Sugar mills represent significant capital investments. To maintain appropriate returns on their investment, sugar companies seek to run the mills at capacity over the sugarcane harvest season. Because the sugar content of cane degrades considerably once it is cut, maintaining inventories of cut cane is undesirable. Instead, mills want to coordinate the arrival of cut cane with production. We present exact solution approaches exploiting special structure of the sugarcane harvest logistics problem in Brazil and the United States.

A twenty-one year (1952-72) accumulation of banding data for Canada geese in Utah was studied to determine the distribution and chronology of the harvest of the geese and the effects that hunting regulations have had upon harvests and population parameters. The banding data were also used in an attempt to develop a population model capable of predicting population trends and desirable survival rates. Within Utah, the bulk of the annual harvest (78 percent) takes place in the northern portion of the State in the vicinity of the Great Salt Lake marshes. In Northern Utah the harvest peaks on the opening weekend, and approximately 50 percent of the annual harvest takes place by day 21 of an average hunting season of 82 days. Most of the harvest in Northern Utah is made up of geese produced in Utah. Peak harvests in Southern Utah do not occur until well into the average season, and non- Utah produced geese comprise a larger proportion of the harvest in Southern Utah than in Northern Utah. The harvest in Eastern Utah appears to be largely dependent on geese produced outside of the State. Outside Utah, harvests of Utah produced Canada geese have increased. Prior to 1950, over 80 percent of the recoveries of Utah-banded geese were made in Utah. The percentage steadily declined to less than 50 during the early 1970s. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that only one hunting regulation, the daily bag limit, had a statistically significant relationship with estimates of annual harvests and band recovery rates . No regulations had statistically significant relationships with estimates of annual survival rates. Annual estimates of band recovery rates declined significantly during the period 1952-72, but estimates of annual survival rates for the same period showed no significant trend and were comparable to pre-1950 estimates. The attempt to formulate a population model was a failure. This was due in part to calculation errors associated with critical input to the model. However, the failure was largely due to the lack of a theoretically sound foundation.

The Logan River heads in the southeastern corner of Franklin County, Ida.ho, and runs in a south and westerly direction.· It enters the state of Utah through the northern boundary in the northeast corner of Cache County. The main stream is fed by two tributary streams which head in separate directions a few miles a.part. The Franklin Basin branch is the main contributing tributary while the Beaver Creek branch is nearly as large.

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Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in bread wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is one of the major abiotic constraints influencing the production of high quality grain. The flour milled from sprouted wheat grains has increased Ñ-amylase activity as compared to non-sprouted grain. PHS negatively affects the properties of flour with deleterious effects on bread and noodle quality. White-grained wheat is generally more susceptible to PHS damage than red-grained wheat. The objectives of this study were to identify a suitable method for phenotyping PHS resistance and to identify PHS resistance genomic regions and markers that could be used for marker-assisted selection in wheat improvement programs. A doubled haploid (DH) mapping population from a cross between two white-grained spring wheat genotypes, Argent (non-dormant) and W98616 (dormant) was used in this study. Forty DH lines (20 dormant and 20 non-dormant) were evaluated for germination frequency, Falling Number, and Ñ-amylase activity in dry and water-imbibed seeds and spikes. The germination test was the most reliable method for measurement of PHS resistance, whereas the Falling Number and Ñ-amylase activity in dry harvested seeds could not be correlated to dormancy levels. However, a positive association (r = 0.60***) was detected between germination frequency and Ñ-amylase activity in imbibed seeds. To identify the genomic regions associated with PHS resistance, a genetic linkage map with a total genome coverage of 2,577 cM was developed. The map was constructed from 913 scored markers (356 SSR, 290 AFLP, 258 DArT and 9 EST) with an average marker density of 3.7 cM/marker. Five genomic regions on chromosomes 1A, 3A, 4A, 7A and 7D were associated with PHS resistance by interval mapping and all regions were contributed by the dormant parent W98616. A total of 60 Canadian wheat cultivars and experimental lines were screened with three SSR markers, DuPw004, barc170 and wmc650, located under the major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 4A. The SSR markers explained 60-75% of the total variation in germination frequency among different wheat genotypes. By using the DuPw004 marker in marker-assisted back crossing, the population size in the BC1F1 and BC2F1 generations were reduced by 41% and 59%, respectively. Thus, the 4A QTL markers have been proven useful for marker-assisted selection of PHS resistance for wheat improvement.

<p class=MsoNormal><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">          </span>Stable isotopic analysis of nitrate (¹⁵N/¹⁴N and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O) was used to trace nitrate sources and cycling under undisturbed conditions and following harvest at the Turkey Lakes Watershed (TLW), located near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span> <p class=MsoNormal><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">      </span>Bulk precipitation collected biweekly at the TLW from 1995 to 2000 had nitrate isotope values that ranged from +42. 4 to +80. 4&permil; for <span style='font-family:Symbol'>d</span>¹⁸O and -6. 3 to +2. 8&permil; for <span style='font-family:Symbol'>d</span>¹⁵N. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>An incubation experiment indicated that the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate was not compromised by collection methods whereby unfiltered bulk precipitation samples remain in the collector for up to two weeks. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span> <p class=MsoNormal><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">          </span>The first direct measurement of the isotopic composition of microbial nitrate produced <i>in situ</i> was obtained by eliminating precipitation inputs to three forest floor lysimeters and subsequently watering the area with a nitrate-free solution. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Microbial nitrate had <span style='font-family:Symbol'>d</span>¹⁸O values that ranged from +3. 1 to +10. 1&permil; with a mean value of +5. 2&permil;, only slightly higher than values predicted based on the <span style='font-family:Symbol'>d</span>¹⁸O-H₂O of the watering solution used. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><span style='font-family:Symbol'>d</span>¹⁸O values of soil O₂ (+23. 2 to +24. 1&permil;) down to a depth of 55cm were not significantly different from atmospheric O₂ (+23. 5&permil;) and therefore respiratory enrichment of soil O₂ did not affect the <span style='font-family:Symbol'>d</span>¹⁸O values of microbial nitrate produced at the TLW. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span> <p class=MsoNormal><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">          </span>Nitrate export from two undisturbed first-order stream basins was dominated by microbial nitrate, with the contribution of atmospheric nitrate peaking at about 30% during snowmelt. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Clear-cutting of catchment 31 in 1997 resulted in elevated nitrate concentrations, reaching levels that exceeded the drinking water limit of 10 mg N/L. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Isotopic analysis indicated that the source of this nitrate was predominantly chemolithoautotrophic nitrification. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The <span style='font-family:Symbol'>d</span>¹⁸O values of microbial nitrate in stream 31 progressively increased during the post-harvest period due to an increase in the proportion of nitrification that occurred in the summer months. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Despite drastic alteration of nitrogen cycling in the catchment by the harvest, <span style='font-family:Symbol'>d</span>¹⁵N-nitrate values in shallow groundwater did not change from the pre-harvest. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>Denitrification and plant uptake of nitrate in a small forested swamp in catchment 31 attenuated 65 to 100% of surface water nitrate inputs following harvest, reducing catchment-scale nitrate export by 35 to 80%.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in bread wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is one of the major abiotic constraints influencing the production of high quality grain. The flour milled from sprouted wheat grains has increased Ñ-amylase activity as compared to non-sprouted grain. PHS negatively affects the properties of flour with deleterious effects on bread and noodle quality. White-grained wheat is generally more susceptible to PHS damage than red-grained wheat. The objectives of this study were to identify a suitable method for phenotyping PHS resistance and to identify PHS resistance genomic regions and markers that could be used for marker-assisted selection in wheat improvement programs. A doubled haploid (DH) mapping population from a cross between two white-grained spring wheat genotypes, Argent (non-dormant) and W98616 (dormant) was used in this study. Forty DH lines (20 dormant and 20 non-dormant) were evaluated for germination frequency, Falling Number, and Ñ-amylase activity in dry and water-imbibed seeds and spikes. The germination test was the most reliable method for measurement of PHS resistance, whereas the Falling Number and Ñ-amylase activity in dry harvested seeds could not be correlated to dormancy levels. However, a positive association (r = 0.60***) was detected between germination frequency and Ñ-amylase activity in imbibed seeds. To identify the genomic regions associated with PHS resistance, a genetic linkage map with a total genome coverage of 2,577 cM was developed. The map was constructed from 913 scored markers (356 SSR, 290 AFLP, 258 DArT and 9 EST) with an average marker density of 3.7 cM/marker. Five genomic regions on chromosomes 1A, 3A, 4A, 7A and 7D were associated with PHS resistance by interval mapping and all regions were contributed by the dormant parent W98616. A total of 60 Canadian wheat cultivars and experimental lines were screened with three SSR markers, DuPw004, barc170 and wmc650, located under the major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 4A. The SSR markers explained 60-75% of the total variation in germination frequency among different wheat genotypes. By using the DuPw004 marker in marker-assisted back crossing, the population size in the BC1F1 and BC2F1 generations were reduced by 41% and 59%, respectively. Thus, the 4A QTL markers have been proven useful for marker-assisted selection of PHS resistance for wheat improvement.

Line intersect sampling (LIS) is a method used for quantifying post-harvest waste. It is often used by forest managers to quantify merchantable volume remaining on the cutover so that compensation may be exacted under stumpage contracts. The theory has been extensively studied and will produce an accurate measure of harvest waste given the basic theoretical assumptions that: all logs are cylindrical, occur horizontally, are randomly orientated and randomly distributed. When these assumptions are violated, the method is not biased, although precision decreases substantially. A computer simulation was completed to determine whether or not the LIS method is appropriate, given a clumped distribution of logs produced by processing at central sites in cutover before using a forwarder to extract to the landing. The software ArcGIS with the application ModelBuilder was used to produce the LIS Model for running LIS assessments. It was determined through simulation that the conventional LIS method is not appropriate given these harvesting methods, as a level of bias was found in sampling determining that the LIS method underestimated true volume. T-tests confirmed the significance of this bias. LIS volume estimates were not precise, with the range of estimates ranging from 0 m3/ha to double the true volume. An increase in sampling length by a third was found to increase precision by only a small amount. Therefore, it was determine that increased sampling is not worthwhile as the costs associated with it do not justify the small increase in precision.

The research was carried out in 2005 at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture. The aim of research was to investigate the yield and quality of different leeks cultivars as influenced by different grown methods. Leeks were growing in these ways: I way – growing in smooth surface; 2 way – growing into 15 cm deep furrows; 3 way - growing on the 15 cm furrows; 4 way – growing in the holes of 20 cm depth. The biggest harvest has been received from the early leek varieties, total harvest - 36,63 t ha-1, standard harvest – 31,12 t ha-1 and late leek varieties total harvest - 26,85 t ha-1, standard harvest – 24,05 t ha-1) grown in smooth surface. The early leeks grown in the holes of 20 cm depth has been received the biggest mass per plant (average 325,0 g) and mass per plant of the late leeks has been received from the leeks grown on the 15 cm furrows (average 274,7 g). The early leeks of the best biochemical composition have been grown in the holes of 20 cm depth and the late leeks have been grown on the 15 cm furrows.

Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., leaf grade values can significantly increase with remnants of leaf and bract materials, and can result in increased ginning costs and discounts to the producer. Cotton classed through the USDA-AMS Classing Office in Corpus Christi, Texas has reported increases in leaf grade values beginning in 2000 (USDA, 2012). The impacts of the interaction of agronomic characteristics of cotton cultivars with those of various harvest aid regimes were studied over three growing seasons, and data were used to narrow possible contributors to the observed increased leaf grade values. Multiple trials were conducted throughout the Coastal Bend and Blackland Prairie of Texas, in addition to Tifton, Georgia. Cotton was harvested, lint samples were ginned in a microgin, and lint quality was quantified with HVI. Harvest aid regimes selected provided a broad range of defoliation and desiccation, from a multiple herbicidal and hormonal modes-of-action. Defoliation levels ranged from 0 to 96% and desiccation levels ranged from 0 to 90%. Harvest aid treatments had no impact (P≤0.05) on leaf grade values for either of the years of the trials. Multiple trials were conducted in five counties in Texas, including the Lower and Upper Coastal Bend and the Blackland Prairie, and were defoliated with a uniform harvest aid treatment to identify leaf and bract morphological differences, and to determine their role in leaf grade. Multi-acre module trials were conducted with a smooth leaf cultivar and a hairy leaf cultivar to obtain leaf grade values following commercial ginning. Leaf and bract pubescence, and leaf and bract area were collected to analyze the resulting impact on cotton leaf grade values. Visual quantification of leaf and bract trichome density was quantified on 10 youngest fully-expanded leaves and 10 mid-canopy full sized bolls, respectively, when cotton was at physiological cut-out. Trichome density quantification indicated substantial variation in cultivars and discrepancies from company based rating systems. Leaf grades values generally increased with increasing trichomes densities, although not always statistically significant. In the split plot cultivar and harvest aid trial, harvest aid efficacy was similar for each of the cultivars, but cultivar trichome density was positively influence the cotton leaf grade value.