Helicobacter pylori est une bactérie à Gram-négatif qui colonise la muqueuse de l’estomac humain. Elle se distingue des autres bactéries par un nombre de gènes très limité et de nombreuses particularités physiologiques et biochimiques. Elle provoque des infections associées à différentes maladies gastro-duodénales (ulcères et cancers). Depuis quelques années, une recrudescence de multi-résistances aux antibiotiques est observée. La transformation naturelle est l’un des processus clés qui les propage. Il s’agit d’un mécanisme de transfert horizontal de gènes qui permet aux bactéries de s’adapter à leur environnement, en internalisant des fragments d’ADN exogène à travers leur membrane, puis en les intégrant dans le chromosome par recombinaison homologue. Mes travaux ont visé à étudier de façon structurale et fonctionnelle trois protéines d’H. pylori décrites comme étant essentielles dans le processus de transformation naturelle: NucT, DprA et ComFc. La première partie de ce travail s’est concentrée sur la nucléase périplasmique NucT, supposée être impliquée dans la transformation chez H. pylori. Cependant, la délétion de son gène a permis de démontrer qu’elle ne joue en fait qu’un rôle mineur dans ce processus. La résolution de sa structure 3D a permis de mieux comprendre sa spécificité pour les acides nucléiques simple brin. Dans la seconde partie, la protéine DprA, responsable du chargement de la recombinase RecA sur l’ADN internalisé, a été étudiée. DprA d’H. pylori n’est composée que de 2 des 3 domaines qui constituent habituellement DprA, et fixe aussi bien l’ADN double brin que l’ADN simple brin mais uniquement via son domaine RF. Malgré son homologie structurale avec le domaine WH de liaison à l’ADN, le domaine C-terminal de HpDprA n’a pas d’affinité pour l’ADN. Nous avons mis en évidence des acides aminés conservés dans ce domaine dont l’étude pourrait permettre de comprendre son rôle. Enfin, une étude structurale de la protéine ComFc dont la délétion du gène entraîne la disparition totale de la capacité de transformation d’H. pylori a été réalisée. L’obtention de sa structure 3D a permis de mettre en évidence la présence d’un domaine catalytique phosphoribosyl-transférase ainsi que d’un domaine en doigt en zinc. Ce dernier pourrait être responsable de la capacité de ComFc à fixer l’ADN. Le substrat naturel de cette enzyme reste à découvrir.L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension à l’échelle moléculaire du mécanisme de transformation génétique naturelle d’H. pylori. L’avancement sur ces connaissances pourrait à long terme aider à réduire la propagation des multi-résistances par l’élaboration de nouvelles thérapies.Mots-clés : H. pylori, transformation naturelle, NucT, DprA, ComFc, interaction protéine-ADN / Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the mucus of the human stomach. It is distinguished from other bacteria by a limited number of genes and many physiological and biochemical characteristics. It causes infections associated with various gastro-duodenal diseases (ulcers and gastric cancers). In recent years, an increase in multi-resistance to antibiotics has been observed. Natural transformation is one of the key processes that spreads these multi-resistances. It is a horizontal gene transfer mechanism that allows bacteria to adapt to their environment by internalizing exogenous DNA fragments through their membrane and then integrating them into the chromosome by homologous recombination. My work aimed to study in a structural and functional approach three proteins of H. pylori described as essential in the natural transformation process: NucT, DprA and ComFc. The first part of this work focused on periplasmic nuclease, NucT, which is supposed to be involved in transformation in H. pylori. However, the deletion of its gene has shown that it actually plays only a minor role in this process. The resolution of its 3D structure has led to a better understanding of its specificity for single-stranded nucleic acids. In the second part, the protein DprA, responsible for loading RecA recombinase onto internalized DNA, was studied. HpDprA is composed of only 2 of the 3 domains that usually constitute DprA, and binds both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA but only via its RF domain. Despite its structural homology with the WH DNA binding domain, the C-terminal domain of HpDprA has no affinity for DNA. We have identified conserved amino acids in this domain that could be studied to understand its role. Finally, a structural study of ComFc, whose deletion of the gene leads to the total disruption of the transformation capacity of H. pylori, has been carried out. The acquisition of its 3D structure has highlighted the presence of a phosphoribosyl transferase catalytic domain as well as a zinc finger domain. The latter could be responsible for capacity of ComFc to bind DNA. The natural substrate of this enzyme remains to be discovered.All this work has contributed to a better knowledge at the molecular level of the natural genetic transformation mechanism of H. pylori. Advancing this knowledge could in the long term help to reduce the spread of multiresistance through the development of new therapies.Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, natural transformation, NucT, DprA, ComFc, protein-DNA interaction

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 duarte_mc_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1624040 bytes, checksum: 20ecff772fa883fe77038e593b4fc422 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A carcinogênese gástrica apresenta um modelo de múltiplas etapas, que pode iniciar a partir de uma gastrite crônica, frequentemente associada à infecção pela bactéria Helicobacter pylori, e progredir para atrofia gástrica, metaplasia intestinal, displasia e câncer gástrico. Outra via, trata do surgimento do câncer gástrico a partir de um sítio de úlcera péptica benigna. Há relatos de algumas alterações genéticas bem estabelecidas nos estágios iniciais e avançados da carcinogênese gástrica, mas em lesões benignas precursoras como a metaplasia intestinal e a úlcera gástrica, relativamente pouco é conhecido. Deste modo, estudos genéticos destas lesões poderão fornecer informações importantes sobre os eventos iniciais da carcinogênese do estômago e contribuir para estratégias de diagnóstico precoce e prevenção. A partir de dados da literatura foram selecionados genes envolvidos com a carcinogênese do estômago como TERT, COX-2, NOS2, HGF, MET, KRAS, TFF1 e CLDN18, que atuam na manutenção dos telômeros, processos celulares e proteção da mucosa gástrica. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar mudanças de expressão gênica e protéica destes genes selecionados, em metaplasia intestinal (MI - 37 casos) e úlcera gástrica (UG - 30 casos), comparadas com suas respectivas mucosas normais (MN) e com adenocarcinoma gástrico (CG - 22 casos) e verificar possíveis correlações entre a expressão destes genes nos três grupos estudados, bem como associações entre os níveis de expressão gênica e protéica e fatores como infecção pela H. pylori e tipo histológico de MI e CG. A expressão relativa do RNAm dos referidos genes foi analisada pela técnica de PCR em tempo real, enquanto a expressão das respectivas proteínas foi avaliada por imuno-histoquímica. A avaliação da expressão gênica revelou níveis médios relativos do RNAm... / Gastric carcinogenesis presents a model of multiple steps, which can be triggered by a chronic gastritis, often associated with infection caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, and progress to gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric cancer. However, another pathway has attracted interest in recent decades and refers to origin of gastric cancer from one site of benign peptic ulcer. There are reports of some well-established genetic alterations in the early stages and advanced gastric carcinogenesis, however, in precursor benign lesions as intestinal metaplasia and gastric ulcer, relatively little is known. Thus, genetic studies of these lesions may provide important information regarding the initial events of carcinogenesis of the stomach and contribute to strategies for early diagnosis and prevention. The genes selected for this study TERT, COX-2, NOS2, HGF, MET, KRAS, TFF1 and CLDN18, act, usually, in cell cycle processes, telomere maintenance and protection of the gastric mucosa. So, this study aimed to evaluate changes in gene and protein expression of these genes, altered in intestinal metaplasia (IM- 37 cases) and gastric ulcer (GU- 30 cases), compared with their corresponding normal mucosa (NM) and gastric cancer (GC - 22 cases) and to verify possible correlations between the expressions of these genes among the three groups studied, and also examine associations between gene and protein expression levels and factors such as H. pylori infection and histological type of IM and GC. The relative mRNA expression of these genes was analyzed by real time PCR, while the expression of respective proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Evaluation of gene expression showed mRNA relative mean levels, increased in GC compared to NM to TERT (17.3-fold), COX-2 (27.6-fold), NOS2 (12.8-fold), HGF (1.8-fold), MET (3.5-fold) and KRAS (1.7-fold). For TFF1, there was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Ana Elizabete Silva / Banca: Claudia Regina Bonini Domingos / Banca: Dorotéia Rossi Silva Souza / Banca: Eny Maria Goloni Bertollo / Banca: Cláudia Aparecida Rainho / Resumo: A carcinogênese gástrica apresenta um modelo de múltiplas etapas, que pode iniciar a partir de uma gastrite crônica, frequentemente associada à infecção pela bactéria Helicobacter pylori, e progredir para atrofia gástrica, metaplasia intestinal, displasia e câncer gástrico. Outra via, trata do surgimento do câncer gástrico a partir de um sítio de úlcera péptica benigna. Há relatos de algumas alterações genéticas bem estabelecidas nos estágios iniciais e avançados da carcinogênese gástrica, mas em lesões benignas precursoras como a metaplasia intestinal e a úlcera gástrica, relativamente pouco é conhecido. Deste modo, estudos genéticos destas lesões poderão fornecer informações importantes sobre os eventos iniciais da carcinogênese do estômago e contribuir para estratégias de diagnóstico precoce e prevenção. A partir de dados da literatura foram selecionados genes envolvidos com a carcinogênese do estômago como TERT, COX-2, NOS2, HGF, MET, KRAS, TFF1 e CLDN18, que atuam na manutenção dos telômeros, processos celulares e proteção da mucosa gástrica. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar mudanças de expressão gênica e protéica destes genes selecionados, em metaplasia intestinal (MI - 37 casos) e úlcera gástrica (UG - 30 casos), comparadas com suas respectivas mucosas normais (MN) e com adenocarcinoma gástrico (CG - 22 casos) e verificar possíveis correlações entre a expressão destes genes nos três grupos estudados, bem como associações entre os níveis de expressão gênica e protéica e fatores como infecção pela H. pylori e tipo histológico de MI e CG. A expressão relativa do RNAm dos referidos genes foi analisada pela técnica de PCR em tempo real, enquanto a expressão das respectivas proteínas foi avaliada por imuno-histoquímica. A avaliação da expressão gênica revelou níveis médios relativos do RNAm... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Gastric carcinogenesis presents a model of multiple steps, which can be triggered by a chronic gastritis, often associated with infection caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, and progress to gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric cancer. However, another pathway has attracted interest in recent decades and refers to origin of gastric cancer from one site of benign peptic ulcer. There are reports of some well-established genetic alterations in the early stages and advanced gastric carcinogenesis, however, in precursor benign lesions as intestinal metaplasia and gastric ulcer, relatively little is known. Thus, genetic studies of these lesions may provide important information regarding the initial events of carcinogenesis of the stomach and contribute to strategies for early diagnosis and prevention. The genes selected for this study TERT, COX-2, NOS2, HGF, MET, KRAS, TFF1 and CLDN18, act, usually, in cell cycle processes, telomere maintenance and protection of the gastric mucosa. So, this study aimed to evaluate changes in gene and protein expression of these genes, altered in intestinal metaplasia (IM- 37 cases) and gastric ulcer (GU- 30 cases), compared with their corresponding normal mucosa (NM) and gastric cancer (GC - 22 cases) and to verify possible correlations between the expressions of these genes among the three groups studied, and also examine associations between gene and protein expression levels and factors such as H. pylori infection and histological type of IM and GC. The relative mRNA expression of these genes was analyzed by real time PCR, while the expression of respective proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Evaluation of gene expression showed mRNA relative mean levels, increased in GC compared to NM to TERT (17.3-fold), COX-2 (27.6-fold), NOS2 (12.8-fold), HGF (1.8-fold), MET (3.5-fold) and KRAS (1.7-fold). For TFF1, there was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

HP, uma bactéria gram-negativa envolvida na patogênese do tecido gastroduodenal, foi classificada como carcinogênico classe I em 1994. Seus mecanismos são pouco entendidos, mas a presença da ilha de patogenicidade (PAI) é fator importante de virulência. PAI sugere aumento da proliferação celular, diminuindo a apoptose. A detecção do HP e da PAI (cagA) foi feita por PCR. Casos positivos são associados aos resultados histopatológicos, proliferação celular e apoptose. Detectamos HP em 37,0% (111/300), sendo 40,5% (45/111) dos pacientes cagA+. A relação proliferação celular/apoptose (P/A) mostra aumento em pacientes infectados por HP/cagA até 8,8 vezes maior no surgimento de doença gástrica grave / HP, a gram-negative bacterium involved in pathogenesis of gastroduodenal tissues, was classified as type I carcinogen in 1994. The mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis point to the pathogenicity island (PAI) as an important virulent factor. PAI suggests an increase in cell proliferation, attenuating apoptosis. HP detection and PAI were performed by using PCR. Positive results were associated to the histological findings, cell proliferation and apoptosis. We detected HP in 37,0% (111/300) and 40,5% (45/111) of the patients. A significant increase index appears between proliferation and apoptosis in those infected by HP/cagA+ with higher risk of 8,8 for the development of gastric cancer

HP, uma bactéria gram-negativa envolvida na patogênese do tecido gastroduodenal, foi classificada como carcinogênico classe I em 1994. Seus mecanismos são pouco entendidos, mas a presença da ilha de patogenicidade (PAI) é fator importante de virulência. PAI sugere aumento da proliferação celular, diminuindo a apoptose. A detecção do HP e da PAI (cagA) foi feita por PCR. Casos positivos são associados aos resultados histopatológicos, proliferação celular e apoptose. Detectamos HP em 37,0% (111/300), sendo 40,5% (45/111) dos pacientes cagA+. A relação proliferação celular/apoptose (P/A) mostra aumento em pacientes infectados por HP/cagA até 8,8 vezes maior no surgimento de doença gástrica grave / HP, a gram-negative bacterium involved in pathogenesis of gastroduodenal tissues, was classified as type I carcinogen in 1994. The mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis point to the pathogenicity island (PAI) as an important virulent factor. PAI suggests an increase in cell proliferation, attenuating apoptosis. HP detection and PAI were performed by using PCR. Positive results were associated to the histological findings, cell proliferation and apoptosis. We detected HP in 37,0% (111/300) and 40,5% (45/111) of the patients. A significant increase index appears between proliferation and apoptosis in those infected by HP/cagA+ with higher risk of 8,8 for the development of gastric cancer