The object of this thesis was to investigate the role of two different harvest protocols on the post mortem physiology of Chinook salmon, and associated deteriorative processes that occur during frozen storage of the white muscle tissue. The two different harvest methods employed, termed 'rested' and 'exercised', were selected because of the contrasting levels of activity of the animal prior to, and upon, slaughter. While the latter represents conventional harvest techniques Rested and exercised harvesting protocols produced tissue in significantly different physiological states. Immediately post harvest, rested tissue maintained high metabolic energy stores of ATP and glycogen within the tissue, with low concentrations of tissue and plasma lactate. Exercised tissue exhibited near depleted concentrations of ATP and glycogen and a marked metabolic acidosis and lactate accumulation. When frozen immediately post harvest, rested white muscle tissue stored at -19℃ showed no significant changes in these metabolite concentrations over a six month period of profiling. However, during storage of rested tissue at -9℃, hydrolysis of ATP and glycogen with no coincident increase in lactate was observed. No significant changes in metabolite levels were observed within exercised tissue stored at -19 and -9℃, owing to the lack of metabolic energy stores. Transfer of tissue from frozen (-80 and -19℃) to chilled (-1 and +4℃) temperatures witnessed a rapid depletion of tissue ATP and glycogen stores, with rapid increases in tissue lactate concentrations. This metabolic activity was more significant in rested tissue owing to the larger concentrations of metabolic energy stores. This metabolic activity was identified to occur between the temperatures of -3 and -1.5℃ and occurred abruptly (i.e. ATP concentrations depleting in less than one hour) in time. During frozen storage (-19℃ and -9℃), harvest treatment had no significant effect on lipid oxidation processes. However, rested tissue showed a significant ability to retard lipid oxidation processes once removed from frozen storage and placed at chilled temperatures. Throughout six months storage at -19℃ storage, harvest treatment had a significant effect on the rate of protein denaturation as rested tissue consistently held higher concentrations of soluble protein over the storage period. No significant effect was observed between treatments in the rate of protein denaturation during one month frozen (-19℃) then chilled (+4℃) storage. In a supplementary frozen (-80℃) then chilled (-1℃) storage experiment, post mortem storage of rested, whole fish, at chilled (+5℃) temperatures prior to white muscle excision and freezing, was compared to rested and exercised tissue in which the white muscle had been excised and then frozen immediately post harvest. In this experiment rested tissue exposed to a 6 or 24 hour post mortem chilled storage period demonstrated significant retardation of lipid oxidation processes when compared to rested white muscle tissue that was excised and frozen immediately post harvest. Further comparison of the six and 24 hour post mortem stored tissue showed a significant increase in lipid oxidation products after 21 and 24 days chilled storage, respectively. Comparison of results from the six and 24 hour post mortem storage experiment were bordering on significance (p=0.083), warranting further investigation on the effect of post mortem storage of rested tissue on lipid oxidation processes.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of British Columbia, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-77). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of British Columbia, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-77).

Thesis (Masters)--South African Theological Seminary, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Profitability in the export driven South African blueberry industry is dependent on early spring harvests. The George region in the Western Cape accumulates too few chill-units to release buds of some southern highbush (SHB) blueberry cultivars from endodormancy. This causes problems like delayed budbreak and extended harvests. Growers of other temperate fruit crops are also affected by these problems and chemical rest breaking agents (RBAs) are applied in orchards in an attempt to overcome these. Application of the RBA hydrogen cyanamide (HC) occurs commonly in commercial pome and stone fruit orchards while thidiazuron (TDZ), another RBA is applied on a limited scale in apple orchards. The effect of RBA application on berry ripening, berry size and yield in SHB cultivars Bluecrisp, Emerald and Star was investigated for two seasons in an orchard near George, in order to determine to what extent harvest scheduling with RBAs is possible. Following Dormex® (HC, 520 g L-1) application during 2010, when a warm winter was experienced, the berry ripening of ‘Bluecrisp’ was accelerated. Dormex® application before reproductive bud scales opened, but after some chilling, resulted in acceptable yield and berry size without damage to reproductive buds. A 1% rate gave similar results as a 2% rate, but at a lower risk of reproductive bud damage. Lift® (TDZ, 3 g L-1) application reduced the number of days to 75% harvest in ‘Star’ during 2010. Lower yielding plants produced larger berries than those from higher yielding plants. Lift® application after reproductive buds scales have opened caused malformed and damaged flowers. Delaying the initiation of reproductive buds could delay spring reproductive budbreak until after new leaves had formed. In turn, this should induce a faster berry ripening rate in some SHB cultivars than would otherwise be the case following unseasonably warm winters. Reproductive bud initiation in SHB blueberries occurs under long (16 hours) nights with the mediation of phytochrome. It is possible in a controlled environment to suppress SHB blueberry reproductive bud initiation by night interruption (NI). The effect of NI on berry ripening, berry size and yield in ‘Emerald’ and ‘Snowchaser’ was investigated for two seasons, to determine what degree of harvest scheduling is possible with this technique. NI did not suppress reproductive bud development under these trial conditions, since both cultivars flowered and produced fruit. The effect on berry size and yield was cultivar specific. During 2011 NI decreased the number of berries harvested and total yield per plant in ‘Emerald’, and this decrease was linear the longer the NI lasted. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Winsgewendheid in die uitvoer-gedrewe Suid-Afrikaanse bloubessie-bedryf is van vroeë lente oeste afhanklik. In die George-omgewing in die Wes-Kaap bou te min winterkoue op om die endodormansie van sommige ‘southern highbush’ (SHB) bloubessie kultivars natuurlik op te hef, wat probleme soos vertraagde bot en uitgerekte oestye veroorsaak. Produsente van ander gematigde vrugtesoorte, word ook deur hierdie probleme geraak en chemiese rusbreekmiddels (RBs) word in boorde aangewend in ’n poging om dit te oorkom. In kern- en steenvrugboorde vind aanwending van die RB waterstofsianamied (WS) algemeen plaas. Thidiazuron (TDZ), ’n ander RB word op beperkte skaal in appelboorde aangewend. Die uitwerking van RBs op bessierypwording, -grootte en opbrengs van SHB kultivars Bluecrisp, Emerald en Star is oor twee seisoene in ’n boord naby George ondersoek, om vas te stel tot watter mate bloubessie-oesskedulering met behulp van RB aanwending moontlik is. Na Dormex® (WS, 520 g L-1) aanwending in 2010, waarin ’n warm winter ondervind is, is die bessierypwording van ‘Bluecrisp’ versnel. Dormex® aanwendingstye voordat blomknopskubblare oopmaak, maar nadat winterkoue opgebou het, het ’n aanvaarbare opbrengs en bessiegrootte met geen blomknopskade tot gevolg gehad nie. ’n 1% Konsentrasie gee soortgelyke reaksies as ’n 2% aanwending maar teen ’n laer risiko vir blomknopskade. Lift® (TDZ, 3 g L-1) aanwending het die aantal dae tot 75% oesinsameling van ‘Star’ in 2010 verminder. Plante wat ’n laer opbrengs lewer produseer groter bessies as die wat ’n hoër opbrengs lewer. Lift® aanwending nadat blomknopskubblare oopgemaak het, het misvormde en beskadigde blomme tot gevolg gehad. Vertraging van blomknopinisiasie kan die oopmaak van blomknoppe uitstel tot na nuwe blare in die lente gevorm het. Dit kan vinniger bessie rypwording meebring as wat die geval vir sommige SHB kultivars na warm winters is. Die aanvang van blomknopontwikkeling in SHB bloubessies vind tydens lang nagte (16 ure) plaas en staan onder beheer van fitochroom. Onder beheerde toestande kan bloubessie blomknopinisiasie deur onderbreking van die lang donker (nag) tydperk (ON) in ’n lig-donker siklus onderdruk word. Die uitwerking van ON op bessierypwording, -grootte en opbrengs van ‘Emerald’ en ‘Snowchaser’ is oor twee seisoene ondersoek, om die mate waartoe oesskedulering met hierdie tegniek in ’n boord moontlik is aan te spreek. ON het nie die blomknopinisiasie onder hierdie eksperimentele toestande onderdruk nie, aangesien beide kultivars in albei seisoene kon blom en opbrengste lewer. Die effek op bessiegrootte en opbrengs was kultivar spesifiek. In 2011 is die totale opbrengs en hoeveelheid bessies per plant geoes van ‘Emerald’, deur ON verminder en dié vermindering was liniêr met toename in aantal ON siklusse.

The introduction and spread of two Asian Carp species, Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have caused severe ecological damage throughout North America. Currently, academic institutions, and state and federal agencies are investigating ways of controlling the spread of these species and managing existing populations to minimize further damage. One promising method of control is the commercial harvest of Asian carps for export to China, as both species are highly valued foodfish throughout Asia. Habitat modification and destruction, along with the questionable quality of fish produced in aquaculture facilities throughout China, have caused members of the foodfish industry to search elsewhere for a high quality product destined for middle and upper class consumers in China. At this time, harvest practices are not standardized, and taking market potential into consideration, it is important to optimize aspects of harvest so commercial fishermen and processors can supply consumers with the highest quality product. Therefore, the present studies evaluated the effects of season (summer and fall), geographic origin (Alton and Peoria Reach), and harvest gear type (trammel nets and hoop nets) on commercially caught fresh fish and those subjected to standard processing practices and simulated shipping conditions to China (blast frozen to core temperatures near - 33oC and stored at- 20oC for 6 wk) using quality evaluation methods common in the foodfish industry. Impacts of season, geographical origin, and gear type on fresh Bighead and silver carp were assessed using fillet internal and external pH, color, Torrymeter freshness, and proximate analysis (percent moisture, protein, lipid, and ash). The effects of season, geographical origin, and gear type on fish processed and held under simulated shipping conditions were analyzed using fillet internal and external pH, color, Torrymeter freshness, K value, and peroxide and aldehyde concentrations. Results indicate negligible effects of season of harvest or geographical origin on final quality of Asian carp products, but the optimization of Asian carp products may require only exporting Bighead carp. Hoop nets yielded better quality fish overall, indicating that commercial fishermen should consider using these specifically for the harvest of fish destined for human consumption. Information assembled in this research can be used by commercial fishermen and processors to develop standardized methods for the harvest of Asian carps. Providing a high quality product is vital considering market potential and the resulting economic stimulation provided to fiscally starved areas where these facilities are located. Most importantly, the development of this industry could, in conjunction with continued academic and agency efforts, offer an independent solution to the serious ecological threat posed by these species.

The long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis; hereafter LTDU) breeds on the arctic tundra across Alaska and Canada and winters south of the ice edge along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, as well as on the Great Lakes. Data suggest that LTDU populations are in decline and, as a result, efforts have been made to better understand their population distributions through satellite telemetry studies. Radio-marked LTDUs from previous studies have shown very little use of Lake Michigan, even though aerial surveys indicate that large concentrations of this species overwinter there. LTDUs using Lake Michigan face a host of conservation issues, such as risk of exposure to type E botulism, bycatch in fishing gear, wind energy development, and a changing ecosystem. Using satellite telemetry, I documented migratory routes and habitat use of LTDUs wintering on Lake Michigan. LTDUs on Lake Michigan were captured via night-lighting and 10 LTDUs were surgically implanted with Telonics platform transmitter terminals (PTTs). Six (60%) radio-marked LTDUs provided information on Lake Michigan habitat use, while only 3 (30%) provided information on migratory routes. The average distance from shore of individual radio-marked LTDUs on Lake Michigan varied from 1.4-7.8 km and average water depths at these locations varied from 16.8-27.7 m during daylight hours. At night, radio-marked LTDUs were located further offshore (averaging 7.3-16.5 km) and at deeper water depths (averaging 59.6-74.8 m). LTDUs tended to move south on Lake Michigan as winter progressed, and then relocated to the north basin before spring migration. James Bay and Hudson Bay were the primary stopover sites during spring and fall migration, and the province of Nunavut, Canada was used during the breeding season. After breeding, radio-marked LTDUs traveled north to waters near Adelaide Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada. Only one radio-marked LTDU provided information for a full migration cycle and it returned to winter on Lake Michigan. Two methods, ocular and molecular examination of the alimentary canal, were used to determine the diets of LTDUs on Lake Michigan. A total of 16 LTDU carcasses were donated by hunters for diet determination. An esophageal, small intestine, and cloacal swab were collected from each carcass for molecular determination of prey species through qPCR analysis. The esophagus of each carcass was then removed and prey items determined to lowest taxonomic level using a dissection microscope (10X Ocular). Molecular methods detected more prey species (4) than ocular methods (1), so molecular methods show promise as a non-lethal means to determine LTDU diets. Quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) was the primary prey item with 100% occurrence. Diporeia spp., yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) were also detected, suggesting that LTDUs are opportunistic feeders. An in-person hunter harvest survey was conducted at Two Rivers, Wisconsin, to determine how environmental variables influenced harvest, to estimate harvest rates, and to gather hunter input regarding hunting regulations on Lake Michigan. Results indicate that LTDUs made up 97% of the total harvest, and that hunters averaged 3.8 LTDUs per day. Harvest of LTDUs was positively correlated with hunter numbers, and wave height was the most influential environmental variable affecting hunter numbers. Results suggest that few hunters go out when wave heights exceed 1.5 m. Hunters indicated that they would prefer a later or longer season on Lake Michigan, and that they were concerned about LTDU populations. Information from this study aids resource managers and scientists as they seek to determine basic information regarding LTDUs that winter on Lake Michigan. Migratory data is important in determining if the eastern population of North American LTDUs should be managed based on wintering and/or breeding distribution, while habitat use information will aid in mitigating impacts from fishing bycatch and future wind energy development. Habitat use and diet data will benefit resource managers and scientists seeking to determine where and how LTDUs may become exposed to avian botulism type E. Diet data will also aid in determining how LTDU diets are changing due to the altered ecosystem in Lake Michigan from introduced and invasive species. Moreover, results from the diet portion of this study suggest that molecular methods, that can be used non-lethally or in combination with lethal methods, show promise for determining LTDU prey items. Information on harvest rates can be used in determining harvest impacts, while hunter perceptions may aid resource managers as they make decisions regarding season structure and limits for LTDUs on Lake Michigan.

Orientador: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Elizabeth Orika Ono / Banca: Lilia Willadino / Banca: Manuel Abilio de Queiróz / Resumo: Este trabalho foi conduzido em quatro etapas, visando acompanhar o desenvolvimento das características físico-químicas de frutos de umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda); estabelecer a curva de crescimento do fruto e aspectos pós-colheita dos frutos do umbuzeiro, objetivando estabelecer estratégias para melhor conservar os frutos, tendo em vista que o fruto desta fruteira, caracteriza-se como uma fruta exótica, já alcançando o mercado europeu. As plantas escolhidas, localizam-se na quadrícula 400 e 420 de Longitude (W. C) e 80 e 100 de Latitude Sul, sendo colhidos frutos de vinte plantas em cinco Unidades Geoambientais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e o arranjo, a depender da situação, fatorial aninhado (nested). Concluiu-se neste trabalho que os umbuzeiros presentes nas Unidades Geoambientais da Depressão Sertaneja, apresentam grande variabilidade fenotípica, manifestada pelo peso médio do fruto, peso médio da polpa, teor de vitamina C e acidez titulável. De acordo com a curva de crescimento do fruto, os estádios podem ser visualizados pelo peso do fruto e pela coloração da casca. O florescimento do umbuzeiro ocorre entre setembro e outubro, a fecundação das flores não ocorre todas de uma só vez, são fecundadas paulatinamente no decorrer de trinta dias, em média, fazendo com que a colheita se estenda entre vinte e trinta e cinco dias. A classificação proposta, dos estádios de desenvolvimento foi de 1FTV-F (fruto totalmente verde. Figa - caroço esbranquiçado, em formação), 2FTV-D (fruto totalmente verde. Devéz - caroço duro, ponto de umbuzeitona), 3FTV-In (fruto totalmente verde. Inchado - início da pigmentação), 4FPA-M-1 (fruto com predominância do amarelo - Maduro 1), 5FTA-M-2 (fruto totalmente amarelo - Maduro 2), 6FTA-P (fruto totalmente amarelo - Passado). O conteúdo de vitamina C no suco... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work was carried out in four stages in order to follow the development of the physical and chemical characteristics of umbu tree fruits (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) and to establish the fruit growth curve and aspects of postharvest of umbu tree fruits with the goal to establish strategies to improve conservation of umbu fruits since it is an exotic fruit reaching the European markets. The fruits were harvested from twenty plants randomly chosen in five Geoambiental unities located in quadrants 400 and 420 of longitude (W. C) and 80 and 100 of south latitude. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial (nested) arrangement when necessary. The conclusion was that the umbu trees present in the Geoambiental unities showed high variability expressed by average of fruit weight, fruit pulp, vitamin C contents and titrable acidity. According to the fruit growth curve the stage can be observed by fruit weight and coloration of rind. The bloom of umbu tree occurs between September and October, the fecundation of flowers do not develop at one time but instead gradually on average of thirty days and harvest occur between twenty and thirty five days. The proposal classification of umbu trees stages was the following: 1FTV-F (fruit totally green. Figa - seed white in formation), 2FTV-D (fruit totally green Devez - hard seed, ponto de umbuzeitona), 3 FTV -In (fruit totally green. Swelled - start of pigmentation, 4FPA - M - 1 (fruit predominantly yellow - ripe 1), 5 FTA -M - 2 (fruit totally yellow - ripe 2), 6FTA - P (fruit totally yellow - over-ripe). The vitamin C contents in umbu juice varied from 41, 9g in 100 ml in stage 1FTV - F (figa) to 8,5g in 100 ml in stage 5 FTA-M-2 (ripe 2). The titrable acidity, quantity of citric acid, varied from 4,5g in 100g of juice in stage 1FTV-F (figa) to 1,4g in 100g of juice in stage 5 FTA-M-2 (ripe 2). The soluble solids given... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Judea Harvest is a modern cross-cultural gospel-mission outreach that started four years ago. During this short span of time it has laid claims to phenomenal success. The view has been expressed that the cross-cultural gospel-mission has a world wide crisis. This is due to goals that are set which are not in line with God’s goals for the gospel-mission. Some goals are even seen as being unfamiliar with the Bible itself. Responsibility from the church’s side calls for an investigation into the total strategy of Judea Havest regarding the mentioned crisis. This situation was researched by means of a literary study and qualitative research and certain proposals were made to Judea Harvest. We need to determine what God’s goals are. Concepts that are strange to the Bible are no longer acceptable. An example is the dichotomous view concerning man. The Bible does not uphold such a dichotomous view where man’s spiritual life is separated from the rest of his existence. The Bible upholds a holistic approach to man. Another example is the view that the gospel-mission is directed to a specific geographical area. Jesus’ ministry was centred towards man – man in his crisis and need. A geographical approach, like Judea Harvest has, results in a situation where a specific people-group and their unique needs are totally overlooked. Cross-cultural gospel-mission asks that the role of culture be reconsidered. God meets man within his cultural context, and this must be the aim of the gospel-mission. Culture is not cancelled by the Gospel, but the Gospel acknowledges the existence of culture. For far too long the gospel mission was approached with a view that the missions organisation, as is the case with Judea Harvest, determines the needs of a people, and how that need is to be met. The perception of the people-group that is to be reached, must give the direction in what the needs are and how they are to be fulfilled by the Gospel. For this to happen, in-depth research of the people-group is required. The time has come to rethink God’s goals for the gospel-mission. / Prof. W.J. Hattingh

O abacaxi é uma das frutas tropicais mais famosas, produzidas e consumidas no mundo. O seu bom aspecto visual pode levar à aquisição de fruto ácido, sem doçura e sem a qualidade de consumo desejada. O Smooth Cayenne é o cultivar de abacaxi mais produzido mundialmente e a sua produção no Brasil está concentrada na região Sudeste. O seu volume de comercialização no Entreposto Terminal de São Paulo - ETSP da Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo CEAGESP vem diminuindo ao longo do tempo quando comparado ao cultivar Pérola, cujas regiões de produção estão mais distantes e as estradas de acesso são piores. O objetivo deste estudo foi retratar a qualidade do abacaxi Smooth Cayenne, considerado como o mais valorizado pelos atacadistas, com medidas simples e objetivas, que possam ser facilmente adotadas pelos produtores na colheita. Os frutos, produzidos nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, foram coletados semanalmente, entre Outubro de 2007 a Janeiro de 2009. Foi considerado saboroso o abacaxi que apresentou, nos terços apical, mediano e basal, teor de sólidos solúveis - SS maior ou igual a 12 ºBrix, um limite máximo de acidez titulável - AT de 0,6% expressos em ácido cítrico e a relação SS/AT maior ou igual a 20. Não foi possível estabelecer uma boa correlação entre as variáveis de caracterização destrutivas e não destrutivas do abacaxi. A avaliação dos aspectos qualitativos de sabor exige a utilização de medidas destrutivas. Os frutos saborosos, mostraram-se menores, mais leves e mais firmes e com maior pH do que os não saborosos. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de regressão logística em que a variável resposta indica a probabilidade de um abacaxi ser saboroso ou não. O modelo que utilizou as variáveis: teor de sólidos solúveis, circunferência da base, comprimento com coroa e firmeza mostrou efeito significativo, para os abacaxis Smooth Cayenne colhidos no segundo semestre, em relação à probabilidade do abacaxi ser saboroso. / The pineapple is one of the most famous and worldly produced and consumed fresh fruit. Its good appearance can take to the acquisition of an acidic and sugarless fruit, lacking the necessary consumption qualities. The Smooth Cayene pineapple is the variety most produced worldwide and in Brazil. Its production is concentrated at the Southeast Region. Its volume at CEAGESPs market has been decreasing over time, when compared to the Pérola variety, that has more production are more distant and access roads are worse. The purpose of this study was to make a Smooth Cayenne pineapples quality profile, measuring and correlating the quality attributes of the fruit, considered the most valued, by the CEAGESPs pineapple whosalers, using simple and objective measures, that could be easily adopted by the growers at harvest. The fruit, that was collected each week from 2007, October to 2009, February, was produced at the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. A fruit was considered tasty when, at its apical, median and basal transversal slices,presented the soluble solids content equal or superior to 12o Brix, an acidity equal or inferior to 0,6%, measured by titratable acidity, reported as % citric acid and the relation soluble solids and titratable acidity equal or superior to 20. It was not found a good correlation between the internal and external characteristics of the fruit. The evaluation of the taste demands destructive measures. The tasty fruits are smaller size, weight less and have more firmness, higher pH than the non tasty fruits. A logistic regression model was developed to indicate the probability of the fruit being tasty or not tasty. The variables soluble solids content, basal circumference, length of the fruit with its crown and firmness has shown significance for the fruits harvested at the second semester of the year. The same wasn´t true for the fruits harvested at the first semester, from January to July, perhaps because there were fewer tasty fruits at this time.