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Novel fluoride sources for selective aromatic fluorinationNightingale, David J. January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
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Polyfluorinated alkenes and alkynesEdwards, Andrew R. January 1997 (has links)
The research described within this thesis may be divided into four main subject areas: 1) The use of (Z)-2H-heptafluorobut-2-ene (10) as a synthon for hexafluorobut- 2-yne (4) in Diels-Alder reactions was investigated. Novel 'one-pot' routes to a variety of bis(trifluoromethyl) substituted furan and arene derivatives were discovered, along with the synthesis of the novel diene, bis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopentadiene (46), from cyclopentadiene.2) A variety of nucleophiles were successfully reacted with (10), the products of which were identical to those that have been, or would be expected to be, formed from the reaction of the same nucleophile with (4). A novel route to a fluorinated quinoline derivative was also discovered.3) Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene (74) was used as a 'bulking agent' to replace the hydrocarbon solvent used in halogen exchange reactions for the preparation of octafluorocyclopentene (3), chlorofluoro -pyridine, -pyrimidine, and -benzene derivatives. New 'one-pot' syntheses of hexafluorobut-2-yne (4), octafluorobut-2-ene (6) and hexafluorocyclobutene (2) were also discovered.4) Various routes were explored in an attempt to improve the present literature preparations of tetrafluoropropyne (79), including pyrolysis and elimination methods. Tetrafluoroallene (81), and trace amounts of (79), were found to be formed on the elimination of hydrogen fluoride from 2H-pentafluoropropene (5).
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Understanding the Solvent-free Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction Performed in the High Speed Ball Mill (HSBM): Reactions of Secondary Alkyl Halides and Alkali Metal-Halogen SaltsMachover, Sarah B. 20 September 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Development of 18F- and 68Ga-Labelled Tracers : Design Perspectives and the Search for Faster SynthesisBlom, Elisabeth January 2009 (has links)
This thesis deals with the design of 18F- and 68Ga-labelled positron emission tomography (PET) tracers and the development of technologies that enable faster and simpler preparation with high specific radioactivity. Techniques like microwave heating and reducing the concentrations of the precursor were investigated with this perspective. A few applications were explored using molecular design perspectives. A nucleophilic 18F-labelling strategy using perfluoro-containing leaving groups was explored. We observed that [18F]fluoride was interacting with the perfluoro alkyl chains of the substrate, preventing the nucleophilic substitution from taking place. When a perfluoroaryl group was instead used in the leaving group, the substitution took place and purification by fluorous solid-phase extraction was possible. 18F-Labelled analogues of the monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor harmine were prepared by one-step nucleophilic fluorinations and evaluated by in vitro autoradiography, showing high specific binding. Biotin analogues labelled with 18F and 68Ga were prepared and their binding to avidin evaluated. All analogues retained their binding ability and will be further evaluated in transplantation models with avidin-coated islets of Langerhans. Peptide design perspectives were used in some examples where the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence and a single-chain version of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein functionalized with 2,2',2'',2'''-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (DOTA) or 2,2',2''-(1,4,7-triazonane-1,4,7-triyl)triacetic acid (NOTA) as chelators were labelled with 68Ga. The RGD motif and VEGF have high affinity for, respectively, αvβ3 integrin and VEGFR-2 receptor that are overexpressed in angiogenesis process. The 68Ga-labelled scVEGF maintained its functional activity in vitro. A polypeptide conjugate containing phosphocholine, which has affinity for the C-reactive protein released during the inflammatory process, was labelled with 68Ga for the development of an imaging agent for inflammation in vivo. Finally [18F]/19F exchange in fluorine-containing compounds was studied in order to investigate whether the exchange reaction can be of practical use for labelling.
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Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Carborane and Thiazole DerivativesIshita, Keisuke January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Towards the Total Synthesis of HaplomyrtinHunter, Nora Ellen 29 June 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Sol-gel synthesis and properties of nanoscopic aluminum fluorideEltanany, Gehan 02 October 2007 (has links)
Aluminiumfluorid (HS-AlF3), das mit Hilfe des Sol-Gel-Verfahrens unter nicht-wässrigen Bedingungen hergestellt wird, weist eine extrem große Oberfläche und eine hohe Lewis-Acidität auf, die mit den stärksten bekannten Lewis-Säuren wie SbF5 und ACF vergleichbar ist. Diese ungewöhnlichen Eigenschaften werden im Ergebnis einer neuen Sol-Gel-Synthese erhalten, die die Fluorolyse eines Aluminium-Alkoxids durch wasserfreien Fluorwasserstoff in organischen Lösungsmitteln zur Grundlage hat. Das zunächst in einer amorphen, katalytisch inaktiven Vorstufe mit großer Oberfläche gebildete Gel wird nach anschließender Trocknung mit gasförmigen Fluorierungsmitteln nachfluoriert, wobei die aktive Form des HS-AlF3 erhalten wird. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden alle Schritte dieses Syntheseweges untersucht und die Ergebnisse einschließlich einer detaillierten Analyse der erhaltenen Materialien diskutiert. Des Weiteren wurde HS-AlF3 durch eine Imprägnierungs-Methode auf das Trägermaterial Al2O3 aufgetragen, wobei verschiedene Beladungen mit HS-AlF3 getestet wurden. Die Eigenschaften des HS-AlF3/Al2O3 als Lewis-Säure-Katalysator wurden mittels der Dismutierung von CHClF2 und der Isomerisierung von CBrF2CBrFCF3 bestimmt. Die Herstellung von AlFyOx mit Hilfe des Sol-Gel-Verfahrens ist ebenfalls beschrieben, wobei das Produkt amorph ist und eine große Oberfläche von bis zu 240 m2/g aufweist. / Aluminum fluoride (HS-AlF3) prepared via sol-gel synthesis route under non-aqueous conditions exhibits high surface area and an extremely strong Lewis acidity, comparable with some of the strongest known Lewis acids such as SbF5 and ACF. The basis of its unusual properties is the sol-gel fluorination of aluminum alkoxide with anhydrous HF in organic solvents yielding first an amorphous catalytically inactive precursor with high surface area, which can be dried and eventually post-fluorinated to get HS-AlF3. In this thesis, all steps of the synthesis route were thoroughly investigated. The results of these investigations together with detailed analysis of the obtained materials are reported and discussed. HS-AlF3 supported on Al2O3 with different HS-AlF3 loadings was prepared by wet impregnation method. The properties of the HS-AlF3/Al2O3 samples as Lewis acid catalyst were evaluated for CHClF2 dismutation and CBrF2CBrFCF3 isomerization. The preparation of AlFyOx via sol-gel method is also reported. AlFyOx prepared is amorphous and have high surface are up to 240 m2/g.
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COMPUTATIONAL AND SYNTHETIC STUDIES ON ANTIMETABOLITES FOR ANTICANCER-, ANTIVIRAL-,AND ANTIBIOTIC DRUG DISCOVERYTiwari, Rohit 23 August 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Characterization of Cr 2 O 3 catalysts for Cl/F exchange reactionsUenveren, Ercan 11 May 2004 (has links)
Der Cr2O3 ist einer der wichtigsten Katalysatoren im Chlor/Fluor (Cl/F) Austauschreaktionen für die Produktion von chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Alternativen. Es wird als ein ausgezeichneter heterogener Katalysator für Fluorierung Reaktionen gegründet. Die Dismutierung von CCl2F2 wurde verwendet, um die Wirkung von Halogenierung von Chrom(III) Oxyd auf Cl/F-Austauschreaktionen zu untersuchen und um den Unterschied zwischen den inaktiven und aktiven Katalysatoren herauszufinden. Die heterogenen Reaktionen wurden in einem tubular-flow Ni Reaktor und auch unter simulierten Reaktionsbedingungen in einem Reaktor durchgeführt, wo nach der Reaktion die Photoelektronspektroskopie (XPS) und die Auger-Elektronspektroskopie (XAES) Analysen konnte direkt ohne Luftkontakt, unter so genannt "in - situ" Bedingungen gefolgt werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Probleme der Behandlung von Cr (III) 2p Photoelektronenspektren so gelöst werden können, dass ihnen relevante Daten für die chemische Charakterisierung von Oberflächen entnommen werden können. Hochaufgelöste Photoelektronspektroskopie von Cr2O3 Pulverproben zeigte deutlich die Existenz von spektralen Strukturen, die mit Multiplet-Aufspaltungen im jeweiligen Cr 2p Spektrum verbunden sind. Das Spektrum kann durch eine Peakfit-Analyse vertieft interpretiert werden in dem die Anfangswerte für die Peakparameter der Multiplet-Strukturen den jeweiligen Cr L2,3 XANES Spektren entnommen werden. Vom theoretischen Gesichtspunkt sollte dasselbe Verfahren auch eine Analyse der Cr 2p Photoelektronenspektren von alpha-CrF3, CrCl3 und anderen Chrom (III) Verbindungen ermöglichen. Die Unterschiede, die im Experiment für die Cr2O3, alpha-CrF3 und CrCl Photoelektronenspektren beobachtet werden, deuten auf die Tatsache, dass, obwohl in all diesen Fällen dieselben Multiplet-Aufspaltungen für Cr3+ erwartet werden, individuelle Einflüsse der Symmetrie und Ligandenfelder die Endgestalt des jeweiligen Cr 2p Photoelektronenspektrums definieren. Eine Analyse von Cr 3s Spektren kann zusätzlich wertvolle Finger-print Informationen zu chemischen Zuständen von Chrom in Cr (III) Verbindungen erbringen. Sowohl ex-situ als auch ´´in-situ´´ ESCA zeigen, dass sobald CCl2F2 zu Cr2O3 an 390 °C geführt wird, Fluorierung sowie Chlorierung an der Katalysator-Oberfläche findet statt. Wenn die XPS Oberflächenzusammensetzung etwa 4 Atom - % Fluorierung und 6 Atom - %-Chlorierung erreicht, wird die maximale katalytische Aktivität erhalten. Die längeren Reaktionszeiten ändern bedeutsam die erhaltene Oberflächenzusammensetzung von aktiviertem Chrom(III) Oxyd nicht. Der Fluorierung und Chlorierung von Chrom(III) Oxyd wurden weiter durch verschiedenen HF und HCl Behandlungen ebenso untersucht. Die aktivierten Chrom(III) Oxyd Proben und Referenzproben mit der weithin bekannten chemischen Struktur wurden auch durch Kantennahe Röntegenabsorptionsuntersuchungen (XANES), Flugzeit-statischesekundärionenmassenspektroskopie (TOF-SSIMS), Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM), Fluor-Festkörper-NMR, Pyridin-FTIR, Nasschemie (F und Cl) Analyse, Pulver Röntgensbeugung (XRD) und Oberflächen (BET) Analyse untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Referenzproben Cr2O3, Cr (OH) 3, CrF2 (OH), CrF3.3H2O, Alpha-CrF3, Beta-CrF3 und CrCl3 und aktivierte Cr2O3 Proben wurden verglichen. Die angewandten Charakterisierungsmethoden schlagen vor, dass die Bildung der Chrom-Oxydchlorid-Fluorid-Arten, bzw. Chrom-Oxyd Halogenide, an der Oberfläche ist genügend die katalytische Aktivität zu versorgen. Die Anwesenheit jedes CrF3 und/oder CrCl3 Phasen auf den aktivierten Chrom(III) Oxyd Proben wurde nicht entdeckt. / The Cr2O3 is one of the most important catalysts in the chlorine/fluorine (Cl/F) exchange reactions for the production of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) alternatives. It is established as an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for fluorination reactions. The dismutation of CCl2F2 was used to probe the effect of halogenation of chromia on Cl/F exchange reactions in order to find out the difference between the inactive and active catalysts. The heterogeneous reactions were performed in a continuous flow Ni reactor and also under simulated reaction conditions in a reactor where after the reaction the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) analyses could be followed directly without air contact, under so called ´´in-situ´´ conditions. In order to be able to apply the Cr(III) 2p XPS analysis in the proper manner the spectroscopic features of the chromium(III) compounds of O, F and Cl were re-investigated. Latest generation of XPS spectrometers, which are able to analyze non-conductive powders with ultimate energy resolution, were used to reveal multiplet splitting features and satellite emission in the Cr 2p spectra. The energy positions of the multiplets were determined by total electron yield (TEY)- X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Using both high resolution XPS and XANES spectra a peak-fit analysis, which is also applicable for normally resolved Cr 2p XPS spectrum, was proposed. In order to overcome the known background problem by drawing the background in the broad Cr 2p window including the high binding energy satellite, a modified Shirley background, which is a combination of a linear and Shirley function, was used. Moreover, the spectroscopic features of the Cr(III) 3s XPS spectrum, which is relatively simpler than the Cr 2p one, were also surveyed. An alternative chemical analysis was proposed by using chemical state plots for Cr 3s. Both ex- and in-situ ESCA show that as soon as Cr2O3 is conducted to CCl2F2 at 390 °C fluorination as well as chlorination takes place at the catalyst surface. When the XPS surface composition reaches approximately 4 atom-% fluorination and 6 atom-% chlorination, maximum catalytic activity is obtained. Applying longer reaction times do not change significantly the obtained surface composition of the activated chromia. The fluorination and chlorination of chromia was further investigated by various HF and HCl treatments as well. The activated chromia samples and reference samples with well known chemical structure were also characterized by XANES, time of flight - static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SSIMS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorine solid state NMR, pyridine-FTIR, wet chemical (F and Cl) analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and surface area (BET) analysis. The results for the references Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3, CrF2(OH), CrF3.3H2O, alpha-CrF3, beta-CrF3 and CrCl3 and activated Cr2O3 samples were compared. The applied characterization methods suggest that the formation of chromium oxide chloride fluoride species, e.g. chromium oxide halides, at the surface is sufficient to provide catalytic activity. The presence of any CrF3 and/or CrCl3 phases on the activated chromia samples was not detected.
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Supramolecular polymers azo-containing : photo-responsive block copolymer elastomers and homopolymersWang, Xin 12 1900 (has links)
Beaucoup d'efforts dans le domaine des matériaux polymères sont déployés pour
développer de nouveaux matériaux fonctionnels pour des applications spécifiques, souvent
très sophistiquées, en employant des méthodes simplifiées de synthèse et de préparation. Cette
thèse porte sur les polymères photosensibles – i.e. des matériaux fonctionnels qui répondent
de diverses manières à la lumière – qui sont préparés à l'aide de la chimie supramoléculaire –
i.e. une méthode de préparation qui repose sur l'auto-assemblage spontané de motifs
moléculaires plus simples via des interactions non covalentes pour former le matériau final
désiré. Deux types de matériaux photosensibles ont été ciblés, à savoir les élastomères
thermoplastiques à base de copolymères à blocs (TPE) et les complexes d'homopolymères
photosensibles.
Les TPEs sont des matériaux bien connus, et même commercialisés, qui sont
généralement composés d’un copolymère tribloc, avec un bloc central très flexible et des blocs
terminaux rigides qui présentent une séparation de phase menant à des domaines durs isolés,
composés des blocs terminaux rigides, dans une matrice molle formée du bloc central flexible,
et ils ont l'avantage d'être recyclable. Pour la première fois, au meilleur de notre connaissance,
nous avons préparé ces matériaux avec des propriétés photosensibles, basé sur la complexation
supramoléculaire entre un copolymère tribloc simple parent et une petite molécule possédant
une fonctionnalité photosensible via un groupe azobenzène. Plus précisément, il s’agit de la
complexation ionique entre la forme quaternisée d'un copolymère à blocs, le
poly(méthacrylate de diméthylaminoéthyle)-poly(acrylate de n-butyle)-poly(méthacrylate de
diméthylaminoéthyle) (PDM-PnBA-PDM), synthétisé par polymérisation radicalaire par
transfert d’atomes (ATRP), et l'orange de méthyle (MO), un composé azo disponible
commercialement comportant un groupement SO3
-. Le PnBA possède une température de
transition vitreuse en dessous de la température ambiante (-46 °C) et les blocs terminaux de
PDM complexés avec le MO ont une température de transition vitreuse élevée (140-180 °C, en
fonction de la masse molaire). Des tests simples d'élasticité montrent que les copolymères à
blocs complexés avec des fractions massiques allant de 20 à 30% présentent un caractère
élastomère. Des mesures d’AFM et de TEM (microscopie à force atomique et électronique à
ii
transmission) de films préparés à l’aide de la méthode de la tournette, montrent une corrélation
entre le caractère élastomère et les morphologies où les blocs rigides forment une phase
minoritaire dispersée (domaines sphériques ou cylindriques courts). Une phase dure continue
(morphologie inversée) est observée pour une fraction massique en blocs rigides d'environ
37%, ce qui est beaucoup plus faible que celle observée pour les copolymères à blocs neutres,
dû aux interactions ioniques. La réversibilité de la photoisomérisation a été démontrée pour
ces matériaux, à la fois en solution et sous forme de film.
La synthèse du copolymère à blocs PDM-PnBA-PDM a ensuite été optimisée en
utilisant la technique d'échange d'halogène en ATRP, ainsi qu’en apportant d'autres
modifications à la recette de polymérisation. Des produits monodisperses ont été obtenus à la
fois pour la macroamorceur et le copolymère à blocs. À partir d'un seul copolymère à blocs
parent, une série de copolymères à blocs partiellement/complètement quaternisés et complexés
ont été préparés. Des tests préliminaires de traction sur les copolymères à blocs complexés
avec le MO ont montré que leur élasticité est corrélée avec la fraction massique du bloc dur,
qui peut être ajustée par le degré de quaternisation et de complexation.
Finalement, une série de complexes d'homopolymères auto-assemblés à partir du PDM
et de trois dérivés azobenzènes portant des groupes (OH, COOH et SO3) capables
d'interactions directionnelles avec le groupement amino du PDM ont été préparés, où les
dérivés azo sont associés avec le PDM, respectivement, via des interactions hydrogène, des
liaisons ioniques combinées à une liaison hydrogène à travers un transfert de proton (acidebase),
et des interactions purement ioniques. L'influence de la teneur en azo et du type de
liaison sur la facilité d’inscription des réseaux de diffraction (SRG) a été étudiée. L’efficacité
de diffraction des SRGs et la profondeur des réseaux inscrits à partir de films préparés à la
méthode de la tournette montrent que la liaison ionique et une teneur élevée en azo conduit à
une formation plus efficace des SRGs. / Much effort in the area of polymer materials involves the development of new
functional materials for specific, often highly sophisticated, applications using simplified
methods of synthesis and preparation. This thesis focuses on photo-responsive polymers – i.e.
functional materials that respond in various ways to light – that are prepared with the aid of
supramolecular chemistry – i.e. a preparation method that relies on the spontaneous selfassembly
of simpler molecular building blocks via noncovalent interactions to form the final
targeted material. Two types of photo-responsive materials were targeted, namely block
copolymer thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) and photo-responsive homopolymer complexes.
TPEs are well-known, even commercial, materials that are typically based on triblock
copolymers with a highly flexible middle block and rigid outer blocks that phase separate into
isolated domains of the hard, outer block phase within a matrix of the soft block phase, and
they have the advantage of being recyclable. For the first time, to our knowledge, we have
prepared such materials with photo-responsive properties based on supramolecular
complexation between a simpler parent triblock copolymer and a small molecule possessing
the photo-responsive functionality via an azobenzene group. Specifically, this involved the
ionic complexation of the quaternized form of a block copolymer, poly(dimethylaminoethyl
methacrylate)-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDM-PnBAPDM),
synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), with methyl orange
(MO), a commercially available SO3
--functionalized azo-containing compound. PnBA has a
subambient glass transition (-46 °C) and the MO-complexed PDM outer blocks have a high
glass transition (140-180 °C, depending on the molecular weight). Simple elasticity tests show
that the complexed block copolymers with hard block weight fractions between about 20 and
30% have elastomeric character. AFM and TEM (atomic force and transmission electron
microscopies) of spin-coated films show a correlation between the elastomeric character and
morphologies where the hard block forms a dispersed minority phase (spherical and/or short
cylindrical domains). A continuous hard phase (inverted morphology) is observed for a hard
block content of around 37 wt %, which is much lower than found for neutral block
iv
copolymers due to ionic interactions. Reversible photoisomerization was demonstrated for
these materials in both solution and in film form.
The synthesis of the PDM-PnBA-PDM block copolymer was then optimized by using
the halogen exchange technique in ATRP, along with other modifications to the
polymerization recipe. Monodisperse products were obtained for both the macroiniaitor and
the block copolymer. Based on a single parent block copolymer, a series of partially/fully
quaternized and complexed block copolymers were prepared. Preliminary stretching tests on
the MO-complexed block copolymers showed that their elasticity is correlated with the hard
block content, which can be tuned by the degree of quaternization and complexation.
Finally, a series of homopolymer complexes self-assembled from PDM and
azobenzene derivatives bearing three different groups capable of directed interactions with the
amino moiety of PDM (OH, COOH and SO3
-) were prepared, where the azo derivative
associates with PDM via hydrogen-bonding interactions, by ionic bonding mixed with
hydrogen bonding through proton-transfer (acid-base) interactions, and by purely ionic
interactions via ion exchange procedures, respectively. The influence of the azo content and
bonding type on surface relief grating (SRG) inscription was investigated. The SRG
diffraction efficiencies and grating depths in spin-coated films show that ionic bonding and
high azo content leads to more efficient SRG formation.
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