The purpose of this study is to present in narrative form a discussion of the evolution of hand tools employed in woodwork. The purpose is to make this treatment as concise as possible, and at the same time to depict in some detail a comprehensive analysis of the topic under consideration.

Nature is always cultural. Nature more properly describes various configurations of human and nonhuman entanglement than precultural environments. As such, any narrative that purports to recount the march of civilization simultaneously tells the story of the creation of various kinds of nature. Nature does not recede before human labor and institutions; it takes on different shapes and meanings. Understanding nature this way can help humans build more resilient environmental futures that do not solely benefit specific groups of human beings. This process begins by letting go of outdated and romanticized conceptions of nature and recognizing that social justice is integral to responsible environmentalism. Sound environmental policy necessarily means just social policy, and vice versa. Hand tools in nineteenth-century American literature help to illustrate this more dynamic conception of nature. More specifically, the axe in the historical romance, the hoe in the village sketch, and the shovel as it figures in the subgenre of sentimental fiction known as “woman’s fiction” not only show how natures are produced, but also alert readers to relationships with the environment—both productive and destructive—that challenge traditional nature-culture binaries. These tool-genre pairings simultaneously chronicle the transformation of environments into different types of nature and participate in that construction. Chapter One, “Republican Nature: The Axe of Exclusion in the Historical Romance,” demonstrates how masculinist, white-supremacist nature emerges through axe use in the historical fictions of James Fenimore Cooper, Lydia Maria Child, and Catherine Maria Sedgwick. Despite their different approaches—a confrontational conservation ethos in Cooper and a deliberate revisionist Puritan history in the works of Child and Sedgwick—axes in the historical romance construct what I call “republican nature,” which describes environments built by and for white men and closed off to women, Native Americans, and nonnormative domestic arrangements. Chapter Two, “Westward Hoe: Domestic Nature in the Village Sketch,” examines how village sketch writers challenge the core tenet of domestic ideology: that the home constitutes a separate sphere outside of public life. Caroline Kirkland, Fanny Forester, and Alice Cary show that there never was a clear distinction between women’s work and men’s work, between the private and the public—or between domestic interiors and the nonhuman environment. The resulting “domestic nature” rejects domestic ideology, reveals the interplay between the environment and the home, and suggests alternatives to anthropocentric development and management regimes—a domestic ecology, so to speak. “Sentimental nature,” the nature theorized in Chapter Three, “Sentimental Nature: Digging for Justice in ‘ Woman’s Fiction,’” also hinges on the inevitable interpenetration of so-called women’s work and the environment—and further adds the dimension of social justice. Maria Susanna Cummins and Louisa May Alcott insist that social justice is impossible without equal access to environmental “goods,” such as clean air and green spaces, and equal protection from environmental “bads,” such as pollution and unsafe living and working conditions. They imagine shovel labor—especially collective shovel labor that brings marginalized people together and puts them into contact with the nonhuman environment—as one means of redressing a host of social ills, including poverty, the exploitation of labor, sexism, and racism. Caroline Lee Hentz attempts to defend slavery by drawing on the tenets of sentimental nature, but she inadvertently constructs a “lachrymose nature” founded on coerced rather than voluntary collaborative shovel labor—and therefore motivated by profits and the desire to discipline working bodies rather than justice.

Diploma thesis deals with renovation of tractor Zetor 6911 with hand tool machining use. Theoretical part aims at historical evolution of machining and describes the hand tool machining methods. Renovation options include repair by a renovation company, yourself renovation and yourself renovation with cooperation in external company. Due to great renovation experience and technical knowledge is tractor chosen to be renovated by yourself. Complete machine renovation is very complex thus there are shown only specified examples of machine parts renovation. In the thesis there are in detail described renovation processes, including tools and hand devices. Final part includes results evaluation and costs comparation of renovation options.

No description available.

<p><p><p>Den här uppsatsen speglar ett examensarbete för Färggrossen i Nybro. Ett nytt måleriverktyg, närmare bestämt en lackpensel tas fram för yrkesmålare.</p><p>Fokus för projektet har legat på användarstudier med hjälp av yrkesmålarna Thomas Molin och Mikael Brandén. Studierna har börjat med observationer utav arbetsprocess och hantering av verktyg, därefter uppföljande tester av skissmodeller.</p><p>Två serier med skissmodeller tas fram för användarstudier och följs sedan upp med en förprototyp som detaljutvärderas. Resultatet blir ett verktyg med</p><p> </p><p>vinklat skaft som ska skapa en flexibel pensel för många olika grepp.</p></p></p>

Den här uppsatsen speglar ett examensarbete för Färggrossen i Nybro. Ett nytt måleriverktyg, närmare bestämt en lackpensel tas fram för yrkesmålare. Fokus för projektet har legat på användarstudier med hjälp av yrkesmålarna Thomas Molin och Mikael Brandén. Studierna har börjat med observationer utav arbetsprocess och hantering av verktyg, därefter uppföljande tester av skissmodeller. Två serier med skissmodeller tas fram för användarstudier och följs sedan upp med en förprototyp som detaljutvärderas. Resultatet blir ett verktyg med   vinklat skaft som ska skapa en flexibel pensel för många olika grepp.

Submitted by Franciane Falcão (francifalcao@gmail.com) on 2017-09-05T21:54:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PPGDesign_UNESP-FAAC_Tese_FranFalcao_FINAL.pdf: 39549375 bytes, checksum: 22f12a9192fb70de587874aa2242701e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-06T16:43:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 falcao_fs_dr_bauru.pdf: 39549375 bytes, checksum: 22f12a9192fb70de587874aa2242701e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T16:43:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 falcao_fs_dr_bauru.pdf: 39549375 bytes, checksum: 22f12a9192fb70de587874aa2242701e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) / Pesquisas na área do design ergonômico têm delineado parâmetros para o desenvolvimento de diversos produtos, por meio do estudo da relação de aspectos formais de produtos e a percepção ou solicitações físicas humanas. Entretanto, estudos da correlação de aspectos formais da superfície de contato (texturas das interfaces) com a percepção humana no uso de ferramentas manuais apresentam-se ainda incipientes. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a relação de três características formais de textura (disposição, densidade gráfica, profundidade) com a percepção de desconforto e agradabilidade, visando compreender o dimensionamento sensorial tátil em ferramentas manuais. Para tanto, foi aplicado a fase de avaliação do método SEQUAM, com uso de 8 mock-ups de martelos unha com distintas configurações de texturas aplicadas aos seus cabos. As simulações de uso foram realizadas com profissionais de marcenaria (PM) e usuários domésticos (UD). Os resultados desta abordagem experimental demonstraram que as características de disposição, densidade gráfica e profundidade interferem na percepção do usuário; e que entre estas três características a densidade gráfica das ranhuras apresentou um número maior de aspectos perceptíveis com diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os mock-ups. Outro dado expressivo foi a diferença de percepção entre os grupos de sujeitos PM e UD. Estes resultados caracterizam as texturas das superfícies de contato de ferramentas manuais como elementos formais associados a certas percepções obtidas no uso do produto; e aponta possíveis contribuições de estudos sobre dimensionamento sensorial tátil para o design ergonômico de ferramentas manuais. / Researches in the area of ergonomic design have outlined parameters for the development of several products, through the study of the relationship of formal aspects of products and the perception or human physical requests. However, studies of the correlation of formal aspects of the contact surface (interfaces textures) with human perception in the use of hand tools are still incipient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of three formal characteristics of texture (layout, graphic density, depth) with the perception of discomfort and pleasantness, in order to understand the tactile sensorial dimensioning in hand tools. Therefore, the evaluation phase of the method SEQUAM, with use of 8 mock-ups of nail hammers with distinct texture configurations applied to their cables. The use simulations were performed with carpentry professionals and home users. The results of this experimental approach demonstrated that the characteristics of layout, graphic density and depth interfere in the perception of the user; and that among these three characteristics the graphical density of the grooves presented a greater number of perceptible aspects with significant differences (p <0.05) between the mock-ups. Another expressive data was the difference of perception between the groups of subjects, carpentry professionals and home users. These results characterize the textures of contact surfaces of hand tools as formal elements associated with certain perceptions obtained in the use of the product; and points out possible contributions of studies on tactile sensorial dimensioning for the ergonomic design of hand tools. / FAPEAM: 2800/2011

Home repairs and maintenance are a necessary responsibility of any person who maintains a home. This responsibility can usually be met in one of two ways: first, someone can be hired to do the maintenance, or the person can do it himself. However, home repairs are costly and at times prohibitive to the average person who maintains a home. Then, too, there have been times in the past, especially during the war years, when it was next to impossible to secure the services of trained mechanics for home maintenance. During such time, and out of such necessity, many people began to make their own repairs and other improvements and, as a result, a gradual "do-it-yourself" movement has invaded all sections of the country. With the changing of times, with money a little more plentiful and manpower back in civilian life, do people who maintain their homes continue to make their own home repairs?

A series of plate load tests were conducted at the experimental farm of the University of Pretoria. The test areas were levelled by means of three surface preparation methods namely, i) a thin layer of plaster of Paris; ii) a thin layer of well-graded sand and iii) by using only hand tools. In addition, a modified plate load test was designed to eliminate the effect of bedding errors that occur during these tests. Telescopic probes were used to measure the relative displacement at two points below the centre of the plate. The main objective of this research project was to first quantify the bedding errors that occur during plate load tests. Secondly, to evaluate the three different surface preparation methods used in plate load tests to achieve a levelled and smooth test surface, and lastly to evaluate the effectiveness of using telescopic probes in routine plate load tests to eliminate the effects of bedding errors. The stiffness values, determined from the vertical displacement of the plate, were compared with the internal stiffness values determined by means of the telescopic probes. All stiffness values were compared with continuous surface wave (CSW) measurements performed on the same material. The test apparatus, methods and results are discussed in this dissertation. To my / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

Byggindustrin är idag en av våra mest olycksdrabbade branscher i Sverige sett tillantalet sysselsatta inom branschen. Olycksfrekvensen ligger idag kring 11/1000sysselsatta och år. Statistiken visar att byggindustrin har fler sjukskrivningar på grundav olyckor än andra branscher, vilket givetvis leder till större utgifter i förhållande tillde andra på denna punkt. Ett sätt att öka intresset för säkerhet och arbetsmiljöfrågorinom byggverksamheten kan vara att undersöka de ekonomiska aspekterna. Det ärtydligt att sjukskrivningar är en stor kostnad för byggföretagen men finns det egentligennågon motsättning mellan lönsamhet och säkerhet?Syftet med studien är att undersöka kopplingen mellan arbetsmiljöarbete,sjukskrivningar och kostnader inom byggsektorn. Studien utförs för att kunna ge enoberoende rekommendation på vilka åtgärder inom arbetsmiljö och säkerhet som kanminska antalet sjukskrivningar på grund av arbetsolyckor. Tanken är att undersökavilka olyckor som bidrar till flest sjukdagar och därmed störst kostnader för företagen,samt se vilka grundorsaker som går att förknippa med dessaStudien tar endast upp sjukskrivningar där bakomliggande orsak är en arbetsolycka.Det innebär att arbetssjukdommar orsakat av arbetshygieniska förhållanden intekommer att beaktas. Detta för att begränsa studien till den typ av olyckor inombyggindustrin som bidrar till flest sjukskrivningar.Undersökningen har gjorts i form av en omvärldsanalys med avsikt att samlainformation och kartlägga ämnet. Information och statistik i detta arbete har i störstamöjliga mån baserats på vetenskapligt säkerhetsställd litteratur ochmyndighetsinformation. Rapporten baseras i stor del på den nuägesbeskrivning sompresenteras i kapitel 4 som redogör bakgrund och den nuvarande situationbyggverksamheten befinner sig i när det gäller arbetsmiljöarbete, olycksstatiastik samtorsaker och kostnader för sjukskrivningar vid arbetsolyckor. I kapitel 3 presenteras denlagstiftning som i Sverige ligger till grund för arbetsmiljöarbete.I denna studie har olika undersökningar kombinerats för att få fram ett resultat på hurmycket sjukskrivningar, orsakade av arbetsolyckor, kostar. Kostnaderna baseras påarbetsmiljöverkets och försäkringskassans olycksfallstatistik samt försäkringskassanskalkylunderlag för sjukskrivning [25]. För att uppskatta kostnader för olika typer avolycksfall, undersöks hur många sjukdagar de fem vanligaste orsakerna bidrar med. Detvisar sig att den sjukskrivningskategori som kostar arbetsgivaren mest är fall från höjdoch att de åtgärder som enligt många studier förebygger detta är att ha en städadarbetsplats.Slutligen kan det konstateras att det finns kopplingar mellan arbetsplatsolyckor,sjukskrivningar och kostnader för företag inom byggsektorn. Det finns även åtgärdersom kan ge effekt på minskade sjukskrivningar, exempelvis städning och information.Utöver detta pekas även projektering ut som en punkt där anpassningar förarbetsmiljön kan göras och på så vis minska sjukskrivningar och öka lönsamheten hosföretagen. / The construction industry is one of our most injurious industries in Sweden today. Theaccident frequency currently lies around 11 per 1000 employees per year. Statistics showthat the construction industry has more sick leave due to accidents than other business,which of course leads to larger cost in relation to others industrial branches in this area.One way to increase the interest in safety and work environment issues in theconstruction industry can be to examine the economical aspects. It is clear that sickleave is a big cost for construction companies, but is there really any contradictionbetween profitability and safety?The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection between work environmentand profitability for companies in the construction sector. The study is carried out inorder to give an independent recommendation on which measures within workenvironment and safety that could be used to reduce the number of sick leave occasionsdue to work accidents. The idea is to investigate which accidents contribute to the mostsick days, and to see which root causes that could be associated with these accidents.The study only addresses sick leave where the underlying cause is workplace accidents.This means that occupational diseases caused by industrial hygiene conditions will notbe taken into account, this is to limit the study to the section which contributes themost to sick leave in the construction industry .The study has been conducted as an analysis of the surrounding world with theintention of gathering information and mapping out the subject. Information andstatistics in this research have, as far as possible, been based on scientifically securedliterature and government information. The report is largely based on the complieddescription of the current situation presented in chapter 4. This chapter describes thebackground and current situation for the construction industry in regards to legislation,work environment, accident statistics as well as causes and costs for sick leave in theevent of work accidents.In this report, various research has been combined to obtain a result on how much sickleave, caused by occupational accidents, costs. The costs are based on the SwedishWork Environment Authority and the Swedish Social Insurance Agency’s accidentstatistics as well as the Swedish Social Insurance Agency’s calculation basis for sickleave. In order to estimate the costs for different types of accidents, the number of sickdays for the five most common causes of injuries were picked out. It turns out that thecause of accidents that contributes to the highest costs for the employer is fall fromhight. It was also detected that according to many studies, the most efficient way toprevent fall from hight was to have a tidy workplace.Finally, it’s concluded that there are connections between work environment accidents,sick leave and costs for companies within the construction sector. There are alsomeasures that can affect sick leave, for example cleaning and information. Beyondthese, construction design is pointed out as an area where adjustments for the workenvironment can be made and though that reduce sick leave and increase profits for thecompanies.