Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1975. / Bibliography: leaves 216-240. / xi, 240 leaves ill

Thesis (B.A. (Hons.))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychology, 1979.

Thesis (M.A.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008. / Thesis advisor: James Conway. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 31-35). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1975. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-176).

This study investigated the effect of cost-of-escape on helping among children. Forty-four children between the approximate ages of six and twelve served as subjects. The experiment was performed in a natural setting using an ice cream truck. The driver (experimenter) manipulated the cost-of-escape and then had an "accident." The easy-to-escape group received their ice cream before the driver spilled 300 spoons on the ground. The difficult-to-escape group had paid for their ice cream but had not received it before the "accident" occurred. The number of spoons picked up by each condition and the lapse time before a member of each group began to help was recorded. No differences were found between the groups (all ps > .05). Implications for cost-of-escape were discussed.

Ma, Chao. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix 1 & 2 in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Initial Research Objectives and Questions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of the Study --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Literature Review --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- Definition of Key Terms in the Study --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Social capital --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- "Trustworthiness, social networks and social norms" --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Mutual help --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Seeking help --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Giving help --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Theoretical Base of Mutual Help: Social Capital......: --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Networks or relationships --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Trustworthiness and social norms --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Mutual Help --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Mutual help groups or self-help groups --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Mutual help in the context of Shanghai --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Seeking help --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Giving help --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Refining Research Objectives --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Methodology --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Framework --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Propositions of the survey study --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Operationalization framework --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research Design --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Implementation of Survey Study --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Overview of the survey design --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Measurement: questionnaire --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Sampling --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- The population of the survey --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Sample size --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Data collection --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Data analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- Items and four indices --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Statistics methods for data analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Quality of survey --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.6.1 --- Pilot study --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.6.2 --- Reliability --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Implementation of Individual Interview Study --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5 --- Encountered Problems and Solutions --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Data Analysis of Survey Study --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Helping and Help-seeking Indices of Shanghai People --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Helping index --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Help-seeking index --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Mutual aid tendency --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- Trustworthiness --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Index of trust when helping --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Index of trust when seeking helping --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3 --- Correlations between Helping and Help Seeking Indices and Trust Indices --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4 --- Social Norms and Helping and Help-seeking Behaviors --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- "Importance of social expectations, self-accomplishment and reciprocity when helping" --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Importance of face losing and reciprocity when seeking help --- p.70 / Chapter 4.5 --- Demographic-social-economic Statuses --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- "Non-significance: Gender, Income and Religion (not/Catholic and Christian, Western/Eastern)" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- "Significance on help seeking behavior and trustworthiness during help seeking: Education, marital status, job (student/no/yes), age, work unit, religion (no/yes), occupation (employed and unemployed)" --- p.76 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Education --- p.76 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Marital status --- p.79 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Job (student/no/yes) --- p.80 / Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Age --- p.82 / Chapter 4.5.2.5 --- Work unit --- p.85 / Chapter 4.5.2.6 --- Religion (no/yes) --- p.87 / Chapter 4.5.2.7 --- Occupation (employed and unemployed) --- p.89 / Chapter 4.6 --- Agreement of Idioms and Mutual Help Society of Shanghai Citizens --- p.90 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Agreement of idioms of helping of Shanghai citizens --- p.90 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Agreement of Shanghai citizens on mutual help society --- p.91 / Chapter 4.7 --- Opinions of Citizens --- p.92 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Opinions of Shanghai citizens on government and individual responsibility --- p.92 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Opinions of Shanghai citizens on who bears responsibility to enhance mutual help --- p.92 / Chapter 4.8 --- Summary --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Individual Interviews Data Analysis Synthesized with Survey Analysis --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1 --- Brief Introduction of 6 Cases: Purposive Sampling --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- "Individual interviews through phone: Case A, B" --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- "Individual Interviews face-to-face: Case C, D, E, F" --- p.98 / Chapter 5.2 --- "Helping Experiences, Trust and Influencing Social Factors" --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Helping experiences --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Helping vulnerable people --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Helping good friends --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Helping family members --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Trust --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Social factors influencing helping behaviors --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Summary --- p.110 / Chapter 5.3 --- "Help Seeking Experiences, Trustworthiness and Influencing Factors" --- p.111 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Help seeking experiences --- p.111 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Family members --- p.112 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Good friends --- p.114 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Trust --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Influencing social factors --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Summary --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4 --- Mutuality --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Mutuality in helping and help- seeking behaviors --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Reciprocity --- p.120 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Summary --- p.122 / Chapter 5.5 --- Improving Mutual Help Culture and determining Responsibility for Building Mutual Help and Mutual Trust Society --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Government --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Communities --- p.125 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Schools --- p.126 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Social Workers --- p.127 / Chapter 5.5.5 --- Mass media --- p.128 / Chapter 5.5.6 --- Individuals --- p.128 / Chapter 5.5.7 --- Summary --- p.129 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.130 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- "Conclusions, Discussions, Implications" --- p.133 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.133 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Helping and seeking help behaviors --- p.133 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Trustworthiness and social norms --- p.133 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Strategies: whose responsibility to build mutual help society --- p.134 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Respondents' background --- p.134 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussions --- p.135 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Helping Behaviors --- p.135 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Helping Seeking Behaviors --- p.136 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Whose responsibility and How to improve --- p.138 / Chapter 6.3 --- Implications --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3. 1 --- Implementation for social policy --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Implementation for social work development and practice --- p.153 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- "Implementations for social work education by school, family and mass media" --- p.154 / Reference --- p.156 / Appendix --- p.170

The present research examines a unique motivator of prosocial intentions and behavior: the need to believe that the world is an orderly, predictable place. Previous social psychological research has explained helping behavior as due to either empathic concern for victims (e.g., Batson et al., 1981) or a desire to relieve one’s negative affective state (Cialdini, et al., 1973). Drawing on recent research on compensatory control, I suggest that the act of helping others may be a means through which people compensate for threats to their belief in a controlled and orderly social world. The results of the current studies indicate that, when the belief in an orderly world is threatened, helping behavior can serve as a means for restoring perceptions of control. Specifically, I found that: a threat to personal control increased intentions to give blood at a blood donor drive (Study 1); a threat to order in the world increased helping intentions, and was not moderated by individual differences in socially-desirable responding (Study 2); providing participants with an unrelated opportunity to affirm personal control eliminated the effects of control threat on helping intentions (Study 3); and the effect of control threat on helping behavior was moderated by individual differences in aversion to unpredictability (Study 4). Implications for the psychological understanding of helping behavior and processes of compensatory control are discussed.