River reaches protected by dikes exhibit high damage potential due to strong value accumulation in the hinterland areas. While providing an efficient protection against low magnitude flood events, dikes may fail under the load of extreme water levels and long flood durations. Hazard and risk assessments for river reaches protected by dikes have not adequately considered the fluvial inundation processes up to now. Particularly, the processes of dike failures and their influence on the hinterland inundation and flood wave propagation lack comprehensive consideration. This study focuses on the development and application of a new modelling system which allows a comprehensive flood hazard assessment along diked river reaches under consideration of dike failures. The proposed Inundation Hazard Assessment Model (IHAM) represents a hybrid probabilistic-deterministic model. It comprises three models interactively coupled at runtime. These are: (1) 1D unsteady hydrodynamic model of river channel and floodplain flow between dikes, (2) probabilistic dike breach model which determines possible dike breach locations, breach widths and breach outflow discharges, and (3) 2D raster-based diffusion wave storage cell model of the hinterland areas behind the dikes. Due to the unsteady nature of the 1D and 2D coupled models, the dependence between hydraulic load at various locations along the reach is explicitly considered. The probabilistic dike breach model describes dike failures due to three failure mechanisms: overtopping, piping and slope instability caused by the seepage flow through the dike core (micro-instability). The 2D storage cell model driven by the breach outflow boundary conditions computes an extended spectrum of flood intensity indicators such as water depth, flow velocity, impulse, inundation duration and rate of water rise. IHAM is embedded in a Monte Carlo simulation in order to account for the natural variability of the flood generation processes reflected in the form of input hydrographs and for the randomness of dike failures given by breach locations, times and widths. The model was developed and tested on a ca. 91 km heavily diked river reach on the German part of the Elbe River between gauges Torgau and Vockerode. The reach is characterised by low slope and fairly flat extended hinterland areas. The scenario calculations for the developed synthetic input hydrographs for the main river and tributary were carried out for floods with return periods of T = 100, 200, 500, 1000 a. Based on the modelling results, probabilistic dike hazard maps could be generated that indicate the failure probability of each discretised dike section for every scenario magnitude. In the disaggregated display mode, the dike hazard maps indicate the failure probabilities for each considered breach mechanism. Besides the binary inundation patterns that indicate the probability of raster cells being inundated, IHAM generates probabilistic flood hazard maps. These maps display spatial patterns of the considered flood intensity indicators and their associated return periods. Finally, scenarios of polder deployment for the extreme floods with T = 200, 500, 1000 were simulated with IHAM. The developed IHAM simulation system represents a new scientific tool for studying fluvial inundation dynamics under extreme conditions incorporating effects of technical flood protection measures. With its major outputs in form of novel probabilistic inundation and dike hazard maps, the IHAM system has a high practical value for decision support in flood management. / Entlang eingedeichter Flussabschnitte kann das Hinterland ein hohes Schadenspotential, aufgrund der starken Akkumulation der Werte, aufweisen. Obwohl Deiche einen effizienten Schutz gegen kleinere häufiger auftretende Hochwässer bieten, können sie unter der Last hoher Wasserstände sowie langer Anstaudauer versagen. Gefährdungs- und Risikoabschätzungsmethoden für die eingedeichten Flussstrecken haben bisher die fluvialen Überflutungsprozesse nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt. Besonders, die Prozesse der Deichbrüche und deren Einfluss auf Überflutung im Hinterland und Fortschreiten der Hochwasserwelle verlangen eine umfassende Betrachtung. Die vorliegende Studie setzt ihren Fokus auf die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines neuen Modellierungssystems, das eine umfassende Hochwassergefährdungsanalyse entlang eingedeichter Flussstrecken unter Berücksichtigung von Deichbrüchen ermöglicht. Das vorgeschlagene Inundation Hazard Assessment Model (IHAM) stellt ein hybrides probabilistisch-deterministisches Modell dar. Es besteht aus drei laufzeitgekoppelten Modellen: (1) einem 1D instationären hydrodynamisch-numerischen Modell für den Flussschlauch und die Vorländer zwischen den Deichen, (2) einem probabilistischen Deichbruchmodell, welches die möglichen Bruchstellen, Breschenbreiten und Breschenausflüsse berechnet, und (3) einem 2D raster-basierten Überflutungsmodell für das Hinterland, das auf dem Speiherzellenansatz und der Diffusionswellengleichung basiert ist. Das probabilistische Deichbruchmodell beschreibt Deichbrüche, die infolge von drei Bruchmechanismen auftreten: dem Überströmen, dem Piping im Deichuntergrund und dem Versagen der landseitigen Böschung als Folge des Sickerflusses und der Erosion im Deichkörper (Mikro-Instabilität). Das 2D Speicherzellenmodell, angetrieben durch den Breschenausfluss als Randbedingung, berechnet ein erweitertes Spektrum der Hochwasserintensitätsindikatoren wie: Überflutungstiefe, Fliessgeschwindigkeit, Impuls, Überflutungsdauer und Wasseranstiegsrate. IHAM wird im Rahmen einer Monte Carlo Simulation ausgeführt und berücksichtigt die natürliche Variabilität der Hochwasserentstehungsprozesse, die in der Form der Hydrographen und deren Häufigkeit abgebildet wird, und die Zufälligkeit des Deichversagens, gegeben durch die Lokationen der Bruchstellen, der Zeitpunkte der Brüche und der Breschenbreiten. Das Modell wurde entwickelt und getestet an einem ca. 91 km langen Flussabschnitt. Dieser Flussabschnitt ist durchgängig eingedeicht und befindet sich an der deutschen Elbe zwischen den Pegeln Torgau und Vockerode. Die Szenarioberechnungen wurden von synthetischen Hydrographen für den Hauptstrom und Nebenfluss angetrieben, die für Hochwässer mit Wiederkehrintervallen von 100, 200, 500, und 1000 Jahren entwickelt wurden. Basierend auf den Modellierungsergebnissen wurden probabilistische Deichgefährdungskarten generiert. Sie zeigen die Versagenswahrscheinlichkeiten der diskretisierten Deichabschnitte für jede modellierte Hochwassermagnitude. Die Deichgefährdungskarten im disaggregierten Darstellungsmodus zeigen die Bruchwahrscheinlichkeiten für jeden betrachteten Bruchmechanismus. Neben den binären Überflutungsmustern, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Überflutung jeder Rasterzelle im Hinterland zeigen, generiert IHAM probabilistische Hochwassergefährdungskarten. Diese Karten stellen räumliche Muster der in Betracht gezogenen Hochwasserintensitätsindikatoren und entsprechende Jährlichkeiten dar. Schließlich, wurden mit IHAM Szenarien mit Aktivierung vom Polder bei extremen Hochwässern mit Jährlichkeiten von 200, 500, 1000 Jahren simuliert. Das entwickelte IHAM Modellierungssystem stellt ein neues wissenschaftliches Werkzeug für die Untersuchung fluvialer Überflutungsdynamik in extremen Hochwassersituationen unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses technischer Hochwasserschutzmaßnahmen dar. Das IHAM System hat eine hohe praktische Bedeutung für die Entscheidungsunterstützung im Hochwassermanagement aufgrund der neuartigen Deichbruch- und Hochwassergefährdungskarten, die das Hauptprodukt der Simulationen darstellen.

Dam failures and the following emptying of the reservoir are very seldom. But such catastrophes caused significant damages in the past. The related risk has to consider as high despite the high return period. The paper describes the development of hazard maps showing the dimension of inundation in the downstream region of the dam due to a potential failure. The needed data and possible used software for the dam break flood simulation were discussed. A dam break occurred in the catchment area of the Müglitz river in the Ore mountains during the flood 2002 is described. / Das Versagen einer Talsperre mit einer sich anschließenden Entleerung des Stauraumes ist sehr selten. Jedoch zogen solche Ereignisse in der Vergangenheit immer große Schäden nach sich, so dass trotz der geringen Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit das Risiko als hoch einzuschätzen ist. Der Beitrag behandelt die Erstellung von Gefahrenkarten, die Auskunft darüber geben, wie groß die zu erwartende Überflutung infolge eines Bruches eines Absperrbauwerkes sein könnte. Dabei soll auf die zu ermittelnden Ausgangsdaten ebenso wie auf die zur Verfügung stehende Software zur Simulation der Ausbreitung von Talsperrenbruchwellen eingegangen werden. Als Fallbeispiel wird auf einen Dammbruch während des Hochwassers 2002 im Einzugsgebiet der Müglitz im Erzgebirge eingegangen.

Afim de se avaliar a dinâmica geomorfológica e social do município de Ubatuba, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, a pesquisa procurou levantar dados multidisciplinares das questões envolvidas, para a partir de então elaborar um banco de dados georreferenciados. A análise conjunta dos tipos de rocha, tipos de formas de relevo, dos graus de declividade, da concentração de aspectos morfotectônicos e o tipo de ocupação e concentração das distribuições urbanas do município culminou em um mapa de Risco Potencial de Acidentes Naturais. Os aspectos apresentados, quanto à avaliação de lineamentos, avaliação atualizada da distribuição censitária da região, e a inter-relação dos dados físicos e sociais, constituem aprofundamento do arcabouço fundamental para o pleno e racional desenvolvimento do município e região. Procurando estabelecer diálogo entre os dados concluídos e a sociedade que sofre com os riscos avaliados em Ubatuba, a pesquisa buscou que as avaliações sobre o material cartográfico final fossem discutidas por setores, divididos pelas sub-bacias que compõem o município. Desta forma, a apresentação dos dados obtidos apresenta um aspecto importante de individualização das questões particulares de cada bairro e cada área afetada, ou não, pelas diversas classes de risco avaliadas no mapa concluído / In order to assess the geomorphological and social dynamics of Ubatuba, northern coast of São Paulo, the research sought to raise multidisciplinary data of the issues involved, to thereafter prepare a georeferenced database. The municipality joint analysis of rock types, types of landforms, the degrees of slope, the concentration of morphotectonic aspects, occupancy type and concentration of urban distributions culminated in a Map of Potential Hazard of Natural Accidents. The aspects, regarding the evaluation guidelines, updated review of census region distribution, and the interrelationship of physical and social data, are deepening the fundamental framework for the full and rational development of the municipality and region. Seeking to establish dialogue between the concluded data and society that suffers from the assessed risks in Ubatuba, the research sought that evaluations on the final cartographic material were discussed by sectors, divided by sub-basins that make up the municipality. Thus, the presentation of data presents an important aspect of differentiating the particular issues of each neighborhood and each affected area, or not, for various categories evaluated in the final map

Afim de se avaliar a dinâmica geomorfológica e social do município de Ubatuba, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, a pesquisa procurou levantar dados multidisciplinares das questões envolvidas, para a partir de então elaborar um banco de dados georreferenciados. A análise conjunta dos tipos de rocha, tipos de formas de relevo, dos graus de declividade, da concentração de aspectos morfotectônicos e o tipo de ocupação e concentração das distribuições urbanas do município culminou em um mapa de Risco Potencial de Acidentes Naturais. Os aspectos apresentados, quanto à avaliação de lineamentos, avaliação atualizada da distribuição censitária da região, e a inter-relação dos dados físicos e sociais, constituem aprofundamento do arcabouço fundamental para o pleno e racional desenvolvimento do município e região. Procurando estabelecer diálogo entre os dados concluídos e a sociedade que sofre com os riscos avaliados em Ubatuba, a pesquisa buscou que as avaliações sobre o material cartográfico final fossem discutidas por setores, divididos pelas sub-bacias que compõem o município. Desta forma, a apresentação dos dados obtidos apresenta um aspecto importante de individualização das questões particulares de cada bairro e cada área afetada, ou não, pelas diversas classes de risco avaliadas no mapa concluído / In order to assess the geomorphological and social dynamics of Ubatuba, northern coast of São Paulo, the research sought to raise multidisciplinary data of the issues involved, to thereafter prepare a georeferenced database. The municipality joint analysis of rock types, types of landforms, the degrees of slope, the concentration of morphotectonic aspects, occupancy type and concentration of urban distributions culminated in a Map of Potential Hazard of Natural Accidents. The aspects, regarding the evaluation guidelines, updated review of census region distribution, and the interrelationship of physical and social data, are deepening the fundamental framework for the full and rational development of the municipality and region. Seeking to establish dialogue between the concluded data and society that suffers from the assessed risks in Ubatuba, the research sought that evaluations on the final cartographic material were discussed by sectors, divided by sub-basins that make up the municipality. Thus, the presentation of data presents an important aspect of differentiating the particular issues of each neighborhood and each affected area, or not, for various categories evaluated in the final map

Dam failures and the following emptying of the reservoir are very seldom. But such catastrophes caused significant damages in the past. The related risk has to consider as high despite the high return period. The paper describes the development of hazard maps showing the dimension of inundation in the downstream region of the dam due to a potential failure. The needed data and possible used software for the dam break flood simulation were discussed. A dam break occurred in the catchment area of the Müglitz river in the Ore mountains during the flood 2002 is described. / Das Versagen einer Talsperre mit einer sich anschließenden Entleerung des Stauraumes ist sehr selten. Jedoch zogen solche Ereignisse in der Vergangenheit immer große Schäden nach sich, so dass trotz der geringen Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit das Risiko als hoch einzuschätzen ist. Der Beitrag behandelt die Erstellung von Gefahrenkarten, die Auskunft darüber geben, wie groß die zu erwartende Überflutung infolge eines Bruches eines Absperrbauwerkes sein könnte. Dabei soll auf die zu ermittelnden Ausgangsdaten ebenso wie auf die zur Verfügung stehende Software zur Simulation der Ausbreitung von Talsperrenbruchwellen eingegangen werden. Als Fallbeispiel wird auf einen Dammbruch während des Hochwassers 2002 im Einzugsgebiet der Müglitz im Erzgebirge eingegangen.

L'ulcère de Buruli est une maladie émergente tropicale négligée. Il provoque une défiguration et une incapacité permanente pour les victimes. L'agent causal est Mycobacterium ulcerans. Cependant, le réservoir environnemental et le mode de transmission de cette bactérie ne sont pas connus. Les tentatives visant à gérer la maladie ont été freinées par le manque de connaissances concernant le mode de transmission ainsi que le réservoir environnemental de M. ulcerans. Certains écosystèmes et habitats ont été associés au risque de contracter cette mycobactérie, notamment les milieux aquatiques d'eau douce stagnants et perturbés par les activités humaines des régions tropicales. S'il n'existe pas de vecteur bien identifié, des insectes aquatiques Hémiptères sont fortement suspectés d'intervenir dans la vectorisation de cet agent infectieux à l'humain. Une compréhension complète de la distribution et du mode de transmission de la bactérie aiderait ainsi à la gestion de la maladie. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons les outils issus de la modélisation de la niche écologique pour décrire la distribution de M. ulcerans. Suite à la construction d'un modèle au Cameroun, en Afrique Centrale, et testé avec une seconde base de données en Guyane Française (Amérique du Sud), nous trouvons que l'agent pathogène montre des variations saisonnières notables dans la répartition de nos sites d'étude, au Cameroun. Pendant la saison humide, M. ulcerans est plus fréquente dans les grands bassins versants et en absence de marécages, tandis que durant la saison sèche, la bactérie est plus présente dans les petits bassins versants où peuvent être présents dans les zones marécageuses. Notre étude a permis de générer des cartes de répartition de l'agent pathogène dans la région d'étude, qui pourront être utilisées dans des études ultérieures contribuant à mieux gérer le risque infectieux pour cette maladie. De plus, nous avons développé une modélisation des niches écologiques des insectes aquatiques soupçonnés d'être des vecteurs de l'agent pathogène. Basé sur un protocole d'échantillonnage d'insectes aquatiques qui couvre l'ensemble du Cameroun, nous avons construit un modèle suivant la méthode de l'entropie maximale. Ceci nous a permis d'interpoler notre modèle sur toute l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Nous avons ensuite testé une corrélation entre la répartition prévue des insectes potentiellement vecteurs, et la prévalence de l'ulcère de Buruli. Nous mettons en évidence une corrélation positive significative entre la répartition des insectes et la répartition de la maladie, et trouvons que cette corrélation varie significativement dans l'espace et le temps. Ceci est cohérent avec la possibilité d'une transmission multi-hôte pour cet agent pathogène.Enfin, en collaboration avec d'autres auteurs, nous avons pu explorer différents facteurs influençant la distribution de M. ulcerans, tels que les réseaux et la structure de la communauté biotique, ou encore l'impact de l'occupation du sol sur la distribution de l'ulcère de Buruli dans notre région d'étude d'Akonolinga au Cameroun. Et enfin nous avons testé le changement de distribution de la maladie à une plus grande échelle, entre le Bénin et le Nigeria. Cette thèse contribue à une meilleure compréhension de la distribution de Mycobacterium ulcerans et de l'ulcère de Buruli, fournissant des éléments de preuve d'une transmission multi-hôtes de la mycobactérie, ainsi que les premières cartes de répartition de l'agent pathogène pour la région d'Akonolinga au Cameroun. / The Buruli ulcer is an emerging environmentally acquired infectious neglected tropical disease. It causes permanent disability and disfigurement in victims. The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans; however the environmental reservoir and mode of transmission of this bacterium are not known. Attempts to manage the disease have been hampered by lack of knowledge of the mode of transmission and the environmental reservoir of M. ulcerans. Certain environments have been associated with the disease, notably disturbed aquatic environments composed of small bodies of stagnant water. There is no known vector, though aquatic insects have been implicated as possible vectors. A full understanding of the distribution and mode of transmission of the bacterium would help in management of the disease.In this thesis, we use the tools developed in ecological niche modelling to describe the distribution of M. ulcerans. Following the construction of a model in Cameroon, Central Africa, and tested against a second database in French Guiana (South America), the pathogen is found to have notable seasonal changes in its distribution in our study sites in Cameroon. In the wet season, M. ulcerans is more common in large watersheds, while in the dry season the bacterium is more common in small watersheds. This enabled the generation of hazard maps of the pathogen distribution in the study region, which will be used in future studies and management of the disease. Following this we undertook ecological niche modelling to describe the distribution of the aquatic insects suspected to be vectors of M. ulcerans. Based on a sampling protocol that spanned the country of Cameroon, we undertake maximum entropy modelling, which enabled us to interpolate our model across all of West Africa. With these maps we explore the correlation between the predicted distribution of the insects to the prevalence of the Buruli ulcer. We find a significant positive correlation between the distribution of the insects and the distribution of the disease, and find that this correlation undergoes significant changes in space and time, consistent with the model of multi-vectorial transmission of the disease.Finally, in collaboration with other authors, we have assisted in exploring how the distribution of M. ulcerans changes according to community structure networks, how the distribution of the Buruli ulcer disease changes in our study region of Akonolinga, Cameroon, and how the distribution of the disease changes at a larger scale, between Benin and Nigeria. This thesis contributes to our understanding of the distribution and drivers of Mycobacterium ulcerans and the Buruli ulcer, providing evidence of multi-vectorial transmission of the disease, and the first hazard maps of the pathogen for Akonolinga, Cameroon.

Mankind is facing the problem due to earthquake hazard since prehistoric times. Many of the developed and developing countries are under constant threats from earthquakes hazards. Theories of plate tectonics and engineering seismology have helped to understand earthquakes and also to predicate earthquake hazards on a regional scale. However, the regional scale hazard mapping in terms of seismic zonation has been not fully implemented in many of the developing countries like India. Agglomerations of large population in the Indian cities and poor constructions have raised the risk due to various possible seismic hazards. First and foremost step towards hazard reduction is estimation of the seismic hazards in regional scale. Objective of this study is to estimate the seismic hazard parameters for Lucknow, a part of Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) and develop regional scale microzonation map. Lucknow is a highly populated city which is located close to the active seismic belt of Himalaya. This belt came into existence during the Cenozoic era (40-50 million years ago) and is a constant source of seismic threats. Many of the devastating earthquakes which have happened since prehistoric times such as 1255 Nepal, 1555 Srinagar, 1737 Kolkata, 1803 Nepal, 1833 Kathmandu, 1897 Shillong, 1905 Kangra, 1934 Bihar-Nepal, 1950 Assam and 2005 Kashmir. Historic evidences show that many of these earthquakes had caused fatalities even up to 0.1 million. At present, in the light of building up strains and non-occurrence of a great event in between 1905 Kangra earthquake and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake regions the stretch has been highlighted as central seismic gap. This location may have high potential of great earthquakes in the near future. Geodetic studies in these locations indicate a possible slip of 9.5 m which may cause an event of magnitude 8.7 on Richter scale in the central seismic gap. Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh has a population of 2.8 million as per Census 2011. It lies in ZONE III as per IS1893: 2002 and can be called as moderate seismic region. However, the city falls within 350 km radial distance from Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and active regional seismic source of the Lucknow-Faizabad fault. Considering the ongoing seismicity of Himalayan region and the Lucknow-Faizabad fault, this city is under high seismic threat. Hence a comprehensive study of understanding the earthquake hazards on a regional scale for the Lucknow is needed. In this work the seismic microzonation of Lucknow has been attempted. The whole thesis is divided into 11 chapters. A detailed discussion on the importance of this study, seismicity of Lucknow, and methodology adopted for detailed seismic hazard assessment and microzonation are presented in first three chapters. Development of region specific Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) and seismic hazard estimation at bedrock level using highly ranked GMPEs are presented in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively. Subsurface lithology, measurement of dynamic soil properties and correlations are essential to assess region specific site effects and liquefaction potential. Discussion on the experimental studies, subsurface profiling using geotechnical and geophysical tests results and correlation between shear wave velocity (SWV) and standard penetration test (SPT) N values are presented in Chapter 6. Detailed shear wave velocity profiling with seismic site classification and ground response parameters considering multiple ground motion data are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. Chapters 9 and 10 present the assessment of liquefaction potential and determination of hazard index with microzonation maps respectively. Conclusions derived from each chapter are presented in Chapter 11. A brief summary of the work is presented below: Attenuation relations or GMPEs are important component of any seismic hazard analysis which controls accurate prediction of the hazard values. Even though the Himalayas have experienced great earthquakes since ancient times, suitable GMPEs which are applicable for a wide range of distance and magnitude are limited. Most of the available regional GMPEs were developed considering limited recorded data and/or pure synthetic ground motion data. This chapter presents development of a regional GMPE considering both the recorded as well as synthetic ground motions. In total 14 earthquakes consisting of 10 events with recorded data and 4 historic events with Isoseismal maps are used for the same. Synthetic ground motions based on finite fault model have been generated at unavailable locations for recorded events and complete range distances for historic earthquakes. Model parameters for synthetic ground motion were arrived by detailed parametric study and from literatures. A concept of Apparent Stations (AS) has been used to generate synthetic ground motion in a wide range of distance as well as direction around the epicenter. Synthetic ground motion data is validated by comparing with available recorded data and peak ground acceleration (PGA) from Isoseismal maps. A new GMPE has been developed based on two step stratified regression procedure considering the combined dataset of recorded and synthetic ground motions. The new GMPE is validated by comparing with three recently recorded earthquakes events. GMPE proposed in this study is capable of predicting PGA values close to recorded data and spectral acceleration up to period of 2 seconds. Comparison of new GMPE with the recorded data of recent earthquakes shows a good matching of ground motion as well as response spectra. The new GMPE is applicable for wide range of earthquake magnitudes from 5 to 9 on Mw scale. Reduction of future earthquake hazard is possible if hazard values are predicted precisely. A detailed seismic hazard analysis is carried out in this study considering deterministic and probabilistic approaches. New seismotectonic map has been generated for Lucknow considering a radial distance of 350 km around the city centre, which also covers active Himalayan plate boundaries. Past earthquakes within the seismotectonic region have been collected from United State Geological Survey (USGS), Northern California Earthquake Data Centre (NCEDC), Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Seismic Atlas of India and its Environs (SEISAT) etc. A total of 1831 events with all the magnitude range were obtained. Collected events were homogenized, declustered and filtered for Mw ≥ 4 events. A total of 496 events were found within the seismic study region. Well delineated seismic sources are compiled from SEISAT. Superimposing the earthquake catalogue on the source map, a seismotectonic map of Lucknow was generated. A total of 47 faults which have experienced earthquake magnitude of 4 and above are found which are used for seismic hazard analysis. Based on the distribution of earthquake events on the seismotectonic map, two regions have been identified. Region I which shows high density of seismic events in the area in and around of Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Region II which consists of area surrounding Lucknow with sparse distribution of earthquake events. Data completeness analysis and estimation of seismic parameter “a” and “b” are carried out separately for both the regions. Based on the analysis, available earthquake data is complete for a period of 80 years in both the regions. Using the complete data set, the regional recurrence relations have been developed. It shows a “b” value of 0.86 for region I and 0.9 for Region II which are found comparable with earlier studies. Maximum possible earthquake magnitude in each source has been estimated using observed magnitude and doubly truncated Gutenberg-Richter relation. The study area of Lucknow is divided into 0.015o x 0.015o grid size and PGA at each grid has been estimated by considering all sources and the three GMPEs. A Matlab code was generated for seismic hazard analysis and maximum PGA value at each grid point was determined and mapped. Deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) shows that maximum expected PGA values at bedrock level varies from 0.05g in the eastern part to 0.13g in the northern region. Response spectrum at city centre is also developed up to a period of 2 seconds. Further, Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has been carried out and PGA values for 10 % and 2 % probability of exceedence in 50 years have been estimated and mapped. PSHA for 10 % probability shows PGA variation from 0.035g in the eastern parts to 0.07g in the western and northern parts of Lucknow. Similarly PSHA for 2 % probability of exceedence indicates PGA variation from 0.07g in the eastern parts while the northern parts are expecting PGA of 0.13g. Uniform hazard spectra are also developed for 2 % and 10 % probability for a period of up to 2 seconds. The seismic hazard analyses in this study show that the northern and western parts of Lucknow are more vulnerable when compared to other part. Bedrock hazard values completely change due to subsoil properties when it reaches the surface. A detailed geophysical and geotechnical investigation has been carried out for subsoil profiling and seismic site classification. The study area has been divided into grids of 2 km x 2 km and roughly one geophysical test using MASW (Multichannel Analysis Surface Wave) has been carried out in each grid and the shear wave velocity (SWV) profiles of subsoil layers are obtained. A total of 47 MASW tests have been carried out and which are uniformly distributed in Lucknow. In addition, 12 boreholes have also been drilled with necessary sampling and measurement of N-SPT values at 1.5 m interval till a depth of 30 m. Further, 11 more borelog reports are collected from the same agency hired for drilling the boreholes. Necessary laboratory tests are conducted on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for soil classification and density measurement. Based on the subsoil informations obtained from these boreholes, two cross-sections up to a depth of 30 m have been generated. These cross-sections show the presence of silty sand in the top 10 m at most of the locations followed by clayey sand of low to medium compressibility till a depth of 30 m. In between the sand and clay traces of silt were also been found in many locations. In addition to these boreholes, 20 deeper boreholes (depth ≥150 m) are collected from Jal Nigam (Water Corporation) Lucknow, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Typical cross-section along the alignment of these deeper boreholes has been generated up to 150 m depth. This cross-section shows the presence of fine sand near Gomati while other locations are occupied by surface clayey sand. Also, the medium sand has been found in the western part of the city at a depth of 110 m which continues till 150 m depth. On careful examination of MASW and boreholes with N-SPT, 17 locations are found very close and SWV and N-SPT values are available up to 30 m depth. These SWV and N-SPT values are complied and used to develop correlations between SWV and N-SPT for sandy soil, clayey soil and all soil types. This correlation is the first correlation for IGB soil deposits considered measured data up to 30 m. The new correlation is verified graphically using normal consistency ratio and standard percentage error with respect to measured N-SPT and SWV. Further, SWV and N-SPT profiles are used Another important earthquake induced hazard is liquefaction. Even though many historic earthquakes caused liquefaction in India, very limited attempt has been made to map liquefaction potential in IGB. In this study, a detailed liquefaction analysis has been carried out for Lucknow a part of Ganga Basin to map liquefaction potential. Initially susceptibility of liquefaction for soil deposits has been assessed by comparing the grain size distribution curve obtained from laboratory tests with the range of grain size distribution for potentially liquefiable soils. Most of surface soil deposits in the study area are susceptible to liquefaction. At all the 23 borehole locations, measured N-SPT values are corrected for (a) Overburden Pressure (CN), (b) Hammer energy (CE), (c) Borehole diameter (CB), (d) presence or absence of liner (CS), (e) Rod length (CR) and (f) fines content (Cfines). Surface PGA values at each borehole locations are used to estimate Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR). Corrected N-SPT values [(N1)60CS] are used to estimate Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) at each layer. CSR and CRR values are used to estimate Factor of Safety (FOS) against liquefaction in each layer. Least factor safety values are indentified from each location and presented liquefaction factor of safety map for average and maximum amplified PGA values. These maps highlight that northern, western and central parts of Lucknow are very critical to critical against liquefaction while southern parts shows moderate to low critical area. The entire alignment of river Gomati falls in very critical to critical regions for liquefaction. Least FOS shows worst scenario and does not account thickness of liquefiable soil layers. Further, these FOS values are used to determine Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) of each site and developed LPI map. Based on LPI map, the Gomati is found as high to very high liquefaction potential region. Southern and the central parts of Lucknow show low to moderate liquefaction potential while the northern and western Lucknow has moderate to high liquefaction potential. All possible seismic hazards maps for Lucknow have been combined to develop final microzonation map in terms of hazard index values. Hazard index maps are prepared by combining rock PGA map, site classification map in terms of shear wave velocity, amplification factor map, and FOS map and predominant period map by adopting Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). All these parameters have been given here in the order starting with maximum weight of 6 for PGA to lower weight of 1 for predominant frequency. Normalized weights of each parameter have been estimated. Depending upon the variation of each hazard parameter values, three to five ranks are assigned and the normalized ranks are calculated. Final hazard index values have been estimated by multiplying normalized ranks of each parameter with the normalized weights. Microzonation map has been generated by mapping hazard index values. Three maps were generated based on DSHA, PSHA for 2% and 10 % probability of exceedence in 50 years. Hazard index maps from DSHA and PSHA for 2 % probability show similar pattern. Higher hazard index were obtained in northern and western parts of Lucknow and lower values in others. The new microzonation maps can help in dividing the Lucknow into three parts as high area i.e. North western part, moderate hazard area i.e. central part and low hazard area which covers southern and eastern parts of Lucknow. This microzonation is different from the current seismic code where all area is lumped in one zone without detailed assessment of different earthquake hazard parameters. Finally this study brings out first region specific GMPE considering recorded and synthetic ground monitions for wide range of magnitudes and distances. Proposed GMPE can also be used in other part of the Himalayan region as it matches well with the highly ranked GMPEs. Detailed rock level PGA map has been generated for Lucknow considering DSHA and PSHA. A detailed geotechnical and geophysical experiments are carried out in Lucknow. These results are used to develop correction between SWV and N-SPT values for soil deposit in IGB and site classification maps for the study area. Amplification and liquefaction potential of Lucknow are estimated by considering multiple ground motions data to account different earthquake ground motion amplitude, duration and frequency, which is unique in the seismic microzonation study.