the lives of women and children that result from their experiences of struggle. The texts dramatize a desire for alternatives to dealing with spatial distress, economic crisis and sex-gendered boundaries. This desire is represented by the female and child characters' survival strategies, which show their capacity to surmount the socio-spatial difficulties. As Barbara Godard remarked, one of the aims of recent feminist research"coincides with the efforts of women writers to open new dimensions of space, to allow women freedom of movement, without hesitancy, or fear, or obstacle, through geographic and political spaces, but, more fundamentally, through cultural, conceptual and imaginary spaces" (Godard 2). Looking closely at how authors Gabrielle Roy, Helen Potrebenko, Isabel Vaillancourt and Heather O'Neill dramatize female and child characters' movement through and experience of daily living spaces, I suggest that, indeed, the texts open and question the geographical, material, sex-gendered, and imaginary spaces in which fictionalized subjects struggle to exist. By exploring the characters' experience of spatial, economic and psychosocial distress, I argue that the fictionalized subjects are able to build localized spaces of comfort both in the public and in the private sphere and thus to find a certain"freedom of movement" (Godard 2). Their survival strategies used for coping with social, spatial, economic, and physical boundaries show that they are agents of change and capable of finding and preserving minimum comfort in living spaces. For instance, the characters show ambivalence towards their sense of home, and, accordingly, they seek to rebuild and/or negotiate this living space through alternative sites such as embodied, fantasized or shared spatiality. I will read the texts according to the experiences of struggle of the characters, the represented survival strategies, and textual elements such as narrative point of view and discourses on space, gender and poverty. Bonheur d'occasion concentrates on the ways of using and creating space to get out of poverty and represents women's active, but subjugated, roles. The collection of short stories Hey Waitress and Other Stories gathers fictional voices of working-class, elderly, and poor subjects who experience sex-gendered, spatial, and economic struggle. These struggles create a space for alternatives and for resistance in living spaces that are open to change. Les enfants Beaudet fictionalizes the lives of children who, as a closed group, try to appropriate private and public spaces and use violence and revenge to cope with feelings of abandonment and injustice. Finally, Lullabies for Little Criminals , a first-person narrative, dramatizes the daily struggles of a pre-teenager who goes from one place to another, searching for recognition and a sense of home in Montreal. Each text represents particular living spaces and lived spatiality that situate and inscribe the agency of the female and child protagonists. Despite spatial crises, these stories dramatize how oppressed subjects are able to take action. Drawing on theories of space (Henri Lefebvre, Elizabeth Grosz, Kristinne Miranne and Alma H. Young), home (Catherine Wiley, Thomas Foster, Janet Zandy) and the fictional representation of poverty (Roxanne Rimstead), this thesis analyses home, the workplace, the body, and the shared space of solidarity as fragile, limited and conflicting sites. The four books dramatize the socio-spatial distress of characters that arise when precarious living conditions limit their opportunities for survival and subjecthood. I suggest, more particularly, that the negotiation of space is an important part of the process of identity formation through which the characters find a sense of home between the material and the psychological, the public and the private, and individuality and solidarity.

Ce projet se place dans le contexte des futures missions habitées d’exploration du système solaire (avec un horizon de 2025), en respect de la feuille de route proposée par l’ISECG (International Space Exploration Coordination Group) [1]. Une nouvelle avancée serait de maintenir, à un des points de Lagrange du système Terre-Lune, en avant-poste, une station spatiale qui faciliterait l’accès vers les destinations telles que la Lune, Mars et les astéroïdes et permettrait de tester certaines technologies, notamment avant de les employer pour des missions plus lointaines. Un des principaux défis sera de maintenir en permanence et de garantir à bord la santé de l’équipage, à l’aide d’un centre médical (SMC) autonome arrimé à cette station. Se pose alors la problématique de la servitude d’une telle station, pendant la phase de déploiement (assemblage des différents modules constitutifs du centre médical) et la phase opérationnelle. Les enjeux résident, d’un point de vue global, dans la construction des scénarios opérationnels et, d’un point de vue local, la sélection de trajectoires, cherchant notamment à minimiser les incréments de vitesse (la dépense énergétique) et les temps de transport (sauvegarde des équipages). Quelles recommandations pourrait-on apporter en terme d’optimisation de trajectoire, satisfaisant des critères de dépense énergétique, durée de transport et sécurité ? Quels sont les verrous technologiques à lever pour permettre la réalisation d’une telle station spatiale? Quelles seraient les performances à viser pour les sous-systèmes critiques impliqués? Les résultats d’une telle étude permettraient d’ouvrir des perspectives de recherche et développement dans le domaine des vols habités, notamment dans le domaine du transport mais également dans l’optique d’une occupation de longue durée. / In the context of future human space exploration missions in the solar system (with an horizon of 2025) and according to the roadmap proposed by ISECG (International Space Exploration Coordination Group) [1], a new step could be to maintain as an outpost, at one of the libration points of the Earth-Moon system, a space station. This would ease access to far destinations as Moon, Mars and asteroids and would allow to test some innovative technologies, before employing them for far distant human missions. One of the main challenges will be to maintain permanently, and ensure on board crew health thanks to an autonomous space medical center docked to the proposed space station, as a Space haven. Then the main problem to solve is to manage the station servitude, during deployment (modules integration) and operational phase. Challenges lie, on a global point of view, in the design of the operational scenarios and, on a local point of view, in trajectories selection, so as to minimize velocity increments (energy consumption) and transportation duration (crew safety). Which recommendations could be found out as far as trajectories optimization is concerned, that would fulfill energy consumption, transportation duration and safety criterion? What would technological hurdles be to rise for the building of such Space haven? What would be performances to aim at for critical sub-systems? Expected results of this study could point out research and development perspectives for human spaceflight missions and above all, in transportation field for long lasting missions.Thus, the thesis project, presented here, aims at from global system life-cycle decomposition, to identify by phase operational scenario and optimize resupply vehicle mission. The main steps of this project consist in:- Bibliographical survey, that covers all involved disciplines like mission analysis (Astrodynamics, Orbital mechanics, Orthography, N-Body Problem, Rendezvous…), Applied Mathematics, Optimization, Systems Engineering….- Entire system life-cycle analysis, so as to establish the entire set of scenarios for deployment and operations (nominal cases, degraded cases, contingencies…) and for all trajectories legs (Low Earth Orbit, Transfer, Rendezvous, re-entry…)- Trade-off analysis for Space Station architecture- Modeling of the mission legs trajectories- Trajectories optimizationThree main scenarios have been selected from the results of the preliminary design of the Space Station, named THOR: the Space Station deployment, the resupply cargo missions and the crew transportation. The deep analysis of those three main steps sorted out the criticality of the rendezvous strategies in the vicinity of Lagrangian points. A special effort has been set on those approach maneuvers. The optimization of those rendezvous trajectories led to consolidate performances (in term of energy and duration) of the global transfer from the Earth to the Lagrangian point neighborhood and return. Finally, recommendations have been deduced that support the Lagrangian points importance for next steps of Human Spaceflight exploration of the Solar system.

Cette thèse en Anthropologie filmique porte sur l’espace habité des Bédouins de Syrie, en termes d’espace humanisé, c’est-à-dire modelé et rendu utilisable par les personnes qui l’occupent. La recherche, tout à la fois anthropologique et filmique, met en œuvre pour la première fois une méthode d’enquête audiovisuelle appliquée à l’étude de l’espace habité nomade. A partir de l’observation et de l’analyse de l’habitation (tentes et abris) d’une famille bédouine syrienne vivant dans un campement aux alentours de Palmyre (Nord-Est de la Syrie), ce travail dévoile comment le mode de vie des Bédouins influence la forme et la fonction de leur habitation. Le texte est accompagné de dix films qui décrivent le campement et les différentes utilisations de l’espace. / This thesis in Visual Anthropology examines the Syrian Bedouins’ living space in terms of humanized space, i.e. built and functionally transformed by the persons living in it. The field research was anthropological, but used the camera as the main tool for investigation. For the first time, this research proposes a filmic investigation method for the study of the nomads’ dwellings. Through the observation and analysis of the habitation (tents and shelters) of a Bedouin family living in a camp near Palmyra (North-East Syria), it shows how the Bedouin way of life influences the structure and the functions of their living space. Ten films describing the camp and its different utilization complement the text.

Plus de trente ans après l’adoption de la Politique de protection des rives, du littoral et des plaines inondables (abrogée par le Régime transitoire le 1er mars 2022), les impacts de l’occupation humaine sur les rives et le littoral demeurent un enjeu d’actualité. Même si la littérature québécoise souligne les limites inhérentes aux interventions municipales et l’opinion des experts en sciences naturelles, en droit ou en planification du territoire, le point de vue des résidents riverains est peu documenté. Dans ce mémoire, nous voulons explorer ce sujet à travers le cadre théorique des communs. Le mémoire vise à approfondir nos connaissances du point de vue des riverains et des autres intervenants qui participent aux interventions collectives environnementales visant à protéger les lacs habités de la région administrative des Laurentides. Nous tenterons donc de répondre à la question : comment repenser la protection des rives et du littoral des lacs habités en milieu de villégiature? Les résultats des entretiens semi-dirigés permettent d’expliquer 3 types de solutions : 1) que l’intervention collective environnementale constitue une piste de solution crédible en matière de protection des rives et du littoral; 2) que les impacts de l’occupation humaine sur les rives et le littoral des lacs habités en milieu de villégiature peuvent être pensés comme un problème de ressources collectives; 3) que les initiatives citoyennes et associatives ne se traduisent pas nécessairement par l’émergence de communs. Notre réflexion prospective permet de dire que les municipalités locales et les associations de lacs sont complémentaires à plus d’un titre et constituent un partenariat « public-commun ». Ces deux organisations sont de nature à accroître le nombre et l’étendue des interventions collectives visant directement ou indirectement la protection des rives et du littoral des lacs habités en milieu de villégiature. / More than thirty years after the adoption of the Protection Policy for Lakeshores, Riverbanks, Littoral Zones and Floodplains Environmental Quality Act (repealed by the transitional regime on March 1, 2022), the impacts of human occupation on lakeshores and littoral zones remain a topical issue. Even if the Quebec literature emphasizes the inherent limits of municipal interventions and the opinion of experts in the natural sciences, law or urban planning, the point of view of the shoreline residents is poorly documented. In this thesis, we explore this topic through the theoretical framework of the commons. The thesis aims to deepen our knowledge from the point of view of shoreline residents and other stakeholders who participate in collective environmental interventions aimed at protecting the inhabited lakes of the administrative region of the Laurentians. We will therefore try to answer the question: how to rethink the protection of the lakeshores and littoral zones of inhabited lakes in resort areas? The results of the semi-directed interviews make it possible to explain 3 types of solutions: 1) that collective environmental intervention constitutes a credible solution for the protection of lakeshores and littoral zones; 2) that the impacts of human occupation on the lakeshores and littoral zones of inhabited lakes in resort areas can be thought of as a problem of collective resources; 3) that citizen and associative initiatives do not necessarily result in the emergence of commons. Our forward thinking allows us to say that local municipalities and lake associations are complementary in more ways than one and constitute a “public-common” partnership. These two organizations are likely to increase the number and extent of collective interventions aimed directly or indirectly at protecting the lakeshores and littoral zones of inhabited lakes in resort areas.

Ce mémoire se penche sur les discours citoyens des Lavallois lorsqu’il est question de l'altérité ethnoculturelle dans leur quartier de banlieue. Cela implique de poser un regard sur le contexte spécifique de la ville de Laval pour y déchiffrer les arrimages entre rapport à l'espace et rapport à l'altérité ethnique dans l'expérience des répondants. Cette recherche qui se situe donc à la croisée des domaines des relations ethniques, de la géographie sociale et des études urbaines permet d’ancrer les représentations de l’altérité ethnoculturelle dans l’espace social et physique de la banlieue. Dans ce cadre, le discours de citoyens lavallois issus de deux quartiers ayant connu différents processus de croissance urbaine et de diversification ethnique sont analysés. Pour une majorité de répondants, les changements urbains récents témoignent d'une diversification de l'espace habité, ce qui est généralement mal perçu. Les manifestations d’altérité ethnoculturelle dans l’espace public et privé lavallois sont aussi associées à une détérioration du lien social dans la communauté du quartier. Au terme de cette étude, je soutiens que la présence d'immigrants est imbriquée dans les récents changements urbains dans la ville de Laval et que ces derniers sont directement associés à la perte du statut convoité de banlieue idéale. / This master's thesis addresses citizen discourses, regarding ethnocultural otherness in suburban neighborhood of Laval. To do so, I focus on the specific context of the city of Laval to detangle the relations between space and ethnocultural otherness from the perspective of the inhabitants. This research, thus standing at the crossroads of ethnic studies, social geography and urban studies, enables an anchoring of the representation of ethnocultural diversity in both the social and physical spaces of the suburb. Within this framework, the discourses of the Lavallois, coming from two neighbourhoods each characterized by different processes of urban development and ethnic diversification are analyzed. For a majority of our sample, the recent changes in the urban landscape attest of a diversification in the inhabited space that generally evokes a negative response. The presence of ethnocultural otherness in the public and private spaces of Laval is also linked to a perceived degradation of the social bond in their community. At the study's conclusion, I argue that the perception of immigrants is intertwined in the recent urban changes occurring in the city of Laval. As such, immigrants are directly associated with the loss of the idealized suburban branding.