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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Follicular T helper cell populations

Trüb, Marta January 2016 (has links)
Humoral immunity provides protection against subsequent infections. Antigen-specific, high-affinity, class-switched antibodies are produced by B cells through rounds of proliferation, B cell receptor rearrangement and selection in the germinal centres (GC). T cells play an essential and indispensable role in this process and in the recent years the term T follicular helper cells (TFH) was coined to describe this cell subset. The aim of my thesis is to investigate whether there is more than one type of T cells within the TFH population and whether it has important functional consequences. Firstly, I use sheep red blood cell immunisation (SRBC) and Salmonella enterica infection to show phenotypical differences between TFH expressing high and low level of surface molecule PD-1. In order to investigate the relationship between different TFH populations gene profiling was carried out on the microarray platform. Detailed transcriptome analysis revealed the discrete nature of isolated TFH cell subsets and provided an overview of their genetic landscape. Secondly, I have investigated the dependence of TFH subsets on cognate interactions with B cell in SRBC model by generating BM chimeras. I have demonstrated that generation of PD-1HI TFH, but not of PD-1LO TFH, depends on antigen presentation by B cells. Furthermore, I have shown that provision of wild-type but not MHC II knock-out B cells rescues PD-1HI formation in BM chimeras after SRBC immunisation. Finally, I have explored plasticity within TFH subsets and showed that none of the populations is in a terminally differentiated state, as they can convert into one another. Thirdly, experiments with S. enterica model revealed that the absence of PD- 1HI TFH is independent of the splenic architecture disruption present within the first week of the response. Surprisingly, co-immunisation studies showed that PD-1HI population is not only present but even enhanced in the group which received both SRBC and S. enterica when compared to single immunisations. The work presented in the thesis documents that there is a significant and previously unappreciated heterogeneity within TFH subset. This knowledge is important for designing optimal vaccine strategies and treating autoimmune diseases, as in both processes the antibody production plays a crucial role and its manipulation (either enhancing or blocking antibody production, respectively) can significantly improve clinical interventions.
2

The importance of CD4+ follicular helper T cells and tertiary lymphoid structures in the anti-tumor immune response to breast cancer

Migliori, Edoardo 03 October 2017 (has links)
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women. It is a highly heterogeneous disease in terms of histology, therapeutic response and patient outcomes. Early and accurate detection of breast cancer is crucial as the patient prognosis varies greatly depending on the diagnosis of the disease. Patient outcomes have been linked to the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in solid tumors. In human BC, higher TIL infiltration is associated with a better prognosis and also predicts relevant responses to pre-operative chemotherapy. TIL are primarily composed of T cells, albeit around 20% of BC patients (pts) show significant B cell infiltration, and can organize in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) located in the peritumoral stroma, which are associated with survival in HER2+ and triple negative BC patients. Further, these studies revealed that CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells producing CXCL13 were specifically associated with peritumoral TLS. CXCL13 is an important B cell chemoattractant whose function is to recruit B cells to the germinal center (GC) in secondary lymphoid organs and TLS, where they can mature and differentiate into memory or antibody-producing B cells. The principal objective of this thesis project was to investigate the role of CXCL13 and Tfh cells play in the development and/or maintenance of GC-like structures in BC-associated TLS.Further understanding of the factors that promote TLS formation in vivo could provide important insight for treatment decisions in BC. CXCL13 expression was originally identified as an important signal associated with TLS that was predictive for patient outcomes. We investigated factors capable of inducing CXCL13 expression in CD4+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood, using flow cytometry analysis. Treatment with TGFβ1 alone, or together with several cytokines (IL12, IL21, and in particular IL2 blockade), increased CXCL13 expression in activated CD4+ T cells. Similar to our characterization of Tfh TIL in fresh tumor tissues, these CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells were CXCR5 negative and expressed the Tfh markers PD-1 and ICOS. The positive correlation, in treated cells and fresh TIL, between CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells and FoxP3-expressing regulatory CD4+ T cells, and the diminished chemokine production upon depletion of the latter population, suggest a possible positive relationship between regulatory CD4+ T cells and CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells.We then derived a GC-associated B cell gene signature for integration in our previously published Tfh cell gene signature, including CXCL13 gene. The combined GC gene signature was tested for its ability to sensitively detect BC-associated TLS using a qRT-PCR-based assay on two different cohorts, a primary BC set (n=83) and a retrospective series (n=52) of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) BC tissues. These data revealed a correlation between gene signature expression and the extent of TLS scored by trained pathologists on dual-immunohistochemistry stained (CD3+CD20 for T and B cells, respectively) FFPE tissue sections. In addition, the high GC signature expression predicted better overall and disease-free survival of BC pts in our retrospective BC cohort, as well as in public microarray data.This thesis research has demonstrated that CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells lacking CXCR5 differentiate and exert their function in IL-2-limited but TGF-β1-rich conditions. Furthermore, we developed a GC-associated gene signature able to detect TLS in BC and predict BC pts better survival. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
3

Caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des différentes populations de Lymphocytes T CD4 Folliculaires Mémoires / Phenotypic and functional characterization of different populations of memory folicular helper T cells

Asrir, Assia 15 July 2015 (has links)
Les LT CD4 folliculaires (TFH) forment un lignage distinct de LT contrôlant spécifiquement les lymphocytes B (LB) et la mise en place de la mémoire B. Alors que ces cellules étaient considérées comme des cellules effectrices uniquement, récemment il a été identifié, chez l'Homme et la souris, l'existence de TFH mémoires. Les TFH mémoires en tant que LT CD4 mémoires sont nécessaires, en cas de nouvelle rencontre avec l'antigène (Ag), à la mise en place d'une réponse Anticorps (Ac) rapide, efficace et de forte affinité. En effet, leur présence est corrélée à la génération et le maintien à long terme d'Ac de forte affinité lors d'infections virales. De plus, des études récentes montrent que l'analyse des TFH mémoires dans le sang périphérique peut fournir des indices pour comprendre le mode d'action des vaccins ainsi que la pathogenèse de maladies auto-immunes. Par ailleurs, dans le contexte de nombreuses maladies, de récents travaux suggèrent que l'évaluation de la fréquence et du phénotype des TFH mémoires dans le sang périphérique pourrait servir de bio-marqueur à l'établissement de diagnostique. Tout comme les cellules B mémoires qui sont subdivisées en différentes sous-populations en fonction de leur localisation et de la nature de leur Ac, différentes populations de TFH mémoires ont été récemment identifiées. Certaines se situent dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires (OLS) drainants le site d'immunisation, de vaccination ou d'infection, ou circulantes dans les OLS non-drainants ou à proximité des plasmocytes à longue durée de vie dans la MO. Ces observations soulèvent donc la question majeure de leurs phénotypes, différences fonctionnelles et interactions face aux différentes populations de cellules B mémoires. L'objectif de mes travaux de Thèse a consisté à étudier l'hétérogénéité phénotypique et fonctionnelle présente entre ces différentes populations de TFH mémoires aux localisations diverses. De plus au vu de l'hétérogénéité existante au sein des LB mémoires (nœuds lymphatiques ou rate) et plasmocytes à longue durée de vie (MO), nous avons aussi évalué l'interaction cellulaire et fonctionnelle qui a lieu entre ces populations mémoires. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé un modèle expérimental unique de vaccination protéique chez la souris sauvage non modifiée. / T Helper Follicular (TFH) cells form a distinct lineage of helper T cells and they specifically control B cells and memory B cell generation. While these cells were considered as effector cells, recently it was identified in Human and in mouse, the existence of memory TFH cells. Memory TFH cells, as CD4 memory T cells, are necessary in case of antigen (Ag) rechallenge to establish a fast, efficient and high affinity Antibody (Ab) response. Indeed, their presence is correlated with the generation and the long-term maintenance of high affinity Ac during viral infections. Moreover, recent studies have shown that analysis of memory TFH cells in the blood may provide clues to understanding the mode of action of vaccines and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In addition, in the context of many diseases, recent works have also suggested that the frequency and phenotype of memory TFH cells in the blood could serve as a biomarker for diagnosis. Likewise to memory B cells that are subdivided into different cell populations based on their location and the nature of their Ab, different populations of memory TFH cells have recently been identified. Some are in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) draining the site of immunization, vaccination or infection, or circulating in the non-draining SLO or near the long-lived plasma cells (PC) in bone marrow (BM). These observations raise the question of their phenotypes, functional differences and interactions with the different subsets of memory B cells. The aim of my thesis was to study the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity between the different subsets of memory TFH cells. Due to the heterogeneity of memory B cells (draining lymph nodes or non-draining spleen) and long-lived PCs (BM), we also evaluated the cellular and functional interaction that occurs between these different memories populations. In this context, we have developed a unique experimental model of protein vaccination in unmodified wild-type mice. Specifically, after immunization, we evaluated the development of memory TFH cells and memory B cells specific for the same Ag in the draining SLO and circulating in the spleen and BM. We demonstrated that local memory TFH cells (that reside in the draining SLO) exhibit a more polarized phenotype than their circulating counterparts (present in non-draining SLO).
4

Pathogenicity of IgG-Fc desialylation and its association with Th17 cells in an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus / 全身性エリテマトーデスの動物モデルにおけるIgG-Fc脱シアル化の病原性とTh17細胞との関連

Nishida, Yuri 23 January 2024 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24994号 / 医博第5028号 / 新制||医||1069(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 上野 英樹, 教授 椛島 健治, 教授 濵﨑 洋子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
5

B cells with aberrant activation of Notch1 signaling promote Treg and Th2 cell-dominant T cell responses via IL-33 / Notch1シグナルが異常活性化したB細胞はIL-33を介して制御性T細胞および2型ヘルパーT細胞優位のT細胞免疫応答を促進する

Arima, Hiroshi 23 January 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21451号 / 医博第4418号 / 新制||医||1032(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 椛島 健治, 教授 河本 宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
6

Role of salivary gland epithelial cells in the differentiation and activation of T lymphocytes in primary Sjögren's syndrome / Etude du rôle des cellules épithéliales des glandes salivaires dans la différenciation et l'activation des lymphocytes T au cours du Syndrome de Sjögren primitif

Gong, Ya-Zhuo 13 September 2013 (has links)
Le syndrome de Sjögren primitif (SJp) est une pathologie auto-immune caractérisée par une sécheresse occulobuccale, un infiltrat lymphocytaire des glandes salivaires, ainsi qu'une production d'auto-anticorps. Les cellules épithéliales salivaires (SGEC) des patients atteints de SSp expriment les molécules impliquées dans les réponses immunitaires et jouent le rôle des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes. Les lymphocytes T folliculaires (LTf) jouent un rôle important en activant les lymphocytes B via la sécrétion d’interleukine (IL)-21. Une augmentation de la proportion de LTf est observée dans le sang des patients ayant un SJp. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que les SGECs des patients pouvaient induire la différenciation des lymphocytes T naïfs (LTn) en LTf. Nous avons montré que les SGECs sont capables d’induire la différenciation des LTn en LTf via des facteurs solubles tel l’IL-6. La sécrétion d’IL-21 par les LTf nécessite un contact cellulaire impliquant en partie ICOSL.La voie de costimulation OX40/OX40L est impliquée dans plusieurs maladies autoimmunes. Les polymorphismes d’OX40L sont une prédisposent au SJp. Nous avons étudié le rôle pathogène de la voie OX40/OX40L chez les patients SJp. Notre résultats ont montrés une surexpression d’OX40L et d’OX40 dans les glandes salivaires des patients atteint de SJp. Les cocultures des LTn avec les SS SGECs ou contrôle SGECs augmentent l'expression d’OX40 par les LT. Les SS SGECs favorisent la survie et la prolifération des LT via la voie d’OX40/OX40L. Ces résultats démontrent l'implication d’OX40 et d’OX40L dans la pathogénie du SJp et confirment le rôle important des SGECs dans l’épithelite auto-immune du SJp. / The primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by dry mouth and dry eyes. Salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) of patients with pSS express the molecules involved in immune responses and act as antigen presenting cells. Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) secrete IL-21 whose augmented secretion is a hallmark of several autoimmunediseases. Here we investigated whether SGECs were capable to induce Tfh differentiation. We report that IL-6 and ICOSL expression by SGECs contributes to naïve CD4+ T differentiation into Tfh cells, as evidenced by their acquisition of a specific phenotype, characterized by Bcl-6, ICOS and CXCR5 expression and IL-21 secretion, but also but by their main functional feature: the capacity to enhance B lymphocytes survival. OX40/OX40L interaction is a pivotal costimulatory pathway. Polymorphisms of OX40L are involved in the genetic predisposition to pSS. We therefore investigated the pathogenic role of OX40/OX40L pathway in pSS. We demonstrated that the proportion of circulating CD4+ T cells expressing OX40 was elevated in patients with pSS and correlated with systemic disease activity. In salivary glands of patients with pSS, epithelial cells overexpressed OX40L and the expression of OX40L and OX40 was respectively evidenced on infiltrating B and T cells. Coculture of T cells with SGECs increased the expression of OX40 by CD4+ T cells promoted T cell survival and proliferation through OX40/OX40L interaction. These studies demonstrate emphasizes unknown pathogenic roles of SGECs and suggests that Tfh, IL-21 and OX40L might be therapeutic targets in pSS.
7

Caractérisation et influence des lymphocytes T CD4 anti-télomérase dans les cancers / Characterization and influence of CD4 T lymphocites specific of telomerase in cancers

Dosset, Magalie 03 December 2012 (has links)
L’histoire naturelle du cancer implique des interactions entre la tumeur et les mécanismes de défense de l’hôte, tout particulièrement avec le système immunitaire adaptatif. Ainsi la transformation de cellules normales en cellules malignes peut engendrer l’expression d’antigènes tumoraux reconnus par les lymphocytes T. Plusieurs sous-populations de lymphocytes T (LT) CD4 contrôlent les réponses antitumorales, parmi elles, les LT CD4 helper de type-1 (Th1) jouent un rôle activateur majeur de l’immunité à médiation cellulaire antitumorale. Ils deviennent actifs grâce à la reconnaissance des peptides de 15 à 20 acides aminés dérivés d’antigènes tumoraux et présentés par les molécules HLA de classe II. Ils sont nécessaires à l’induction et la fonction des cellules effectrices dirigées contre les tumeurs notamment les lymphocytes T CD8 cytotoxiques (CTL). De plus la présence de lymphocytes CD4 Th1 infiltrant les tumeurs est souvent associée à un bon pronostic chez les patients. A l’aide d’un modèle in vitro chez l’homme et in vivo chez des souris transgéniques HLA, nous avons identifié quatre nouveaux peptides CD4 dérivés de la télomérase (TERT) un antigène de tumeur exprimé dans la majorité des cancers humains. Ces peptides appelés «Universal Cancer Peptide, UCP» se lient à la majorité des allèles HLA-DR et sont capables d’activer spécifiquement les LT CD4 de type-1. Des LT CD4 circulants spécifiques des UCP sont naturellement détectables dans plusieurs cancers humains mais absents chez des individus sains. Des clones T CD4 spécifiques des UCP générés à partir des lymphocytes de patients, produisent de forts taux d’IFN, TNF, et d’IL-2, cytokines associées à la polarisation Th1. L’analyse par ELISPOT IFN, de LT CD4 anti-UCP circulants au sein d’une cohorte de 84 patients atteints de cancers bronchiques métastatiques a montré la présence naturelle de ces lymphocytes chez 38 % des patients. De plus un effet bénéfique de la présence de cette réponse sur la survie globale a été observé chez les patients ayant une réponse clinique objective après chimiothérapie (13 vs 10 mois, P< 003). In vivo, l’immunisation de souris transgéniques HLA-A2/HLA-DR1 (Tg A2/DR1) avec les peptides UCP stimule des réponses T CD4 spécifiques caractérisées par une polarisation Th1. Nous avons montré que la présence in vivo de LT CD4 anti-UCP est nécessaire pour l’induction de réponses CTL antitumorales efficaces. Ainsi chez des souris co-immunisées en présence d’un peptide UCP, on observe un accroissement en nombre et de la qualité des réponses CTL proportionnellement à l’aide délivrée par les LT CD4 anti-UCP. L’induction de LT CD4 anti-UCP s’accompagne également d’une activation des cellules dendritiques in vivo via un mécanisme impliquant CD40L, IFN et GM-CSF. Dans un modèle de mélanome transplantable chez les souris Tg A2/DR1 nos résultats ont montré qu’une vaccination thérapeutique comportant un peptide UCP favorise un meilleur recrutement de CTL fonctionnels dans les tumeurs et améliore ainsi l’efficacité antitumorale du vaccin. Ces résultats confirment le rôle antitumoral majeur des lymphocytes CD4 Th1 et soulignent l’intérêt clinique de stimuler des réponses T CD4 spécifiques d’antigènes tumoraux de relevance clinique comme TERT. / Recent advances in immunology have now validated the concept of cancer immunosurveillance and the leading role of adaptative T cell immunity. Until a few years ago, antitumor CD8 T cell responses have been the most studied due to their direct cytotoxic activity on tumor cells. On the other hand, study of antitumor CD4 T cell responses are even more challenging because of the heterogeneity and plasticity of the various CD4 T cells subpopulations described. Among them, CD4 T helper type-1 cells (Th1), mainly characterized by the production of IFN, control the activation of antitumor cellular immunity. Thus, stimulation of specific CD4 Th1 cells may have a major interest for the development of anticancer immunotherapies. During this research thesis, we characterized novel HLA class II epitopes derived from a relevant tumor antigen, telomerase (TERT), and studied their capacities to stimulate specific CD4 Th1 cell responses. Using a method based on predictive immunology, we identified 4 peptides derived from TERT, referred as « Universal Cancer Peptides » (UCPs), enable to bind the most commonly found HLA-DR alleles in human. Using HLA-A2/HLA-DR1 transgenic mouse model, we first evaluated the in vivo immunogenicity of these peptides. Immunization of mice with UCPs induces high avidity specific CD4 T cells. The study of their polarization showed that UCP-specific CD4 T cells do not produce IL-4, -5, -10 or -17 cytokines, excluding a Th1, Treg or Th17 differentiation. In contrast, we measured high amount of IFN and IL-2 which characterize a Th1 pattern. The study of helper role allow us to demonstrate that CD8 peptide-based vaccinations in presence of UCPs enhance the efficacy of tumor specific CTL responses. Indeed, the intensity of these responses is strongly correlated with that of UCP-specific CD4 T cells induced in vivo. Furthermore, the stimulation of UCP-specific CD4 T cells promotes activation and IL-12 release by dendritic cells through a mechanism that involves IFN, GM-CSF and CD40L. We also demonstrated the antitumor efficacy of UCPs during a therapeutic vaccination in mice, as well as their capacity to foster the recruitment of specific CD8 T cells at the tumor site. In addition, the presence of naturally occurring UCP-specific CD4 T cell responses was found in different types of cancers such as leukemia, lung, colorectal or renal cancers. A study conducted in a cohort of 84 metastatic lung cancer patients revealed a synergistic effect of spontaneous UCP-specific CD4 Th1 and chemotherapy-treatment. Altogether, this study provides further evidences that stimulation of antitumor CD4 Th1 cells is a powerful method to improve cancer vaccines and also highlights the interest of TERT-derived UCPs for the innovative monitoring of antitumor CD4 T cell responses
8

Caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des lymphocytes T infiltrants dans les lymphomes B humains / Phenotypic and functional characterization of infiltrating T cells in human B-cell lymphomas

Le, Thi Kieu Suong 30 April 2015 (has links)
Les lymphomes B sont des cancers du système lymphatique se développant à partir des cellules B. Il devient évident que le développement des cellules B malignes dépend d’interactions avec les cellules immunes dans leur microenvironnement. Nous avons étudié la caractérisation des lymphocytes T intra tumoraux afin de comprendre leur contribution dans la lymphomagenèse et leur potentiel thérapeutique dans les lymphomes B comme le lymphome diffus à grandes cellules B (DLBCL), le lymphome folliculaire (FL) et le lymphome Hodgkinien classique (cHL)Nous avons mis en évidence une différence importante, quantitative et qualitative, entre la composition immunitaire de différents lymphomes B, notamment au niveau des lymphocytes T intra tumoraux. Le FL se caractérise par une accumulation des lymphocytes T régulateurs (Tregs) exprimant ICOS, pouvant supprimer les cellules B lymphomateuses. La génération des Tregs ICOS+ est favorisée par le contact avec les cellules B lymphomateuses exprimant ICOSL. Quant à lui, le DLBCL a beaucoup de lymphocytes TCD8 coexprimant PD1 et TIM3 possédant un état de dysfonctionnement dit « épuisement », lymphocytes dont la proportion est corrélée à leur niveau de dysfonctionnement et à leur capacité de réponse au blocage des récepteurs inhibiteurs. Enfin, dans certains lymphomes B, en particulier le cHL, nous avons découvert une sous population de TCD8, dite « TFH-like » pour leur similarité phénotypique et fonctionnelle avec les lymphocytes T auxiliaires folliculaires (TFH). Ces données indiquent l’hétérogénéité des composants immunitaires entre différents lymphomes B et sont une piste pour une future thérapie ciblée dans le traitement du lymphome. / B-cell lymphomas represent a heterogeneous group of cancers that affect B cells in the lymphatic system. It has become evidence that malignant B cells depend on various interactions with microenvironmental immune cells for their development. Our study focuses on characterization of intra-tumoral T cells in order to understand their contribution in pathogenesis and their therapeutic potentials in the most frequent B cell-lymphoma such as Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Follicular lymphoma (FL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL).During this work, we have demonstrated a significant quantitative and qualitative difference between different B-cell lymphoma immune composition, especially between their intra-tumoral T cells. FL is characterized by the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing ICOS, with ability to suppress lymphoma B cells. Generation of Tregs ICOS+ is prompted by cell contact with the lymphoma B cells expressing ICOSL. On the other hand, DLBCL have high level of TCD8 coexpressing PD1 and TIM3 displaying an exhaustion state, which proportion is correlated with their dysfunction level and with their responsiveness to inhibitor receptors blockade. Finally, in some B-cell lymphoma cases, especially cHL, we found the existence of a TCD8 subset, called TFH-like due to their phenotypic and functional similarity with follicular helper T cells (TFH).These data show heterogeneity of immune components between the different B lymphomas, and give opportunity for targeted therapy in lymphoma treatment
9

The molecular regulation of CD40L in CD8+ T cells

Loyal, Lucie 15 July 2019 (has links)
T Zellen können in zwei Hauptpopulationen mit unterschiedlichen Aufgaben unterschieden werden. CD4+ T Zellen exprimieren im Zuge ihrer Aktivierung CD40L, welches ein zentraler kostimulatorischer Rezeptor zur Induktion von B-Zell basierter humoraler Immunität, APC Aktivierung und einer effizienten Effektor CD8+ T Zell Entwicklung ist („Helfer-Funktion“). Im Gegensatz dazu sind die zytotoxischen CD8+ T Zellen dazu vorbestimmt, infizierte oder maligne Zellen direkt abzutöten. Jedoch wurde eine Fraktion von CD8+ T Zellen identifiziert, die nach Aktivierung CD40L exprimiert. Bisher ist nicht verstanden, wie in solchen CD8+ T Zellen a) die CD40L Expression reguliert ist, b) wann und wie die Fähigkeit CD40L zu exprimieren implementiert wird und c) was die Folgen für das Immunsystem sind. In dieser Arbeit konnten wir zeigen, dass sowohl in CD4+ als auch in CD8+ T Zellen die CD40L Expression durch DNA-Methylierung regulatorischer Regionen des CD40LG Lokus reguliert wird. Die Demethylierung zentraler Elemente wird im Thymus implementiert, manifestiert sich mit der T-Zell Reifung und geht mit einer zunehmenden Stabilität der CD40L Expression einher. Erhöhte Expression von CD5 und NUR77 in CD40L+ CD8+ SP Thymozyten weisen auf eine positive Selektion mit hoher Affinität gegen Selbst-peptide während der Reifung im Thymus hin, welche das weitere Schicksal der CD40L exprimierenden CD8+ T Zellen beeinflusst. Naive CD40L+ CD8+ T Zellen besitzen ein anderes TCR Repertoire als CD40L- CD8+ T Zellen und reifen im Zuge ihrer Aktivierung bevorzugt zu Gedächtniszellen mit Zytokin- und Chemokinrezeptorprofilen von Tc2, Tc17 und Tc22 Zellen heran. Mit ihrem nicht-zytotoxischen Phänotyp und ihrer Genexpressionsignatur ähneln diese Zellen stark Helfer-CD4+ T Zellen und können von den klassisch zytotoxischen Tc1 und Tc17+1 Zellen durch ihre IL-6R und fehlende SLAMF7 Expression sowie der Expression von Markern die auf eine Fähigkeit in die Haut zu wandern schließen lassen, unterschieden werden. Zusammenfassend zeigen wir hier, dass naive CD8+ T Zellen von den frühsten Entwicklungsstadien im Thymus an nicht homogen sind und die Fähigkeiten über CD40L Expression eine Helferfunktion auszuüben beziehungsweise über die Sekretion zytolytischer Moleküle Zielzellen abzutöten unabhängig vom CD4+ or CD8+ T-Zell Status sind. Zellen mit Zytokin- und Genexpressionsignaturen, die mit denen der CD8+ Helfer-T Zellen übereinstimmen, wurden von uns und anderen in Geweben (Haut, Lunge) identifiziert und tragen zu den verschiedensten autoinflammatorischen Erkrankungen bei. Diese Arbeit insinuiert daher die Notwendigkeit einer grundlegenen Neubewertung der CD8+ T Zell Fähigkeiten und Funktionen in Immunantworten. / The T cell compartment consists of two major subsets with diverse assignments. CD4+ T cells express CD40L upon activation, a central co-stimulatory receptor to induce B cell mediated humoral immunity, activate APCs and prime efficient effector CD8+ T cell development (“helper function”). In contrast, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are predetermined to kill infected or malignant cells directly. However, a fraction of CD8+ T cells expressing CD40L upon activation was identified. So far, it is not understood in CD8+ T cells a) how CD40L expression is regulated, b) when and how the ability of CD40L expression is implemented and c) what are the implications for the immune system. In this thesis, we found that CD40L expression is regulated by DNA-methylation of regulatory regions of the CD40LG locus in CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells. The de-methylation of central elements is implemented in the thymus and increases with T cell maturation reflected by enhanced stability of CD40L expression. Elevated CD5 and NUR77 expression of CD40L+ CD8+ SP thymocytes suggests that high affine detection of self-peptides during positive selection in the thymus implements CD40L expression ability and predetermines the fate of the CD40L imprinted CD8+ T cells. CD40L+ naïve CD8+ T cells differ in their TCR repertoire from their CD40L- counterparts and preferentially mature into memory cell subsets with cytokine and chemokine receptor profiles of Tc2, Tc17 and Tc22 cells. With their non-cytotoxic phenotype and gene expression signatures, the CD40L+ memory CD8+ T cell subsets Tc2, Tc17 and Tc22 widely resemble helper CD4+ T cells and can be distinguished from classical cytotoxic Tc1 and Tc17+1 cells by their IL-6R and absent SLAMF7 expression and their skin migratory phenotype. Altogether, we demonstrate that from the earliest developmental stages in thymus onwards naive CD8+ T cells are not homogenous and the abilites to provide “CD40L based help” or “cytotoxicity mediated killing” are independent of the CD4+ or CD8+ T cell status. Cells with helper-type CD8+ T cell cytokine and gene-expression signatures were found at barrier sites (skin, lung) by us and others where they contribute to multiple autoinflammatory diseases. Therefore, this work insinuates the need to revisite CD8+ T cell capablities and function in immune responses.
10

Mathematical modelling of HTLV-I infection: a study of viral persistence in vivo

Lim, Aaron Guanliang Unknown Date
No description available.

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