O tubarão-martelo, Sphyrna lewini é um dos mais valiosos recursos marinhos, e o preço pago por suas barbatanas no mercado Asiático pode atingir acima dos U$ 100,00/kg. A análise da composição de tamanhos e idades nas capturas, o estudo do crescimento desta espécie de grande porte e a evolução temporal dos desembarques, indicaram que este recurso se encontra sobreexplotado no sudeste e sul do Brasil, como reflexo de diferentes modalidades pesqueiras atuando ao longo de todo o seu ciclo de vida e à baixa resiliência desta espécie à pesca, por apresentar um crescimento lento (L&#8734 = 329,12 cm; K = 0,071 ano-1; to = -2,37 ano; sexos combinados), longevidade acima dos 40 anos e mortalidade natural baixa (M = 0,1 ano-1 na fase adulta), padrões estes típicos de uma espécie K-estrategista . A sobrepesca de recrutamento, ocorre nas áreas costeiras, principalmente pela pesca de arrasto e emalhe costeiro, não havendo a proteção das áreas de parto na primavera-verão. Neste caso há grandes capturas de neonatos e juvenis até 8 anos de idade. A tração adulta por sua vez é reduzida pela pesca de espinheI e de emalhe de superfície principalmente na zona de talude. Modelos de análise de covariância indicaram maiores capturas desta espécie na pesca de espinheI de monofilamento de superfície durante os meses de primavera-verão, na zona de talude (200 e 3000 m) e a existência de uma relação linear positiva entre a captura em peso e o esforço em número de anzóis. Medidas de manejo e conservação para esta espécie são sugeridas. / The scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini is one of the most valuable marine resources, due to its high-priced fins in the Asian market, which can reach U$ 100,00/kg. The analysis of the length and age composition in the catches, growth studies, and the annual development of its landings in southern Brazil, showed signs of overexploitation for the species. This effect was mainly caused by different fishing gears exploiting all the phases of its life-cycle and its low resilience to fishing pressure due to its slow-growing strategy (L&#8734 = 329,12 cm; K = 0,071 yr-1; to = -2,37 ano; both sexes), longevity (> 40 yrs.) and low natural mortality (M = 0,1 yr-1, during adult phase), which means a K\'strategic typical pattern. Recruitment overfishing use to happen in coastal areas by trawls and anchored gillnets activities which destroy the nurseries and juvenile grounds for the species, mainly in spring-summer months when the parturition occurs. On the other hand, the adult fraction of the stock is reduced by surface longline and driftnets activities along the continental slope. For the surface monofilament longline fisheries, covariance models detected the highest catches of scalloped hammerhead sharks along the slope (between 200 - 3000 m depth), during spring-summer months. There was also a positive linear relationship between catch (in weight) and effort (hook number). Management and conservation measures are recommended for this species.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-17T14:32:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Natalia Priscila Alves Bezerra.pdf: 2116155 bytes, checksum: 25ac05e8bfcb1edeee75fcfaf93d7ec7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T14:32:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Natalia Priscila Alves Bezerra.pdf: 2116155 bytes, checksum: 25ac05e8bfcb1edeee75fcfaf93d7ec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) has a circuntropical distribution, ranging from coastal and semi-oceanic tropical and temperate regions to and island ecosystems. Located near the equator, the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA) is a group of small islands where hammerhead sharks are frequently observed. For that reason, the SPSPA was selected for the study of hammerhead shark movements, through satellite tagging, using PSAT (Pop up satellite archival transmitting tag).Three females were tagged, two in October 2010 (TM 1: 250 cm TL e TM 2: 260 cm TL), and one in March 2012 (TM 3: 200 cm TL). Although all tags were programmed to remain attached to the animals, collecting data, for 70 days, TM 1 and TM 2 tags were released prematurely, on the 7th and 5th day of monitoring, respectively. TM3 tag was released at the programmed date. According to the deploy and pop-up information (TM 1 e TM 2) and geolocation (TM 3), all sharks remained in SPSPA surroundings during the monitoring period, diving at great depths, mainly during the night, with the deepest dive of 728 m being recorded for TM 3. TM 1 and TM 2 had a depth preference between the surface and 150 m, while TM3 had a more restricted depth preference (surface to 75 m) during both periods, day and night. The temperature profile indicated that the three tagged hammerhead sharks preferred to be in temperatures between 24° C and above 26°C. Despite the great amount of time spent by all sharks in depths attributed to thermocline in SPSPA, the specimens moved from the mixing layer to the mesopelagic zone. In spite of the relevance of the obtained information for the understanding of the species movement patterns, complimentary studies are yet necessary to elucidate its migratory behavior. / O tubarão martelo (Sphyrna lewini) apresenta distribuição circuntropical, abrangendo desde as áreas costeiras e semi-oceânicas das regiões tropicais e temperadas até aos ecossistemas insulares. Localizado próximo à região equatorial, o arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (ASPSP) é um conjunto de pequenas ilhas onde existe a ocorrência do tubarão martelo. Por essa razão, o ASPSP foi o local escolhido para o monitoramento via satélite da espécie através da utilização do transmissor eletrônico PSAT (Pop up satellite archival transmitting tag). Foram marcadas três fêmeas, duas em outubro de 2010 (TM 1 e TM 2) medindo 250 cm e 260 cm (CT), respectivamente, e uma última em março de 2012 (TM 3) com 200 cm de CT. Embora os três transmissores os três transmissores tenham sido programados para coletarem dados por 70 dias, ocorreu o desprendimento prematuro das marcas do TM 1 e TM 2, após um período de fixação aos tubarões de apenas 7 e 5 dias, respectivamente. De acordo com os dados de marcação e soltura dos transmissores (TM 1 e TM 2) e de geolocalização (TM 3), os três tubarões permaneceram no entorno do ASPSP durante o período em que foram monitorados. Os três espécimes foram capazes de realizar incursões frequentes a grandes profundidades principalmente durante a noite, com o mergulho mais profundo registrado a 728 m, atribuído ao TM 3. Os tubarões TM 1 e TM 2 frequentaram preferencialmente as profundidades entre a superfície e 150 m tanto de dia quanto à noite. Já o TM 3 passou a maior parte do tempo em uma faixa que variou entre a superfície e 75 m de profundidade em ambos os períodos. Os perfis de temperatura indicaram que os três espécimes permaneceram com maior frequência em águas aquecidas, entre 24 °C e acima de 26 °C, no período diurno e noturno. A despeito do elevado tempo de permanência dos três tubarões em profundidades atribuídas à termoclina nas proximidades do ASPSP, os espécimes se deslocaram desde a camada de mistura até a zona mesopelágica. Apesar da relevância das informações obtidas para a compreensão dos padrões de deslocamento da espécie, são necessários ainda estudos complementares para elucidar o seu comportamento migratório.

O tubarão-martelo, Sphyrna lewini é um dos mais valiosos recursos marinhos, e o preço pago por suas barbatanas no mercado Asiático pode atingir acima dos U$ 100,00/kg. A análise da composição de tamanhos e idades nas capturas, o estudo do crescimento desta espécie de grande porte e a evolução temporal dos desembarques, indicaram que este recurso se encontra sobreexplotado no sudeste e sul do Brasil, como reflexo de diferentes modalidades pesqueiras atuando ao longo de todo o seu ciclo de vida e à baixa resiliência desta espécie à pesca, por apresentar um crescimento lento (L&#8734 = 329,12 cm; K = 0,071 ano-1; to = -2,37 ano; sexos combinados), longevidade acima dos 40 anos e mortalidade natural baixa (M = 0,1 ano-1 na fase adulta), padrões estes típicos de uma espécie K-estrategista . A sobrepesca de recrutamento, ocorre nas áreas costeiras, principalmente pela pesca de arrasto e emalhe costeiro, não havendo a proteção das áreas de parto na primavera-verão. Neste caso há grandes capturas de neonatos e juvenis até 8 anos de idade. A tração adulta por sua vez é reduzida pela pesca de espinheI e de emalhe de superfície principalmente na zona de talude. Modelos de análise de covariância indicaram maiores capturas desta espécie na pesca de espinheI de monofilamento de superfície durante os meses de primavera-verão, na zona de talude (200 e 3000 m) e a existência de uma relação linear positiva entre a captura em peso e o esforço em número de anzóis. Medidas de manejo e conservação para esta espécie são sugeridas. / The scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini is one of the most valuable marine resources, due to its high-priced fins in the Asian market, which can reach U$ 100,00/kg. The analysis of the length and age composition in the catches, growth studies, and the annual development of its landings in southern Brazil, showed signs of overexploitation for the species. This effect was mainly caused by different fishing gears exploiting all the phases of its life-cycle and its low resilience to fishing pressure due to its slow-growing strategy (L&#8734 = 329,12 cm; K = 0,071 yr-1; to = -2,37 ano; both sexes), longevity (> 40 yrs.) and low natural mortality (M = 0,1 yr-1, during adult phase), which means a K\'strategic typical pattern. Recruitment overfishing use to happen in coastal areas by trawls and anchored gillnets activities which destroy the nurseries and juvenile grounds for the species, mainly in spring-summer months when the parturition occurs. On the other hand, the adult fraction of the stock is reduced by surface longline and driftnets activities along the continental slope. For the surface monofilament longline fisheries, covariance models detected the highest catches of scalloped hammerhead sharks along the slope (between 200 - 3000 m depth), during spring-summer months. There was also a positive linear relationship between catch (in weight) and effort (hook number). Management and conservation measures are recommended for this species.

Chapter 1 DNA barcoding based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence is emerging as a useful tool for identifying unknown, whole or partial organisms to species level. However, the application of only a single mitochondrial marker for robust species identification has also come under some criticism due to the possibility of erroneous identifications resulting from species hybridizations and/or the potential presence of nuclear-mitochondrial psuedogenes. The addition of a complementary nuclear DNA barcode has therefore been widely recommended to overcome these potential COI gene limitations, especially in wildlife law enforcement applications where greater confidence in the identifications is essential. In this study, we examined the comparative nucleotide sequence divergence and utility of the mitochondrial COI gene (N=182 animals) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) locus (N=190 animals) in the 8 known and 1 proposed cryptic species of globally widespread, hammerhead sharks (family Sphyrnidae). Since hammerhead sharks are under intense fishing pressure for their valuable fins with some species potentially set to receive CITES listing, tools for monitoring their fishery landings and tracking trade in their body parts is necessary to achieve effective management and conservation outcomes. Our results demonstrate that both COI and ITS2 loci function robustly as stand-alone barcodes for hammerhead shark species identification. Phylogenetic analyses of both loci independently and together accurately place each hammerhead species together in reciprocally monophyletic groups with strong bootstrap support. The two barcodes differed notably in levels of intraspecific divergence, with average intraspecific K2P distance an order of magnitude lower in the ITS2 (0.297% for COI and 0.0967% for ITS2). The COI barcode also showed phylogeographic separation in Sphyrna zygaena, S. lewini and S. tiburo, potentially providing a useful option for assigning unknown specimens (e.g. market fins) to a broad geographic origin. We suggest that COI supplemented by ITS2 DNA barcoding can be used in an integrated and robust approach for species assignment of unknown hammerhead sharks and their body parts in fisheries and international trade. Chapter 2 The gray reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) is an Indo-Pacific, coral reef associated species that likely plays an important role as apex predator in maintaining the integrity of coral reef ecosystems. Populations of this shark have declined substantially in some parts of its range due to over-fishing, with recent estimates suggesting a 17% decline per year on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Currently, there is no information on the population structure or genetic status of gray reef sharks to aid in their management and conservation. We assessed the genetic population structure and genetic diversity of this species by using complete mitochondrial control region sequences and 15 nuclear microsatellite markers. Gray reef shark samples (n=305) were obtained from 10 locations across the species’ known longitudinal Indo-Pacific range: western Indian Ocean (Madagascar), eastern Indian Ocean (Cocos [Keeling] Islands, Andaman Sea, Indonesia, and western Australia), central Pacific (Hawaii, Palmyra Atoll, and Fanning Atoll), and southwestern Pacific (eastern Australia – Great Barrier Reef). The mitochondrial and nuclear marker data were concordant in most cases with population-based analysis showing significant overall structure (FST = 0.27906 (pST = 0.071 ± 0.02), and significant pairwise genetic differentiation between nearly all of the putative populations sampled (i.e., 9 of the 10 for mitochondrial and 8 of the 10 for nuclear markers). Individual-based analysis of microsatellite genotypes identified at least 5 populations. The concordant mitochondrial and nuclear marker results are consistent with a scenario of very low to no appreciable connectivity (gene flow) among most of the sampled locations, suggesting that natural repopulation of overfished regions by sharks from distant reefs is unlikely. The results also indicate that conservation of genetic diversity in gray reef sharks will require management measures on relatively local scales. Our findings of extensive genetic structuring suggests that a high level of genetic isolation is also likely to be the case in unsampled populations of this species.