This thesis examines domestic service practises among some members of the Yorkshire gentry during the nineteenth century. Historians usually consider the gentry to have shared the same social outlooks and practises as other members of the upper class in spite of significant differences in income and political power. However, as they were less well-to-do, they could not afford to maintain the variety of servants a wealthy aristocrat could. Three main families were selected to reflect the range of incomes and possession or lack thereof of a hereditary title: the Listers of Shibden Hall, the Sykes of Sledmere House and the Pennymans of Ormesby Hall. The Yorkshire gentry organised country houses servants along the same hierarchical lines as prescriptive authors suggested because this gave servants clear paths for promotion which reduced the frequency of staff turnover; furthermore the architecture of their country houses promoted such organization. Secondly, this architecture reinforced the domestic social positions of every rung of the domestic hierarchy. As part of a unique subgroup of the upper class, gentry ladies were less likely to experience class conflict with servants clearly placed within the domestic service hierarchy. The conclusion is that through selective recruitment processes, the distinctive work environment and a particular labour pool, this group created a unique labour market tailored to their social and economic standing.

This thesis examines domestic service practises among some members of the Yorkshire gentry during the nineteenth century. Historians usually consider the gentry to have shared the same social outlooks and practises as other members of the upper class in spite of significant differences in income and political power. However, as they were less well-to-do, they could not afford to maintain the variety of servants a wealthy aristocrat could. Three main families were selected to reflect the range of incomes and possession or lack thereof of a hereditary title: the Listers of Shibden Hall, the Sykes of Sledmere House and the Pennymans of Ormesby Hall. The Yorkshire gentry organised country houses servants along the same hierarchical lines as prescriptive authors suggested because this gave servants clear paths for promotion which reduced the frequency of staff turnover; furthermore the architecture of their country houses promoted such organization. Secondly, this architecture reinforced the domestic social positions of every rung of the domestic hierarchy. As part of a unique subgroup of the upper class, gentry ladies were less likely to experience class conflict with servants clearly placed within the domestic service hierarchy. The conclusion is that through selective recruitment processes, the distinctive work environment and a particular labour pool, this group created a unique labour market tailored to their social and economic standing.

This is a work about the relationship between cult houses and halls. In my essay I will go through four different places were cult houses and halls both exist. I will look at the findings and the landscapes were the settlements are located in. The places I have chosen are Lunda in Södermanland, Slöinge in Halland, Uppåkra in western Skåne and Järrestad in southeast Skåne. Because of that the cult houses and halls are occurring during the late Iron Age, it is during this time period that I will work in. As a ground when I look at this, I'll use interpretations from four archaeologists who have been through and dug out the places that I have chosen.

No description available.

A procedure is introduced for increasing the sensitivity of measurements in integrated ring resonators beyond what has been previously accomplished. This is demonstrated by a high-frequency, phase sensitive lock to the ring resonators. A prototyped fiber Fabry-Perot cavity is used for comparison of the method to a similar cavity. The Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) method is used as a proven, ultra-sensitive method with the exploration of a much higher frequency modulation than has been previously discussed to overcome comparatively low finesse of the ring resonator cavities. The high frequency facilitates the use of the same modulation signal to separately probe the phase information of different integrated ring resonators with quality factors of 8.2 x10^5 and 2.4 x10^5. The large free spectral range of small cavities and low finesse provides a challenge to sensing and locking the long-term stability of diode lasers due to small dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratios. These can be accommodated for by a calculated increase in modulation frequency using the PDH approach. Further, cavity design parameters will be shown to have a significant affect on the resolution of the phase-sensing approach. A distributed feedback laser is locked to a ring resonator to demonstrate the present sensitivity which can then be discussed in comparison to other fiber and integrated sensors. The relationship of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and frequency range to the cavity error signal will be explored with an algorithm to optimize this relationship. The free spectral range and the cavity transfer function coefficients provide input parameters to this relationship to determine the optimum S/N and frequency range of the respective cavities used for locking and sensing. The purpose is to show how future contributions to the measurements and experiments of micro-cavities, specifically ring resonators, is well-served by the PDH method with high-frequency modulation.

We mainly studied the characterization of GaN/AlGaN heterostructures which were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. For reduced lattice mismatch, we inserted AlN as buffer layer. We varied the parameters of buffer layer, such as the ratio of nitrogen and aluminum and the thickness. By the analysis of X-ray diffraction, we could determine the state of mismatch. For the thickness of buffer layer, lattice mismatch is most serious at 20 minute growth. Under the observation of field emission scan electron microscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction, we found N/Al=40 is N-face and N/Al=26 is Ga-face. For the thickness of buffer layer, the samples of 1-minute and 5-minute growth had the optimal Ga-face. For the investigation of photoluminescence, we could obtain the energy gap of AlGaN is 3.42ev. Furthermore, the doping silicon was used to vary carrier concentration, and we could show that a good Hall mobility was achieved at the doping temperature 1250¢J. We also could show good Hall mobility at 1 minute growth and 5 minute growth (N/Al=26). We tried to find the best parameters for the growth of GaN/AlGaN heterostructures.

We have studied the electronic properties of InxGa1-xAs/ In0.52Al0.48As quantum wells by using Shubnickove-de Hass (SdH) measurement. The indium composition (x) of well layers was varied from 0.5 to 0.56 whit different structures, such as sample A is simply ¡§In0.53Ga0.47As¡¨, sample B is a step-well like¡§In0.56Ga0.44As/In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.5Ga0.47As¡¨,sample C is linearly graded well is a opposite way¡§In0.56Ga0.44As down to In0.5Ga0.5As, and sample D is linearly graded well ¡§In0.5Ga0.5As up to In0.56Ga0.44As.¡¨ It was found that the two SdH oscillations beat each other due to the population of the lowest two subbands in these samples. In order to investigate the electronic properties of the two subbands, we have done the Ven der Pauw Hall measurement . From SdH and Hall measurement, we are able to determine the individual mobility and carrier concentrations for two-subband-populated samples.

In this work, we use Coherent produced 532nm cw laser as pump source, and 266nm is obtained by frequency doubling. The ring cavity of a laser is generally subject to various perturbation, and the stability of a single-mode laser can be improved by electronically locking its frequency. We use a Pound-Drever-Hall laser frequency stabilization system to control the cavity length. This method utilizes an external phase modulator to produce the sideband and is capable of detecting weak signal to get the information of cavity disturbation. Finally, the signal is dealt with electrical circuit and then feedback to a PZT to control the stabilization of the cavity length.

The low-field magnetoresistance of colossal magnetic thin film can be enhanced by proton implantation. Compare with the as grown sample, the implantation samples has lower transition temperature and higher resistivity. By the hall measurement, we can get the carrier type and carrier concentration. The hall magnetoresistance (MRH) is much greater than the longitude magnetoresistance (MR). Chapter 1. Introduce experiment purpose and expected results. Chapter 2. Introduce the basic theorem of colossal magnetic materials. Chapter 3. The steps of experiment. Chapter 4. Results and discussion. Chapter 5. The conclusion.

A procedure is introduced for increasing the sensitivity of measurements in integrated ring resonators beyond what has been previously accomplished. This is demonstrated by a high-frequency, phase sensitive lock to the ring resonators. A prototyped fiber Fabry-Perot cavity is used for comparison of the method to a similar cavity. The Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) method is used as a proven, ultra-sensitive method with the exploration of a much higher frequency modulation than has been previously discussed to overcome comparatively low finesse of the ring resonator cavities. The high frequency facilitates the use of the same modulation signal to separately probe the phase information of different integrated ring resonators with quality factors of 8.2 x10^5 and 2.4 x10^5. The large free spectral range of small cavities and low finesse provides a challenge to sensing and locking the long-term stability of diode lasers due to small dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratios. These can be accommodated for by a calculated increase in modulation frequency using the PDH approach. Further, cavity design parameters will be shown to have a significant affect on the resolution of the phase-sensing approach. A distributed feedback laser is locked to a ring resonator to demonstrate the present sensitivity which can then be discussed in comparison to other fiber and integrated sensors. The relationship of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and frequency range to the cavity error signal will be explored with an algorithm to optimize this relationship. The free spectral range and the cavity transfer function coefficients provide input parameters to this relationship to determine the optimum S/N and frequency range of the respective cavities used for locking and sensing. The purpose is to show how future contributions to the measurements and experiments of micro-cavities, specifically ring resonators, is well-served by the PDH method with high-frequency modulation.