This diploma thesis deals with fractionation of protein from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) meal according to their solubility of the hemp varieties - Fedora 17 and Uso 31. The content of nitrogenous substances and protein content in the hemp meal of these studied varieties ranged from 23,6 % (Uso 31) to 31,5 % (Fedora 17) and from 100,1 mg.g-1 (Uso 31) to 130,7 mg.g-1 respectively. The fractionation of hemp protein (Fedora 17, Uso 31) confirmed that the main hemp protein fraction is an albumin fraction, with its relative abundance - 20,5 % of protein. As a next step, the spectra of hemp proteins were determined. The use SDS-PAGE analysis revealed albumin proteins in area of 7,4 53,6 kDa. In the globulin fraction was revealed by SDS-PAGE basic subunits of the major protein edestin in the area 19-21 kDa and acidic subunits in the area 34 kDa.

In this thesis was examined the influence of pH on solubility and precipitation of proteins extracted from the flour of the Cannabis sativa L plant. For this experiment was chosen the pH in the range of 3 to 11. Monoecious breeds of canabis USO 31 and Fedora 17 were chosen for this purpose. Laboratory methods were applied after the protein extraction, in order to define the content of nitrate substances which was the highest at pH 11. Protein spectrums were detected by the SDS-PAGE analysis where especially in an alkaline environment, globuline fraction was present at a greater amount than was the albuminium one. The next step was the isoelectric precipitation of extracted proteins within the variances containing high values of nitrate substances. The content of the nitrate substances in the protein extract was spanning between 56,3 % to 92,9 %. Based on the results of the experiment, is is feasible to conclude that Fedora 17, which was extracted at the alkaline pH 11 and isoelectrically precipitate to pH value 5 and 6, contained the highest amount of protein.

Thesis (MTech (Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008 / This thesis argues that the story of hemp is one of mistaken identity and focuses on the potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in a social and economic context. It also asserts how hemp with the application of appropriate technologies can be developed nationally 'new' material, with reference to examples from abroad. The current proliferation of raw material shortages means that designers have a social responsibility to seek new ways to source and process materials for a sustainable future. Designers are the "future creators" and should prescribe materials that are not only healthy in the cycle of production, but also ensure an afterlife (recycling). The methodology employed is a combination of qualitative (such as interviews) and quantitative methods (such as statistical analysis). Life Cycle Analysis is used to study the ecological impact of substituting hemp for current materials and processes. The study interrogates the historic significance of hemp in various societies across the world with particular focus on Europe, Japan, the United States of America, Ireland and Australia. Such information is analysed within the realities of the South African context. A vast amount of information on hemp has been published but practical information is hard to obtain in South Africa necessitating a search for definite answers abroad, mainly in Europe where there is a strong development in this field. After researching the production of the hemp raw materials and the manufacture of viable hemp products abroad, lessons could be assessed for application to the local market. The findings endorse the view that hemp is a sustainable zero-waste material; the whole plant can be used when harvested, which makes it an ideal material on which to base an eco-design system. Hemp can be processed by utilizing either high technology equipment or by the use of locally available equipment and manual labour. It can be converted into a multi-diverse range of viable products such as paper, thatching, building material and ceiling panels. The main reason for the isolation of hemp in South Africa is the mistaken assumption that it is a drug and outlawed by our legislation. Since hemp (Cannabis sativa L) is perceived as a vilified cousin of marihuana it has lead to a blanket ban on both plants. This is certainly not warranted as hemp produces an extremely low value of the controversial hallucinogenic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)properties which is negligible.

En réponse aux préoccupations environnementales, l'utilisation du béton de chanvre s'est développée ces dernières années et a montré son efficacité d'un point de vue hygrothermique. L’analyse de son cycle de vie souligne l’intérêt environnemental du chanvre et montre que le constituant le plus impactant est le liant, généralement à base de chaux. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer des composites à base de chanvre en substituant à la chaux une matrice minérale moins impactante. Plusieurs formulations sont réalisées avec différentes matrices liantes et différents dosages en chanvre. D'une part, le liant commercial ThermOⓇ est utilisé pour produire des bétons de chanvre «classiques», servant de référence comparative. D' autre part, des matrices liantes sont développées à base de fines issues de boue de lavage. La terre commerciale ClaytecⓇ est également considérée. Après avoir présenté les différentes matières premières retenues pour cette étude. Le liant ThermOⓇ est caractérisé pour différents dosages en eau. Les fines issues de boues de lavage font l'objet d'une étude de stabilisation visant à satisfaire des objectifs de résistance mécanique de la matrice liante. Une stabilisation avec 5 % de ciment portland couplé à 5% de ThermOⓇ est retenue pour la suite de l'étude. Cette formulation n'impacte pas significativement la conductivité thermique de la matrice liante, tout en permettant d'atteindre les objectifs mécaniques fixés. Les composites réalisés avec les différents liants sélectionnés présentent des dosages chanvre / liant évoluant entre 0.4 et 0.75, dosage conventionnels pour des applications toit, mur et dalle. Ils sont mis en œuvre par compaction, ce qui conduit à des masses volumiques comprises entre 370 et 6 15 kg/m3 et des porosités comprises entre 70 et 81 %. Les comportements mécaniques, thermiques et hygriques des composites sont évalués. Les performances mécaniques mesurées répondent aux exigences des règles professionnelles Construire en Chanvre, y compris pour les composites réalisés avec des fines non stabilisées. Les isothermes de sorption obtenues sont des sigmoïdes de classe II ou Ill. présentant des teneurs en eau plus élevées pour les composites réalisés avec le ThermOⓇ. Les valeurs MBV obtenues montrent que les composites à base de fines ou de terre ClaytecⓇsont meilleurs régulateurs hygriques que les composites réalisés avec le liant ThermOⓇ, respectivement classés excellents et très bons régulateurs hygriques. Les performances thermiques des composites en permettent un usage en isolation répartie. Au point sec, la conductivité thermique dépend essentiellement de la masse volumique, sans impact du type de liant. Lorsque l'humidité relative ambiante augmente, la conductivité thermique des composites à base de liant ThermOⓇ est plus impactée que celle des autres composites, en lien avec les isothermes de sorption. Cette étude montre donc toute la pertinence du développement de composites formulés à l'aide de fines issues de boues de lavage en substitution de la chaux. / In response to environmental concerns, the use of hemp concrete has been developed in recent years and has shown its efficiency from a hygrothermal point of view. Its life cycle analysis underlines the environmental interest of hemp and shows that the most impacting component is the binder, usually lime-based. The aim of this thesis is to develop hemp-based composites by substituting lime with a less impacting mineral matrix. Several formulations are made with different binder matrices and different hemp content. On the one hand, the ThermO® commercial binder is used to produce "classic" hemp concrete, which are used as a comparative reference. On the other hand, binder matrices are developed based on washing mud fines. Claytec® commercial earth is also considered. After presenting the different raw materials selected for this study, the ThermO® binder is characterized with several water ton binder ratios. The washing mud fine stabilisation is investigated regarding mechanical resistance objectives. A stabilization with 5% of portland cement coupled with 5% of ThermO® is selected for the following development. This formulation does not significantly affect the thermal conductivity of the binder matrix, while allowing to achieve the fixed mechanical objectives. The composites made with the various selected binders have hemp I binder ratios ranging between 0.4 and 0.75, conventional ratio for roof, wall and floor applications. They are implemented by compact ion, which leads to densities ranging from 370 to 61 5 kg/m3 and porosities ranging from 70 to 81%. The mechanical. Thermal and hygric behaviors of the composites are investigated. The measured mechanical performances meet the requirements of the professional rules Construire en Chanvre, even for composites made with unstabilized fines. The sorption isotherms obtained are class II or III sigmoid, with higher water contents for composites made with ThermO®. The MBV values obtained show that the composites made with fines and with Caytec® earth are better hygric regulators than the composites made with ThermO® binder, respectively classified as excellent and as very good hygric regulators. The thermal performances of the composites allow a use in distributed insulation. At the dry point, the thermal conductivity mainly depends on the density, without impact of the type of binder. As ambient relative humidity increases, the thermal conductivity of ThermO®, binder-based composites is more impacted than that of other composites in connection with sorption isotherms. This study thus shows the relevance of the development of composites formulated with washing mud fine as a substitute tor lime.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-23T15:01:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Saulo Alves Santos de Oliveira.pdf: 568684 bytes, checksum: 71c7b0fec544e230da1790c5e7f73322 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T15:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Saulo Alves Santos de Oliveira.pdf: 568684 bytes, checksum: 71c7b0fec544e230da1790c5e7f73322 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a crop of great economical and strategic importance, mainly for the Northeast region of Brazil. In the state of Pernambuco, the main cowpea production areas are located in Agreste and Sertão regions. Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum, is an important cowpea disease worldwide. This work aimed to evaluate the potential of green manure in inducing suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt as well as to identify the factors related to suppressivity. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. A sandy loam soil with no native populations of F. oxysporum was used. Eleven treatments were compared after soil infestation with F. oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum. Different combinations of non-cropping, cowpea (cv. BR-17 Gurguéia) and green manures (showy crotalaria, sunn hemp, mucuna, lablab, canavalia and pigeonpea), in four growing seasons, were compared. Disease severity evaluations along with microbial and chemical characteristics of soil were carried out at the end of the 2nd and 4th growing seasons. For the two evaluations, the incorporation of sunn hemp into the soil led to smallest levels of severity (SVD) of cowpea Fusarium wilt. There was no correlationbetween F. oxysporum population density in soil and SVD. For the first evaluation (2nd season), SVD was negative correlated (r = -0.69) with Bacillus sp. population. Thus, this bacteria was regarded a suppressiveness factor. For the 4th growing season, no significant correlation between SVD and soil microbiological characteristics was found. These results suggest that other mechanisms are involved in disease suppressivenes. Despite the reduction in SVD by sunn hemp incorporation, more studies are necessary to clarify the factors inducing suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt before sunn hemp is recommended for commercial plantations. It is worth considering that the disease suppression in greenhouse conditions does not guarantee similar levels of suppression in commercially cultivated areas under diverse conditions of soil, environment conditions, and management. / O caupi (Vigna unguiculata) é uma cultura de grande importância econômica e estratégica, principalmente para a região Nordeste do Brasil. No estado de Pernambuco, as principais áreas de produção concentram-se nas microrregiões do Agreste e Sertão. A murcha-de-fusário, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum, é uma importante doença do caupi nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o potencial da utilização de adubos verdes na indução da supressão à doença e identificar os possíveis fatores responsáveis pela supressividade. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em solo franco arenoso, no qual não foram detectadas populações autóctones de F. oxysporum. Após a infestação do solo com F. oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum, foram comparados 11 tratamentos, considerando diferentes combinações de pousio, caupi (cv. BR-17 Gurguéia) e adubos verdes (crotalária juncea, crotalária spectabilis, feijão-de-porco, guandu, labe-labe e mucuna-preta), em quatro ciclos de cultivo. As avaliações da severidade da doença e das características microbianas e químicas dos solos foram realizadas ao final do 2° e do 4° ciclo de cultivo. Nas duas avaliações, a incorporação de crotalária juncea ao soloproporcionou os menores níveis de severidade (SVD) da murcha-de-fusário em caupi, enquanto os demais adubos verdes não foram eficientes na redução da SVD. Não houve correlação entre a densidade populacional de F. oxysporum no solo e a SVD nas duas avaliações. Na primeira avaliação (2° ciclo), a SVD apresentou correlação negativa significativa (r = -0,69) com a população de Bacillus sp., sendo esta bactéria identificada como um fator de supressividade. Não foram constatadas correlações significativas entre SVD e as características microbiológicas dos solos ao final do 4º ciclo de cultivo, indicando que outros mecanismos podem estar envolvidos na supressividade da doença. Apesar da redução da SVD pela adubação verde com crotalátia juncea tornam-se necessários mais estudos sobre os fatores responsáveis pela supressividade à murcha-de-fusário para a adoção efetiva da crotalária juncea em plantios comerciais, já que a supressão da doença na casa de vegetação ou pequenas parcelas não garante níveis similares de supressão em campos de produção sob diversas condições de solo e ambiente, bem como diversas opções de manejo.

Le béton de chanvre est aujourd'hui le matériau de construction agro-ressource le plus développé en Europe. Il se compose de chanvre et de liant minéral (chaux) mélangé à l'eau. Généralement, il est utilisé pour ses propriétés d'isolation thermique dans le bâtiment. La plupart des blocs de béton de chanvre qui ont été étudiés, présentent un comportement fragile et une très faible résistance mécanique. Les formulations sont généralement riches en liant et légèrement compactées. Jusqu'à présent, le béton de chanvre n'est pas considéré comme un matériau porteur. Il est principalement utilisé comme remplissage isolant, combiné avec des composants de structure en bois, béton ou maçonnerie. Une étude a testé d'autres formulations, avec des teneurs plus élevées en granulats grâce à un procédé de compactage, afin d'améliorer à la fois la rigidité et la résistance des mélanges durcis. Dans ces formulations, l’ajout des granulats de chanvre, plus légers et plus poreux que la chaux, abaisse de manière significative la conductivité thermique. Le présent travail est une étude expérimentale du comportement à la compression et au cisaillement du béton de chanvre, afin d’utiliser ce matériau bio-sourcé dans le contreventement des bâtiments à ossature bois, tout en maintenant de bonnes qualités d'isolation thermique dans le bâtiment. Deux formulations compactées, M1 et M4 ont été expérimentées, ainsi que des éprouvettes obtenues à partir de blocs de commerce Chanvribloc®. Deux séries d’essais ont été réalisées. La première est portée sur la compression uni-axiale dans chaque direction pour caractériser l'anisotropie mécanique du matériau. Cette anisotropie a été engendrée par le procédé de compactage. La deuxième série d’essais permet de caractériser le comportement de cisaillement des formulations étudiées. Dans cette étude, un dispositif spécial d’essai de cisaillement a été développé. Il permet de caractériser au cisaillement des éprouvettes sous différentes contraintes normales appliquées. Les champs de déformations des éprouvettes cisaillées ont été suivis par stéréo- corrélation d’images durant les essais. Les résultats expérimentaux de compression ont montré que ce matériau est anisotrope, même lorsqu'il est industriellement mis en place par vibrations. Le matériau a plus spécifiquement un comportement isotrope transverse. Le comportement dans le sens longitudinal est caractérisé par une ductilité très élevée, tandis que le comportement transversal est très fragile, avec un comportement très variable et instable. Les résultats expérimentaux en cisaillement montrent une ductilité élevée de ce matériau. Ce comportement est intéressant pour le contreventement et le comportement sous action sismique des bâtiments avec des murs constitués de béton de chanvre. Des modélisations et applications numériques à l’échelle structurelle d’un bâtiment à plusieurs étages ont été réalisées, pour illustrer l’utilisation des blocs de béton de chanvre en contreventement de bâtiments à ossature bois. Les formulations les plus compactées présentent un meilleur comportement sous actions sismiques modérées et moyennes, par rapport aux formulations les moins compactées à la mise en œuvre, tandis que les murs en Chanvribloc à l’état actuel, ne permettent pas de contreventer les bâtiments en zones sismiques modérés ou moyennes. / Lime and hemp concrete (LHC) is nowadays the most developed bio-based aggregate building material in Europe. It consists of hemp shiv and mineral binder mixing with water. Generally, bio-based materials like LHC are used for their thermal insulation properties in building. Most blocks of Lime Hemp Concrete which have been studied, show a brittle behavior and a very low mechanical strength. The formulations are generally rich in binder and slightly compacted. Up to now, this material is then not considered as a load bearing material and is mainly used as filler insulation, combined with structure components made of wood, concrete or masonry. A study has tested other formulations, with higher contents of aggregates thanks to a compaction process, in order to improve both the rigidity and the strength of the hardened mixtures. In these formulations, shiv which has higher amount is definitely lighter and more porous than lime, which prevents a significant increase in thermal conductivity. The present work of my PhD is an experimental study of the compressive and shearing behavior of hemp concrete, in order to study the load-bearing capacity and bracing of this bio based material, while maintaining good qualities of thermal insulation in building. Two compacted formulations were tested M1 & M4, as well as samples obtained from trade-blocks Chanvribloc®. Two series of tests were performed. The first one is a uniaxial compression test in each direction for characterizing the mechanical anisotropy of the material. This anisotropy is induced by the compacting process. The second one permits to characterize the shearing behavior of the different mix-designs. In this study, an original shear device was developed, specifically designed for this kind of material, which allows shearing under controlled normal stress. An image processing performed was carried out, using a camera and ARAMIS image processing software during shear tests, to evaluate the fields of deformations and to study the behavior of the specimen during the shear test. The compressive experiments results have shown that this material is anisotropic, even when it is industrially molded by vibrations. The material has a transverse isotropic behavior. The behavior in the longitudinal direction is characterized by very high ductility, while the transverse behavior is very brittle, with a highly variable and unsteady behavior. The experimental results in shear show a high ductility of this material. These results are very promising, an interesting behavior of LHC walls in term of potential bracing. Numerical modeling and applications have been carried out to illustrate the use of hemp concrete blocks for bracing buildings. The formulation M4 exhibits a better behavior under moderate and average seismic actions, compared to the formulation M1, while the Chanvribloc walls in the present state do not allowthe buildings to be braced in moderate or medium seismic zones.

Dans les travaux de cette thèse, des fibres extraites de la plante de chanvre et des agro-composites polypropylène renforcés par des fibres courtes ont été étudiés. Des essais de caractérisations expérimentales alliés à une modélisation numérique ont permis de comprendre et de déterminer leurs comportements mécaniques en tenant compte des considérations géométriques, des défauts naturels ainsi que la taille des fibres. De part leur nature, les fibres unitaires et les faisceaux de chanvre ont une structure, une forme et une composition complexe influençant leur comportement et leurs propriétés mécaniques. Les études menées dans cette thèse ont montré l’influence des conditions de cultures et de la variété de chanvre sur les propriétés des fibres et des agro-composites. Concernant l’agro-composite, d’autres méthodes expérimentales à la fois optique et macroscopique ont été utilisées pour la caractérisation de son comportement. La méthode de corrélation d’images sous diverses sollicitations mécaniques a mis en lumière l’hétérogénéité du comportement local de ces matériaux, montrant ainsi la non-homogénéité des propriétés mécaniques. Une étude complémentaire a montré l’influence de la répartition des fibres et du processus de fabrication des agro-composites sur l’endommagement et la rupture du matériau / In this thesis, fibres extracted from hemp plant and bio-composites polypropylene reinforced by short hemp fibres was investigated. Experimental studies coupled to numerical modelling have enabled to understand and determined their mechanical behaviour taking into account the geometrical shape, the natural defects and the size of hemp fibres. Microscopic experimental method has enabled to characterize the unitary fibre behaviour independently of fibre bundles. Due to their vegetal origins, hemp unitary fibres and bundles present a complex morphology and structure which have an impact on the mechanical properties of composite. Studies carried out the effect of the growing conditions and hemp variety on the fibre behaviour.For the bio-composite material, optical and macroscopic experimental characterization methods were used in order to determine the behaviour of a polypropylene PP reinforced by hemp fibres. The imaging correlation method is also used to analyse the local behaviour showing the heterogeneity of PP/hemp fibres reinforced material. Moreover, complementary work showed the impact of the fibre distribution and the manufacturing process on the composite properties and the damage initiation and growth

L’industrie des matériaux composites ne cesse d’évoluer et de croître en mettant en place de nouveaux matériaux et de nouvelles technologies. En substitution des matériaux d’origine fossile que les matériaux d’origine naturelles (et surtout végétales) commencent à voir le jour. C’est dans ce contexte que notre travail de recherche est proposé. Il s’intéresse à la caractérisation du comportement mécanique d’un composite à matrice Polypropylène, renforcé avec des fibres de Chanvre et du bois de Chanvre (Chènevotte). Les différents moyens et techniques de caractérisation, utilisés par la présente étude, ont montré que ces nouveaux matériaux sont dotés de propriétés, en particulier mécaniques, de haut niveau, qui viennent rivaliser avec celles des autres composites classiques à base de fibres de verre et de carbone.Les essais expérimentaux en statique et de fatigue, ont révélé beaucoup de détails en comparaison avec d’autres matériaux composites. Ces informations ont permis de créer une sorte de base de données qui pourra servir de référence pour d’autres composites de la même famille à base de fibres végétales. Ainsi, des mécanismes d’endommagement ont été mis en évidence grâce aux essais mécaniques (traction monotone, charge-décharge, …) associés à des observations microscopiques (Microscope Electronique à Balayage), et à des outils de détection du dommage basés sur l’émission acoustique. Par le biais de cette technique, nous avons pu apprécier la qualité et l’importance de l’interface fibre/matrice qui est un paramètre fondamental pour la présente étude et pour la détermination de la loi de comportement du composite.La modélisation micromécanique a été intégrée dans ce travail de thèse, grâce au modèle de Mori-Tanaka. Le comportement des matériaux à l’endommagement n’a pas été pris en considération ; seule l’élasticité a été étudiée. A l’aide de ce modèle, nous avons pu remonter aux propriétés intrinsèques des constituants (le module d’élasticité longitudinale des renforts: Chanvre et Chènevotte). / The composites industry continues to evolve and grow by developing new materials and new technologies. Replacing fossil materials by materials with natural origin (especially vegetable) seems to be one of the most promising. In this context our research is proposed. It is interested to characterize the mechanical behavior of a polypropylene matrix composite reinforced with fibers of Hemp and Wood of Hemp (Chenevotte). The various means and characterization techniques used in this study showed that these new materials have interesting mechanical properties, coming rival those of other conventional composites based on carbon and glass fibers.The experimental static and fatigue tests have revealed many details in comparison with other composite materials. The information help creates a database that can serve as reference for other composites of the same family and vegetable fibers. Mechanisms of damage have been highlighted through mechanical tests (tensile monotonous charge-discharge …) associated with microscopic observations (Scanning Electron Microscope), and tools for damage detection based on emission acoustics. Thanks to this technique, we could improve the quality of the interface fiber / matrix which is a basic parameter for this study and for determining the behavior of composite.Micromechanical modeling has been integrated in this thesis, through the Mori-Tanaka model. The behavior of materials during damage has not been taken into account: only the elasticity has been studied. Using this model, we were able to trace the intrinsic properties of the constituents (the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of the reinforcements: Hemp and Chenevotte).

Present day composite sandwich panels provide incredible strength. Their largest problem, however, is early bonding failure between the core and the skin. This is due to the low bonding surface area of present cores like honeycomb. Corrugated structures could provide a remedy for this with their much larger bonding surface area. Corrugated structures have extreme mechanical properties deeming them particularly useful in aerospace and automotive applications. However, previous research has shown that the stiffness of carbon fiber causes debonding and drastic failure when used as both a core and a skin. Bio-composites have properties that could strengthen the corrugated sandwich panel against such debonding and increase the strength of the structure while making it cheaper and more environmentally friendly. This thesis presents the optimum design, manufacturing, and testing of corrugated sandwich panel structures with integrated bio-composites under edgewise compression loading. To do this, optimum corrugation geometry was identified using theoretical analysis of the moment and bonding area of the shape. Control tests with carbon fiber and hemp were conducted. The bio-composite was integrated in both the core and the skin individually in corrugated sandwich panels. The cases tested were all-carbon fiber, hemp skin with carbon fiber core, carbon fiber skin with hemp core, and all-hemp. These corrugated structures were analyzed by conducting compression loading tests on varying lengths of single-ligament panels utilizing trapezoidal corrugation as the core and a flat plate as the skin. The lengths tested were 1, 2, 3, and 4 inches. As many samples as possible were manufactured out of limited material with heavier focus on creating the shorter samples. The goal of this testing was, first, to determine if hemp fibers were viable as a substitute for certain sections of the traditional composite structure, and second, to see if integrating hemp fibers would solve the problems of debonding seen in the all-carbon fiber samples seen in previous research. To determine mechanical property viability, the ultimate load and stiffness were investigated for each sample, as well as investigation of the failure modes seen in the test. Secondary goals were to see at what length buckling behavior became an issue and to see if this corrugated structure and all its failure modes could be simulated in finite element analysis. At the 1-inch and 2-inch lengths where minimal buckling was encountered, the hemp core-carbon skin samples showed better results than both the all-carbon fiber and the all-hemp samples with a 4% and 6% increase in average ultimate load and a 11% and 47% increase in stiffness, respectively. From these results, it was concluded that hybrid bio-composite structures can have comparable mechanical properties to traditional composites and can solve bonding failure.

Hemp belongs among important plants with a long industrial tradition. However, its first use was originally for healing. In medicine, it is mainly applied thanks to the content of many biologically active substances, such as cannabinoids. This thesis is concerned with the use of hemp in acne preparations. The theory focuses mainly on the characterization of hemp and its active substances. The other chapters deals with cosmetic preparations and acne itself, and Propionibacterium acnes as well, which is involved. Within the experimental part, the extracts of two hemp varieties (Finola and Bialobrzeskie) were characterized in terms of antioxidant and cannabinoid presence. The cosmetic preparations with hemp extract content were prepared including a complete cleansing set for acne skin, concurrently commercial products of this sort were purchased. In cosmetic preparations and the extracts their inhibitory effect against Propionibacterium acnes was studied as well. Also Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Candida glabrata were tested. The results show that dried hemp flower extracts contain the greatest amount of active substances, so they have a higher antioxidant and antimicrobial effect. The presence of individual cannabinoids differed mainly depending on the variety. All hemp extracts had effect against gram-positive bacteria, in cosmetic preparations it was lower. Nevertheless hemp antibacterial effect has been proven.