The following thesis is focusing on the public healthcare financing in Russian Federation. The author set the objective as to characterize the sources of public healthcare financing and propose measures oriented towards further development of voluntary health insurance in the Russian Federation. The objective of the first part of the thesis is to investigate Russia's healthcare system from the aspect of finance sources. In the next part of the work the author focuses on the necessity of further development of private financing of healthcare through voluntary health insurance. Furthermore, this part is looking into the draft bill of changes in the Area (territory) program of public expenditures.

O subfinanciamento do tratamento cirúrgico das deformidades da coluna vertebral tem resultado em aumento progressivo das listas de espera nos centros de referência para tratamento de alta complexidade pelo sistema público de saúde. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o modo como a gestão pública na saúde tem conduzido o tratamento das deformidades da coluna vertebral e avaliar as consequências clínicas, radiográficas e econômicas do atraso na realização do tratamento cirúrgico. O estudo foi realizado em três estágios: transversal, retrospectivo e prospectivo. Foram avaliados 60 pacientes com deformidades da coluna vertebral e que aguardavam tratamento cirúrgico até Dezembro de 2013, com idade entre 3 e 23 anos, 66,7% femininos, e de etiologias: neuromuscular (28,3%), congênita (26,7%), idiopática (25,0%), sindrômica (16,7%), doença de Marfan (1,7%) e neurofibromatose (1,7%). Os parâmetros avaliados foram idade, gênero, etiologia, origem, modo de encaminhamento, tempo de espera pelo encaminhamento, tempo de espera pelo tratamento cirúrgico, e necessidade de implantes não disponibilizados pelo sistema de gestão da saúde. No segundo estágio foram avaliados: qualidade de vida dos pacientes por meio do questionário SRS-22r e parâmetros radiográficos atuais, comparados aos parâmetros no momento do alistamento para o tratamento cirúrgico. No terceiro estágio, os pacientes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos cirúrgico e lista de espera. Os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico foram comparados aos que permaneceram na lista de espera quanto ao custo e à efetividade dos tratamentos, utilizando como desfecho a evolução dos parâmetros radiográficos e da pontuação no questionário SRS-22r. Foi observado que 91% dos pacientes foram originários das regionais de Ribeirão Preto e adjacentes. Apenas 25% dos pacientes receberam tratamento no centro primário. O tempo de espera pela consulta no centro de referência foi de medianos 8,5 meses, e, após o alistamento na fila de espera, os pacientes aguardaram medianos 13,5 meses pelo tratamento cirúrgico. 45% dos pacientes da fila de espera apresentaram necessidade de implantes não disponibilizados pelo sistema de gestão em saúde. A deformidade no plano coronal aumentou em média 18,7° durante o período de espera. Houve aumento no número de pacientes descompensados no plano coronal e sagital, e no número de pacientes com obliquidade pélvica. A pontuação mediana no questionário SRS-22r foi 3,73. O custo médio do tratamento dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia foi R$71.139. Foi observada correção média da deformidade em -49,6% (-42,1°) e melhora na pontuação no questionário SRS-22r em 0,5 pontos. No grupo de pacientes submetidos ao seguimento clínico, o custo médio foi de R$377, com aumento médio da deformidade em 16,0% (11,0°); não houve diferença na pontuação no questionário SRS-22r. Os resultados do estudo indicam que novas políticas de gestão da saúde devam ser adotadas para o tratamento das deformidades da coluna vertebral com a finalidade de evitar a progressão da deformidade dos pacientes e viabilizar o tratamento definitivo / The underfunding of the surgical treatment of spinal deformities has resulted in steadily growing waiting lists in reference centers for high complexity treatment in publicly funded healthcare systems. The aim of the study was to characterize how the management of the public health system has been conducting the treatment of spinal deformities and to evaluate the clinical, radiological, and economic impact of the delay in performing the surgical treatment. The study was conducted in three stages: Cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective stages. Sixty patients with complex pediatric spinal deformities who were waiting for treatment until December 2013 were evaluated. The age range was 3-23 years-old, 66·7% were females, and the etiologies were: neuromuscular (28·3%), congenital (26·7%), idiopathic (25%), syndromes (16·7%), Marfan\'s disease (1·7%), and neurofibromatosis (1·7%). The evaluated parameters were age, gender, etiology, origin, method of referral, waiting time for the referral, waiting time for the surgical treatment, and the need for implants not reimbursed by the healthcare system. For the second stage, the health-related quality of life was assessed through the application of the SRS-22r questionnaire and the present radiographic measurements were compared to the initial parameters (at the time the patients were enrolled for surgery). For the third stage, the patients were randomly assigned into two groups: Surgery and Waitlist. The patients submitted to surgical treatment were compared to the patients who remained on the waiting list considering the costs and effectiveness of the treatments, using the progression of the radiographic parameters and the score in the SRS-22r questionnaire as outcome measures. The results of the study demonstrated that 91% of the patients were from the region of Ribeirão Preto and adjacent regions. Only 25% of the patients received treatment at primary care centers. Patients waited median 8.5 months for referral and 13.5 months for the surgical treatment. 45% of the patients on the waiting list had the necessity for implants not reimbursed by the healthcare system. The deformity\'s Cobb angle increased mean 18.7° during the waiting period. There was an increase in the number of patients with coronal or sagittal decompensation, and in the number of patients with pelvic obliquity. The median SRS-22r® total score was 3.73. The mean cost of treatment for the Surgery group was R$71,139. A deformity correction of mean -49.6% (-42.1°) and a health-related quality of life improvement of 0.5 points in the SRS-22r score were observed. In the Waitlist group, the mean cost was R$377, with a mean increase of the deformity of 16.0% (11.0°); there was no difference in the SRS-22r scores. The results of the study indicate that new policies on the public health management of spinal deformities should be adopted to avoid progression of the deformities and make the definitive treatment viable

O subfinanciamento do tratamento cirúrgico das deformidades da coluna vertebral tem resultado em aumento progressivo das listas de espera nos centros de referência para tratamento de alta complexidade pelo sistema público de saúde. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o modo como a gestão pública na saúde tem conduzido o tratamento das deformidades da coluna vertebral e avaliar as consequências clínicas, radiográficas e econômicas do atraso na realização do tratamento cirúrgico. O estudo foi realizado em três estágios: transversal, retrospectivo e prospectivo. Foram avaliados 60 pacientes com deformidades da coluna vertebral e que aguardavam tratamento cirúrgico até Dezembro de 2013, com idade entre 3 e 23 anos, 66,7% femininos, e de etiologias: neuromuscular (28,3%), congênita (26,7%), idiopática (25,0%), sindrômica (16,7%), doença de Marfan (1,7%) e neurofibromatose (1,7%). Os parâmetros avaliados foram idade, gênero, etiologia, origem, modo de encaminhamento, tempo de espera pelo encaminhamento, tempo de espera pelo tratamento cirúrgico, e necessidade de implantes não disponibilizados pelo sistema de gestão da saúde. No segundo estágio foram avaliados: qualidade de vida dos pacientes por meio do questionário SRS-22r e parâmetros radiográficos atuais, comparados aos parâmetros no momento do alistamento para o tratamento cirúrgico. No terceiro estágio, os pacientes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos cirúrgico e lista de espera. Os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico foram comparados aos que permaneceram na lista de espera quanto ao custo e à efetividade dos tratamentos, utilizando como desfecho a evolução dos parâmetros radiográficos e da pontuação no questionário SRS-22r. Foi observado que 91% dos pacientes foram originários das regionais de Ribeirão Preto e adjacentes. Apenas 25% dos pacientes receberam tratamento no centro primário. O tempo de espera pela consulta no centro de referência foi de medianos 8,5 meses, e, após o alistamento na fila de espera, os pacientes aguardaram medianos 13,5 meses pelo tratamento cirúrgico. 45% dos pacientes da fila de espera apresentaram necessidade de implantes não disponibilizados pelo sistema de gestão em saúde. A deformidade no plano coronal aumentou em média 18,7° durante o período de espera. Houve aumento no número de pacientes descompensados no plano coronal e sagital, e no número de pacientes com obliquidade pélvica. A pontuação mediana no questionário SRS-22r foi 3,73. O custo médio do tratamento dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia foi R$71.139. Foi observada correção média da deformidade em -49,6% (-42,1°) e melhora na pontuação no questionário SRS-22r em 0,5 pontos. No grupo de pacientes submetidos ao seguimento clínico, o custo médio foi de R$377, com aumento médio da deformidade em 16,0% (11,0°); não houve diferença na pontuação no questionário SRS-22r. Os resultados do estudo indicam que novas políticas de gestão da saúde devam ser adotadas para o tratamento das deformidades da coluna vertebral com a finalidade de evitar a progressão da deformidade dos pacientes e viabilizar o tratamento definitivo / The underfunding of the surgical treatment of spinal deformities has resulted in steadily growing waiting lists in reference centers for high complexity treatment in publicly funded healthcare systems. The aim of the study was to characterize how the management of the public health system has been conducting the treatment of spinal deformities and to evaluate the clinical, radiological, and economic impact of the delay in performing the surgical treatment. The study was conducted in three stages: Cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective stages. Sixty patients with complex pediatric spinal deformities who were waiting for treatment until December 2013 were evaluated. The age range was 3-23 years-old, 66·7% were females, and the etiologies were: neuromuscular (28·3%), congenital (26·7%), idiopathic (25%), syndromes (16·7%), Marfan\'s disease (1·7%), and neurofibromatosis (1·7%). The evaluated parameters were age, gender, etiology, origin, method of referral, waiting time for the referral, waiting time for the surgical treatment, and the need for implants not reimbursed by the healthcare system. For the second stage, the health-related quality of life was assessed through the application of the SRS-22r questionnaire and the present radiographic measurements were compared to the initial parameters (at the time the patients were enrolled for surgery). For the third stage, the patients were randomly assigned into two groups: Surgery and Waitlist. The patients submitted to surgical treatment were compared to the patients who remained on the waiting list considering the costs and effectiveness of the treatments, using the progression of the radiographic parameters and the score in the SRS-22r questionnaire as outcome measures. The results of the study demonstrated that 91% of the patients were from the region of Ribeirão Preto and adjacent regions. Only 25% of the patients received treatment at primary care centers. Patients waited median 8.5 months for referral and 13.5 months for the surgical treatment. 45% of the patients on the waiting list had the necessity for implants not reimbursed by the healthcare system. The deformity\'s Cobb angle increased mean 18.7° during the waiting period. There was an increase in the number of patients with coronal or sagittal decompensation, and in the number of patients with pelvic obliquity. The median SRS-22r® total score was 3.73. The mean cost of treatment for the Surgery group was R$71,139. A deformity correction of mean -49.6% (-42.1°) and a health-related quality of life improvement of 0.5 points in the SRS-22r score were observed. In the Waitlist group, the mean cost was R$377, with a mean increase of the deformity of 16.0% (11.0°); there was no difference in the SRS-22r scores. The results of the study indicate that new policies on the public health management of spinal deformities should be adopted to avoid progression of the deformities and make the definitive treatment viable

In the recent decades, a significant demographic shift is underway, with increasing life expectancy and falling fertility rates, causing a change in the age structure of populations. This introduces a problem for the sustainability of many modern social systems, which rely on funds from the economically active population to pay for the increased expenses of the elderly population. Over the last few decades, two scenarios that would alleviate the problem have been proposed. One is the compression of morbidity or healthy ageing, which assumes that a large part of the gains in life expectancy will be spent in good health, thus reducing the pressure on the healthcare system. The other being the concept of death-related costs hypothesis which assumes that a large portion of the older populations healthcare costs is tied to the death of the individual, which would mean that the increasing life expectancy would just shift the existing healthcare expenses to older age at the same rate as the increase in life expectancy. This thesis provides information on the situation in the Czech Republic, and whether any of these scenarios are present in the data from the last 20 years, which could be relied on to improve the healthcare system financing in the following years. The analysis of the average Czech...

Submitted by Fabíola Silva (fabiola.silva@famerp.br) on 2017-05-19T19:37:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrasegarra_dissert.pdf: 1704764 bytes, checksum: 485f845ed69e0d77fde1f179e0994867 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T19:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrasegarra_dissert.pdf: 1704764 bytes, checksum: 485f845ed69e0d77fde1f179e0994867 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introduction: World Health Organization recognition of Integrative and Complementary Practices (PICs) and the high costs of biomedicine have encouraged countries to implement PICs in their Public Health Systems, since PICs require simplified technological resources and work in the promotion, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of most common illnesses, leading to the humanization of treatment. In Brazil, the insertion of these practices in the Unified Health System (SUS) was made possible in 2006, when the National Policy for PICs (Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares or PNPIC in Portuguese) was approved, aiming at broadening treatment at all levels while focusing on primary care. Among the PICs, acupuncture is highlighted due to its popularity and progressive acceptance in western society. Objective: To investigate the profile of acupuncture users and the financing of acupuncture sessions in a teaching hospital in the countryside of Sao Paulo state. Methods: This quantitative, descriptive and traversal study used, as a data source, all records computerized between 2010 and 2016 regarding 2,564 patients who received 19,034 acupuncture sessions as prescribed therapeutic interventions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, the ANOVA test, the Games-Howell Multiple Comparison procedure, Pearson's correlation test, and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (multivariate approach) in order to investigate the relationship between the collected variables, the total number of sessions, and the total financial cost of acupuncture. Results: Most patients were female- 1952 (76.13%), were housekeepers-739 (28.82%), had elementary school education-1077 (42.00%), and were Catholics-1651 (64.39%). The mean number of acupuncture sessions was 7.42 with a standard deviation of 8.99 sessions and a median of 5.0 sessions. The mean financing round for the performance of acupuncture sessions was 91.99 Brazilian Reais/patient with a standard deviation of 120.10 Brazilian Reais and a median of 56.52 Brazilian Reais, reaching a maximum of 1429.06 Brazilian Reais. The mean financing round per session was 12.15 Brazilian Reais, with a standard deviation of 3.74 Brazilian Reais and a median of 14.13 Brazilian Reais, reaching a maximum of 21.47 Brazilian Reais per session. Conclusion: There is a need to offer other healthcare practices provided for in the PNPIC, and show that these practices, their benefits, and the government financing of PICs should be better publicized to users of the UHS and primary care providers, especially physicians. / Introdução: A Organização Mundial de Saúde tem reconhecido a importância das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PIC) e os altos custos da biomedicina tem estimulado os países a inserir seu uso no Sistema Público de Saúde, considerando que exigem recursos tecnológicos simplificados, que atuam na promoção, prevenção, tratamento e reabilitação dos principais agravos, com humanização do atendimento. Objetivo: analisar o perfil de usuários e o financiamento da acupuntura em um hospital de ensino no interior paulista. Método: pesquisa com abordagem quantitativa, transversal, com fonte de dados nos registros computadorizados entre os anos de 2010 a 2016, referente a 2564 pacientes que fizeram 19.034 atendimentos de acupuntura como prática terapêutica prescrita. Na análise dos dados foram realizadas técnicas de estatística descritiva e os teste de Mann-Whitney, de Análise de Variância (ANOVA), de comparação múltipla de Games-Howell, teste de correlação de Pearson e análise de Correspondência Múltipla (abordagem multivariada), para observar a relação entre todas as variáveis coletadas, o número total de atendimentos e o recurso financeiro total da prática de acupuntura. Resultados: a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino- 1952 (76,13%); com ocupação do lar- 739 (28,82%); escolaridade em nível do ensino fundamental-1077 (42,00%); religião católica-1651 (64,39%). O número médio de atendimentos foi de 7,42 com desvio padrão de 8,99 atendimentos e mediana de 5,00 atendimentos. O financiamento médio com a realização da prática de acupuntura, por paciente, foi de 91,99 reais com desvio padrão de 120,10 reais e mediana de 56,52 reais, atingindo um máximo de 1429,06 reais. O financiamento médio, por atendimento, foi de 12,15 reais com desvio padrão de 3,74 reais e mediana de 14,13 reais, atingindo um máximo de 21,47 reais por atendimento. Conclusão: Há necessidade de ofertar outras práticas de atenção em saúde previstas na Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares e que deve ser mais divulgado entre usuários do SUS e aos profissionais de saúde no âmbito da Atenção Básica, principalmente aos médicos, os benefícios e o financiamento governamental das práticas integrativas e complementares.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-03T15:04:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luizafurtadoesilva.pdf: 1476009 bytes, checksum: f2971cac4eb39d8585845af26299b1da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T13:05:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luizafurtadoesilva.pdf: 1476009 bytes, checksum: f2971cac4eb39d8585845af26299b1da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T13:05:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luizafurtadoesilva.pdf: 1476009 bytes, checksum: f2971cac4eb39d8585845af26299b1da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) são um indicador da efetividade da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) por meio da atividade hospitalar ao representar problemas de acesso e qualidade que impactam nos gastos do Sistema Único de Saúde. A APS vem sendo consolidada no país por meio da ampliação da cobertura pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), pelo olhar diferenciado para as demandas em saúde, sob a concepção ampliada do conceito saúde, resultando em melhores indicadores como cobertura vacinal, redução da mortalidade infantil e ICSAP. OBJETIVO: analisar a prevalência e os gastos com ICSAP no estado e nas macrorregiões de saúde de Minas Gerais (MG). METODOLOGIA: estudo ecológico, realizado nos anos de 2009 e 2014. Foram extraídas as AIH do SIH-SUS e separadas em internações por causas gerais; e por ICSAP de acordo com a lista brasileira de 2008. O banco de dados foi estruturado incluindo-se as internações e as variáveis de estrutura dos serviços para as macrorregiões de saúde de MG e para o estado. Optou-se por estudar as faixas etárias infantil (0 a 12 anos) e de idosos (60 anos ou mais). Foi realizada a análise descritiva da prevalência e gastos com ICSAP e a identificação de possíveis associações estatísticas entre as variáveis de estrutura e as ICSAP, tanto no estado como nas macrorregiões de saúde, por meio da correlação de Pearson, assumindo-se como associação estatisticamente significante o valor de p≤0,05. RESULTADOS: um primeiro estudo analisou o panorama das ICSAP no estado de MG e notou-se redução dos gastos e das taxas de ICSAP no ano de 2014. As causas mais prevalentes de ICSAP foram a Insuficiência Cardíaca para os idosos e as Gastroenterites e Pneumonias Bacterianas para a população infantil. A cobertura pela ESF apresentou associação estatisticamente significante com as ICSAP. O segundo estudo, identificou, pela análise macrorregional, a redução das taxas e gastos por ICSAP na maioria das macrorregiões de saúde em 2014, evidenciando a diversidade dos cenários regionais no estado. Não foi estabelecida associação estatística entre as variáveis de estrutura e as ICSAP, na maioria das macrorregiões. CONCLUSÃO: a redução das ICSAP e dos gastos com as internações consideradas evitáveis foi observada no estado e na maioria das macrorregiões do estado para 2014, mas com piores resultados em macrorregiões de menor desenvolvimento socioeconômico. A expansão da cobertura pela ESF, além de auxiliar na consolidação e fortalecimento da APS, está associada à redução das ICSAP no estado de MG. É preciso conhecer os gastos em saúde para auxiliar a gestão no planejamento e no uso racional de recursos financeiros em saúde. / Hospitalizations due to Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions are an indicator of the effectiveness of Primary Health Care through hospital activity and represent problems of access and quality that impact the spending of the Unified Health System. PHC has been consolidated in the country through the expansion of coverage by the Family Health Strategy, which has a differentiated look at health demands under the broader conception of health and has been able to improve indicators such as vaccine coverage, reduction of infant mortality and ACSC. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the prevalence and expenditure with ACSC in the state and macro-regions of health of Minas Gerais. METHODOLOGY: an ecological study, carried out for the years 2009 and 2014. The Authorizations for Hospital Stay of the Hospital Information System-UHS were extracted and separated in hospitalizations for general causes and by ACSC, selected according to the Brazilian list of 2008. The database included the hospitalizations and the structure variables of services for the health macro-regions of MG and for the state. It was decided to study the age groups of children (0 to 12 years) and the elderly (60 years and over). Descriptive analysis of the prevalence and expenditures with ACSC was made and the identification of possible statistical associations between the structural variables and the ACSC, both in the state and in the macro-regions of health, occurred through the Pearson correlation, assuming as a statistically significant association value of p≤0.05. RESULTS: a first study analyzed the scenario of ACSC in the state of Minas Gerais and there was a tendency to reduce expenditures and ACSC rates between the years. The most prevalent causes of ACSC were Heart Failure for the elderly and Gastroenteritis and Bacterial Pneumonias for children. The coverage by the FHS showed a statistically significant association with the ACSC. For macroregional analysis, there was a tendency to reduce rates and spending in most macro-regions of health, with a great variability of regional scenarios, evidencing the diversity of the state. Few statistical association was established between the structural variables and the ACSC, in most of the macro regions. CONCLUSION: the trend towards the reduction of ACSC and expenditures with hospitalizations considered avoidable was observed in the state and in most macro-regions of the state, but worse results were observed in macro-regions of lower socioeconomic development. The expansion of coverage by the FHS, besides helping to consolidate and strengthen the PHC, is associated with the reduction of the ACSC in the state of MG. It is necessary to know the health expenditures to assist the management in the planning and rational use of financial resources in health.

No description available.

Bibliography: leaves 268-317 / The challenge of accessing affordable healthcare services in the developing countries prompted the promotion of community-based health insurance (CBHI) as an effective alternative. CBHI has been implemented in many countries of the South over the last three decades for the purpose of improving access and attaining universal health coverage. However, the sudden stoppage of a CBHI programme in rural Nigeria raised a lot of concerns about the suitability of the health financing scheme. Thus, this thesis examines the stoppage of the CBHI programme in rural Kwara, Nigeria. Premised on the health policy triangle as a conceptual framework, mixed methods approach was adopted for data collection. This involved 12 focus group discussions, 22 in-depth interviews, 32 key informant interviews and 1,583 questionaires. The study participants were community members, community leaders, healthcare providers, policymakers, international partner, health maintenance organisation officials and a researcher. Findings revealed that transnational actors relied on various resources (e.g. fund and ‘expertise’) and formed alliances with local actors to drive the introduction of the programme. As such, the design and implementation of the policy were dominated by international actors. Despite the sustainability challenges faced by the programme, the study found that it benefitted some of the enrolled community members. Though, even at the subsidised amount, enrolment premium was still a challenge for many. The main reasons for the stoppage of the programme are a paucity of fund and poor management. The stoppage of the programme, however, signified a point of reversal in the relative achievements recorded by the CBHI scheme because community members have deserted the healthcare facilities due to high costs of care. In view of these, the thesis notes that short-term policies often lead to temporary outcomes and suggests the need to repurpose the role of the state by introducing a long-term comprehensive healthcare policy – based on the reality of the nation – to provide equitable healthcare services for the citizenry irrespective of their capacity to pay. / Sociology / D. Phil. (Sociology)