The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of feather availability and imprinting to loose feathers in the litter on the incidence of feather pecking behaviour (FP), condition of the integument and fear reactions in two genotypes of laying hens. Hens that were deprived from loose feathers in the litter (feathers were collected 4 times/week) exhibited a significantly less rate of feather pecking, less number of severe FP and showed a better feather score in the laying period compared to the control groups (no feather treatment) in both Lohmann Tradition (LT) & Lohmann Silver (LS) genotypes. Addition of brown feathers to the floor in LT hens (feathers were added once/week) was associated with a reduction in feather pecking rate, the severe form of this behaviour and improved plumage and skin conditions. Contrary, the addition of white feathers to the floor in LS was associated with the highest rate of feather pecking, the highest severe form of this behaviour as well as the worst feather and skin conditions in the laying period compared to other groups of the same genotype. The LT birds in all feather treatments had a better feather cover than the LS birds. Hens that were imprinted to loose feathers in the litter in the rearing period exhibited a higher rate of FP, higher number of severe FP and showed the worst feather and skin conditions when feathers were collected from the floor during the laying period. Also, these hens reacted more fearful during the tonic immobility test. It is concluded that loose feathers may play a role in the development of feather pecking behaviour in laying hens. Large differences between genotypes were found in respect to the availability of loose feathers, feather pecking and plumage and integument condition. Imprinting of chicks to loose feathers from the floor may affect the incidence of feather pecking later on. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Einflüsse des Federangebotes und der Prägung auf lose Federn in der Einstreu auf die Häufigkeit des Auftretens von Federpicken (FP), den Zustand des Integuments und die Furchtreaktionen an zwei Legehennengenotypen zu untersuchen. Hühnern beider untersuchter Genotypen (Lohmann Tradition (LT) und Lohmann Silber (LS)), denen die losen Federn 4 mal/ Woche aus der Einstreu abgesammelt wurden, zeigten eine geringere Federpickrate, eine geringere Anzahl der schweren Form des FP und eine bessere Gefiederbeschaffenheit in der Legeperiode verglichen mit der Kontrollgruppe (keine Federbehandlung). Das Hinzufügen brauner Federn zur Einstreu bewirkte bei LT Hennen eine Reduktion der FP-Rate, der schweren Form des Federpickens und verbesserte die Gefieder- und Hautbeschaffenheit. Dagegen führte das Hinzufügen weißer Federn in die Einstreu während der Legeperiode bei LS Hennen zur höchsten Federpickrate und Anzahl der schweren Form des Federpickens sowie zur schlechtesten Gefieder- und Hautbeschaffenheit im Vergleich zu anderen Gruppen des gleichen Genotyps. Hühner der LT Linie wiesen in allen Federbehandlungen eine bessere Befiederung als die LS Hühner auf. Hennen, die während der Aufzuchtsperiode auf lose Federn in der Einstreu geprägt wurden, zeigten nach Absammeln der Federn während der Legeperiode eine erhöhte FP-Rate mit einer erhöhten Anzahl der schweren Form des FP und die schlechteste Gefieder- und Hautbeschaffenheit. Außerdem reagierten diese Hühner ängstlicher während des Tests auf tonische Immobilität. Es kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass lose Federn in der Einstreu eine Rolle bei der Entwicklung des Federpickverhaltens von Legehennen spielen und dass Federpicken als Futtersuchverhalten interpretiert werden kann. Grosse Unterschiede zwischen den Genotypen bestanden hinsichtlich der Verfügbarkeit von losen Federn in der Einstreu, des Federpickens sowie der Gefieder- und Integumentbeschaffenheit. Eine Prägung der Junghennen auf lose Federn in der Einstreu könnte das Auftreten von Federpicken zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt beeinflussen.

Orientador: Angelo Berchieri Júnior / Banca: Antonio Carlos Alessi / Banca: Nilce Maria Soares Queiroz Gama / Resumo: Devido ao grande número de casos de toxinfecção alimentar e aos prejuízos sócio-econômicos causados pela Salmonella Enteritidis aos seres humanos, tornam-se necessário estudos sobre a prevenção e controle desta bactéria nos plantéis avícolas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise do emprego de bacterinas inativadas oleosas contra Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis (SE) em aves de postura comercial, visando prevenir a excreção fecal e a contaminação dos ovos. Foram utilizadas três formulações de bacterinas comerciais de SE em emulsão oleosa. As aves foram vacinadas na oitava e décima sexta semana de idade e foi mantido um grupo de aves sem vacinação (controle). Na vigésima semana de idade, treze aves de cada tratamento foram desafiadas com uma dose oral de aproximadamente 109 células viáveis de SE fagotipo 4 (resistente ao ácido nalidíxico e a espectomicina), sendo que este procedimento foi repetido na vigésima quinta e trigésima primeira semanas de idade. A eficácia das vacinas empregadas foi conferida através de exames laboratoriais, para pesquisa de SE no conteúdo cecal, baço, ovário e ovos. A vacinação conferiu proteção parcial contra colonização de SE no ceco e contra eliminação da bactéria nas fezes e nos ovos, portanto, recomenda-se que o uso das bacterinas seja complementado com outras formas de controle para SE. / Abstract: Due to the great number of outbreaks of food poisoning and the socioeconomic issues caused to the human beings by the Salmonella Enteritidis, it becomes necessary the study on the prevention and control of this bacterium in the poultry flocks. Thus, the objective of this work was the analysis of the use of bacterins against Salmonella Enteritidis infection in commercial birds, aiming to prevent the fecal excretion and the contamination of eggs. Have been used three Salmonella Enteritidis oil-emulsion commercial bacterins formulations. The laying hens were vaccinated in the eighth and sixteenth weeks old and one group of birds was kept as nonvacinated control. On twentieth weeks ago, thirteen birds of each treatment were challenged with an oral dose of approximately 109 viable cells of phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis (resistant to the acid nalidixic and the espectomicin), this procedure was repeated in the twentieth fifth and thirtieth first weeks ago. The efficacy of employed vaccines was conferred through laboratorial examinations, for research of SE from fecal samples, spleen, ovary and eggs. The vaccination conferred partial protection against caecal colonization and against shedding of SE in the feces and eggs, therefore, it is recommended that the use of the killed bacterins be complemented with other forms of SE control. / Mestre

Submitted by MICHELE BERNARDINO DE LIMA null (michele_bernardino@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-16T15:00:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Michele_Bernardino_de _Lima.pdf: 1682251 bytes, checksum: febd0010dceb761ccc4f0391786d0513 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-17T13:36:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1682251 bytes, checksum: febd0010dceb761ccc4f0391786d0513 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T13:36:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1682251 bytes, checksum: febd0010dceb761ccc4f0391786d0513 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa: 1) determinar as exigências de mantença de valina (Val), isoleucina (Ile) e triptofano (Trp) digestível utilizando diferentes sistemas de unidade; 2) avaliar as respostas de aves reprodutoras pesadas para diferentes ingestões de Val, Ile e Trp, determinar a eficiência de utilização e desenvolver um modelo fatorial; 3) calcular a ingestão ótima econômica de Val, Ile e Trp para aves reprodutoras pesadas utilizando o Modelo de Reading; 4) determinar as exigências de arginina digestível para manutenção utilizando diferentes sistemas de unidades; avaliar as respostas de aves reprodutoras pesadas para diferentes ingestões de arginina, estimar os parâmetros do Modelo de Reading pelo método da simulação e equação para aves reprodutoras pesadas e calcular a ingestão ótima econômica de arginina, considerando a relação entre custo-benefício e a variabilidade da população. Para o objetivo 1 foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 144 galos Cobb 500. A exigência de mantença foi obtida pela relação entre a ingestão do aminoácido e o nitrogênio retido. Os diferentes sistemas de unidade foram: mg/kg de peso corporal, mg/kg de peso metabólico e mg/kg de peso proteico. Para o objetivo 2 foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 192 aves reprodutoras pesadas. Os dados obtidos foram ingestão do aminoácido (IAA), peso corporal (PC) e massa de ovo (MO). O modelo modificado para calcular as exigências dos aminoácidos foi: IAA=[AAm×(PC×0,196)0,73]+[(Novo×MO×AAovo)/k], onde AAm é o aminoácido para mantença, Novo é o nitrogênio do ovo, AAovo é o aminoácido do ovo e k é a eficiência de utilização. Para o objetivo 3 utilizou-se os dados de AAI, MO e PC do objetivo 2 que foram ajustados pelo modelo de Reading. Para determinar as exigências dos aminoácidos pelo método da simulação foram utilizados 10.000 aves. Para o objetivo 4 foram realizados dois ensaios, o primeiro utilizando 42 galos Ross e o segundo utilizando 64 aves reprodutoras pesadas Ross. Os procedimentos utilizados foram semelhantes aos objetivos 1, 2 e 3. As conclusões obtidas foram: A exigência de manutenção é mais adequadamente expressa como teor de proteína corporal. A predição do modelo foi melhorado utilizando os coeficientes estimados com unidades fisiologicamente relevantes. O modelo de Reading pode ser utilizado para estimar as ingestões ótimas de aminoácidos para galinhas sob diferentes cenários genéticos e econômico e, dependendo dos ingredientes disponíveis e seus preços, o custo de cada um dos aminoácidos pode variar. / The objective of this research were: 1) determine the requirements for maintenance of valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile) and tryptophan (Trp) digestible using different unit systems; 2) evaluate the responses of broiler breeder hens to different intakes of Val, Ile and Trp, determine the efficiency of utilization and develop a factorial model; 3) calculate the economic optimum intake of Val, Ile and Trp for broiler breeder hens using the Reading Model; 4) determine the digestible arginine requirements for maintenance using different unit systems; evaluate the responses of broiler breeder hens to different intakes of arginine, estimate the parameters of the Reading Model by the method of simulation and equation for broiler breeder hens and calculate the economic optimum intake of arginine, considering the relationship between costbenefit and flock variability. For the objective 1 were conducted three trials using 144 Cobb 500 roosters. The requirement for maintenance was obtained by the relationship between amino acid intake and nitrogen retention. The different unit systems were: mg/kg of body weight, mg/kg of metabolic weight (BW0.75) and metabolic protein weight at maturity (BPm 0.73×u).For the objective 2 were conducted three trials using 192 Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens. The data obtained were: amino acid intake (AAI), body weight (BW) and the egg output (EO). The modified model to calculate the requirements of amino acids was: AAI=[AAm ×(BW×0.196)0.73]+[(Negg×EO×AAegg)/k] where AAm is the amino acid for maintenance, Negg is nitrogen egg, AAegg amino acid in egg, k is efficiency of utilization. For the objective 3 was used the AAI, EO and BW data from objective 2 that were adjusted by Reading Model. To determine the requirements of amino acids by the simulation method were used 10,000 birds. For objective 4 were conducted two trials, the first using 42 Ross roosters and the second trial using 64 Ross broiler breeder hens. The procedures used were similar to the objectives 1, 2 and 3. The conclusions obtained were: The maintenance requirement is more appropriately expressed as body protein content. The prediction of the model was improved using the coefficients estimated here with physiologically relevant units. The Reading Model could be used to estimate the optimum amino acid intakes for hens under different genetic and economic scenarios and depending on the ingredients available and their prices, the cost of each amino acid will vary. / FAPESP: 2013/13957-1

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moura_amg_me_jabo.pdf: 217826 bytes, checksum: a7582335f0d6673050625302eb64e73a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Devido ao grande número de casos de toxinfecção alimentar e aos prejuízos sócio-econômicos causados pela Salmonella Enteritidis aos seres humanos, tornam-se necessário estudos sobre a prevenção e controle desta bactéria nos plantéis avícolas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise do emprego de bacterinas inativadas oleosas contra Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis (SE) em aves de postura comercial, visando prevenir a excreção fecal e a contaminação dos ovos. Foram utilizadas três formulações de bacterinas comerciais de SE em emulsão oleosa. As aves foram vacinadas na oitava e décima sexta semana de idade e foi mantido um grupo de aves sem vacinação (controle). Na vigésima semana de idade, treze aves de cada tratamento foram desafiadas com uma dose oral de aproximadamente 109 células viáveis de SE fagotipo 4 (resistente ao ácido nalidíxico e a espectomicina), sendo que este procedimento foi repetido na vigésima quinta e trigésima primeira semanas de idade. A eficácia das vacinas empregadas foi conferida através de exames laboratoriais, para pesquisa de SE no conteúdo cecal, baço, ovário e ovos. A vacinação conferiu proteção parcial contra colonização de SE no ceco e contra eliminação da bactéria nas fezes e nos ovos, portanto, recomenda-se que o uso das bacterinas seja complementado com outras formas de controle para SE. / Due to the great number of outbreaks of food poisoning and the socioeconomic issues caused to the human beings by the Salmonella Enteritidis, it becomes necessary the study on the prevention and control of this bacterium in the poultry flocks. Thus, the objective of this work was the analysis of the use of bacterins against Salmonella Enteritidis infection in commercial birds, aiming to prevent the fecal excretion and the contamination of eggs. Have been used three Salmonella Enteritidis oil-emulsion commercial bacterins formulations. The laying hens were vaccinated in the eighth and sixteenth weeks old and one group of birds was kept as nonvacinated control. On twentieth weeks ago, thirteen birds of each treatment were challenged with an oral dose of approximately 109 viable cells of phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis (resistant to the acid nalidixic and the espectomicin), this procedure was repeated in the twentieth fifth and thirtieth first weeks ago. The efficacy of employed vaccines was conferred through laboratorial examinations, for research of SE from fecal samples, spleen, ovary and eggs. The vaccination conferred partial protection against caecal colonization and against shedding of SE in the feces and eggs, therefore, it is recommended that the use of the killed bacterins be complemented with other forms of SE control.

Orientador: Carlos Ducatti / Banca: Ariel Antonio Mendes / Banca: Marcelo Zacharias Moreira / Banca: José Roberto Sartori / Banca: Fabiana Ribeiro Caldara / Resumo:O estudo objetivou rastrear a inclusão de farinha de carne e ossos bovina (FCOB) em dietas de poedeiras comerciais, por meio da análise dos ovos e suas frações (gema e albúmen), pela técnica dos isótopos estáveis do carbono e nitrogênio, assim como avaliar o índice analítico mínimo detectável. Foram utilizadas 240 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Shaver White de 73 semanas de idade, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis de inclusão (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%) de FCOB na dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja. No 35º dia foram tomados aleatoriamente 24 ovos por tratamento, dos quais 12 serviram para amostragem de gema e albúmen e os outros 12 para ovo (gema + albúmen). Os resultados isotópicos foram submetidos à análise multivariada de variância e a partir das matrizes de erro, com 95% de confiança, foram determinadas elipses para identificar as diferenças entre os tratamentos experimentais (dietas com FCOB) e o grupo controle (0% de FCOB). No ovo e na gema a partir do par isotópico do tratamento com inclusão de 3,0% de FCOB houve diferenciação do par do tratamento controle, no albúmen a diferenciação ocorreu a partir do tratamento com 1,5% de FCOB. Conclui-se que, a técnica dos isótopos estáveis é capaz de rastrear a FCOB, utilizada na alimentação de poedeiras, no produto final, em nível mínimo de inclusão de 1,5% no albúmen e 3,0% no ovo e na gema. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to trace the inclusion of bovine meat and bones meal (BMBM) in diets of laying hens analyzing eggs and theirs fractions (yolk and albumen), by carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes, as well as to evaluate the detectable analytical minimal index. Two hundred forty (240) Shaver White laying hens aging 73 weeks never fed with animal origin ingredients were randomly distributed in five treatments and fed with a corn and soybean based diet (control) and four increasing levels (0; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0%) of BMBM. At the 35th day, 24 eggs per treatment were randomly collect, twelve for yolk and albumen sampling and twelve for egg (yolk + albumen) sampling. The isotopic results were analyzed in a multivariate analysis of variance. Through an error matrix (95% confidence) the ellipses were determined to identify the differences among the treatments (diets BMBM inclusion) from the control group (0% BMBM group). It was possible to detect BMBM inclusion through the isotopic pair of yolk and egg at 3.0% of inclusion. In the albumen it was possible to detect the 1.5% BMBM inclusion. In summary, the stable isotopes technique is able to trace BMBM in laying hens feed, in the final product at a minimal level of inclusion of 1.5% in the albumen and 3.0% in the egg and yolk. / Doutor

The aim of diploma work was contents supervision iodine solution in egg yolk in the consumer eggs and evaluates importance of eggs as an iodine source in human nutrition. In total, iodine content was determined in the yolk of 189 eggs (large flocks) and 210 eggs (small flocks). There were 3,2 times lower of iodine content in the egg yolk from small flocks compare to eggs from large flocks. Eggs from large flocks cover 2 - 25% and from small flocks only 0,4 {--} 12% of the daily iodine requirement in adults. Iodine content in eggs depends on daily iodine intake and the effect of laying cycle. Egg iodine concentration was determined by spectrophotometric metod based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction (Bednář a kol. 1964).

Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations have declined throughout the western United States over the past 3 decades. Habitat loss within the sagebrush steppe ecosystem is a major factor leading to sage-grouse population decline. Hen sage-grouse were captured, marked, and tracked during the summer of 2012 in southwestern and south-central Wyoming. I performed vegetation surveys, and avian point counts were performed at 1 early-season brood location, 1 late-season brood location, and an accompanying random location for each marked hen regardless of reproductive status. Multinomial models were run to determine what habitat variables were most informative in predicting site selection by hen sage-grouse. During early-brood season, hen sage-grouse with chicks selected sites that had high total shrub cover density; these areas also exhibited high densities of American kestrels (Falco sparverius). They did not avoid areas with common ravens (Corvus corax). Hen sage-grouse not accompanied by a brood selected sites with high total shrub cover and low densities of common ravens and American kestrels. During late-brood season, hen sage-grouse that were accompanied by a brood selected sites with high shrub cover and low densities of small avian predators, such as black-billed magpies (Pica hudsonia) and American kestrels as well as medium-sized predators, such as common ravens, buteo hawks (Buteo spp.), and northern harriers (Circus cyaneus). Hens that were not accompanied by broods were more often found in sites with high total shrub cover and low densities of small avian predators, but selected sites with higher densities of medium-sized predators. Hen sage-grouse select areas with high total shrub cover during early and late-brood season regardless of their reproductive status. By avoiding predators and selecting areas with cover, hens with broods can reduce the risk of their chicks being depredated.

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando-se 288 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Hisex White com 32 semanas de idade, pelo período de 10 semanas, com o objetivo de estudar o enriquecimento da gema do ovo em ácidos graxos a partir de rações suplementadas com óleo de peixe (OP) ou alga marinha (AM) em cinco níveis de DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 mg/100 g dieta). Foi aplicado modelo fatorial 2 x 5, inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de oito aves por tratamento, de modo a constituir os grupos: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 e AM360. Um grupo controle submetido à ração basal de milho e soja (CON) e outro, acrescido de AM, contendo 420 mg de DHA/100 g dieta (AM420) foram também utilizados. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: postura, peso do ovo, consumo alimentar, conversão alimentar, qualidade externa e interna dos ovos e qualidade organoléptica dos mesmos. O peso médio do ovo assinalado para o grupo CON (63,30 g) decresceu linearmente de forma significativa (Y = - 0,0051X + 63,8560, R2 = 0,97) em resposta à suplementação de níveis crescentes de DHA da fonte OP, atingindo valor mínimo de 62,13 g no grupo OP360. O índice de postura das aves de 88,10% (CON) não foi influenciado pelas fontes de DHA na ração. A qualidade interna do ovo, avaliada em unidades Haugh, apresentou melhora significativa (P<0,05) com a adição de teores crescentes de AM igual ou superior a 1% na dieta das aves. Quanto aos teores de DHA na gema do ovo de aves suplementadas com OP, foi observado aumento significativo de 22,64 mg/ gema (CON), para 187,91 mg/ gema no grupo OP360. Os PUFAs n-3 apresentaram acréscimo significativo no contraste entre CON (62,16 mg/gema) e OP360 (218,62 mg/gema). Para a fonte AM, as médias de DHA também mostraram linearidade (Y = 0,23X + 1,27, R2 = 0,86), oscilando entre 22,64 mg/gema (CON) e 149,75 mg/gema (AM420), enquanto que o total de PUFAs n-3 oscilou de 104,18 mg/gema (AM120) a 175,32 mg/gema (AM420). O inverso ocorreu com os ácidos araquidônico, linoléico e PUFAs n-6 que mostraram decréscimos significativos (P<0,05) com o aumento de OP na dieta, variando, respectivamente, de 98,71 mg, 987,70 mg e 1108,92 mg/ gema na dieta CON a 38,87 mg, 734,22 mg e 802,79 mg/ gema, para o grupo OP360. O percentual de incorporação de DHA na gema dos ovos decresceu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de DHA na ração suplementada com OP e AM, de 85,11% (OP120) e 65,28% (AM120) para 49,45% (OP360) e 34,06% (AM420). Melhora significativa (P<0,05) foi consignada na relação n-6/n-3, variando de 17,50 no grupo CON para 3,72 e 6,36 para tratamentos OP360 e AM420, respectivamente. A avaliação sensorial não detectou qualquer sabor ou odor estranho nos ovos dos diferentes tratamentos ou fontes utilizados, exceto para a análise qualitativa do grupo OP360 onde foi detectado grau de intensidade regular de sabor de peixe, diferindo significativamente (P<0,05) do grupo CON. / This experiment was conducted using two hundreds eighty eight 32-wk-old Hisex White laying hens for a period of ten weeks, with the objective of studying the fatty acid enrichment of the egg yolk of hens fed diets supplemented with fish oil (OP) or marine algae (AM) to provide five levels of DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 mg/100 g diet) for each source. A 2 X 5 completely randomized factorial design with three replicates of eight birds per treatment was applied in order to have the following groups: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 and AM360. A control group submitted to a corn/soy basal diet (CON) and another one supplemented with AM at the level of 420 mg of DHA/100 g diet (AM420) were also used. Egg production, egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion, external and internal egg quality and the organoleptic quality of the eggs were evaluated. The egg weight mean obtained for group CON (63.30 g), decreased linearly (Y = - 0.0051X + 63.8560, R2 = 0.97) as the supplemented DHA levels from the OP source increased, reaching the lowest egg weight mean of 62.13 g for the group OP360. The egg production of the control group hens (88.10%) was not influenced by the source of DHA. The internal quality of the egg evaluated by Haugh units presented significant improvement (P<0.05) with the increase of the AM source to 1% or more. The amounts of DHA into the egg yolk in birds fed OP diets, were significantly increased from 22.64 mg/egg yolk (CON), to 187.91 mg/egg yolk (OP360). The egg yolk PUFAs n-3 of the control group (62.16g) increased significantly as compared to the OP360 group (218.62 mg/yolk). The AM source showed DHA means also linear (Y = 0.23X + 1.27, R2 = 0.86), ranging from 22.64 mg/yolk (CON) to 149.75 mg/yolk (AM420), while the PUFAs n-3 ranged from 104.18 mg/yolk (AM120) to 175.32 mg/yolk (AM420). The araquidonic acid, linoleic acid and PUFAs n-6 showed significant decrease (P<0.05) with the increase of OP into the diet, ranging from 98.71 mg, 987.70 mg and 1108.92 mg/egg yolk for the CON group to 38.87 mg, 734.22 mg and 802.79 mg/egg yolk, for the OP360 group. The percentage of DHA incorporation into the egg yolk decreased linearly as the DHA levels increased into the diet. Thus, for the OP and AM sources, mean values of 85.11% (OP120) and 65.28% (AM120) decreased to 49.45% (OP360) and 34.06% (AM420). Significant improvement (P<0.05) was found in the ratio n-6/n-3, ranging from17.50 (CON) to 3.72 (OP320) and 6.36 (AM420). The sensorial evaluation of eggs did not detect any different flavor or odor in eggs among treatments or sources, except for the qualitative analysis of group OP360 which showed fish flavor, significantly different (P<0.05) from the control group.

During the 21 day incubation period, the fertile egg provides nutrients such as fatty acids for energy and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for membrane synthesis to the developing chick. The hypothesis tested in the present study is that the type of PUFA fed to the breeder hen can alter tissue lipid composition and PUFA metabolism in the progeny during growth. The objective of the present study was to test two different sources of PUFA (n-3 or n-6) on: 1) egg production, egg, and chick quality; and 2) changes in tissue PUFA composition and metabolism in progeny during growth. Fertilized eggs (n=240) were collected from Ross breeder hens (n=45) fed one of the three experimental diets containing 3.5% fish (long chain n-3), flax (18:3 n-3), or safflower oil (18:2 n-6). The egg and yolk weight was lowest for eggs from hens fed fish oil (P=0.09, P=0.02). The chick weight on day of hatch was 41.2, 45.3, and 43.3g, for fish, flax, and safflower, respectively (P=0.003). In the second experiment fertilized eggs were collected from Lohman Brown layer hens (n=75) fed a control, high n-3, or low n-3 diet. Chicks were raised up to day 14 on a control diet lacking long-chain n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. Chick tissue samples (gastrointestinal tract, liver, and blood) were collected on day 1, 7, and 14 and were subjected to fatty acid (FA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) analysis. The long-chain n-6 to long chain n-3 ratio was lowest in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and liver from chicks hatched from fish oil fed hens (P<0.001) up to day 14. Interleukin-6 was lowest in liver (P=0.009) and serum on day of hatch, for fish oil chicks. The results from this study show that the diet fed to breeder hens alters progeny tissue PUFA composition and lipid metabolism during early development in avians. The long term effects of maternal diet manipulation on progeny growth and lipid metabolism need to be investigated in detail. / Graduation date: 2013

L’alimentation séquentielle (AS) consiste à distribuer de manière cyclique deux aliments différents dont la combinaison permet des apports nutritionnels adaptés. L’objectif de la thèse était d’évaluer la robustesse et les limites de ce système. Trois expérimentations ont étéréalisées. Les questions portaient sur la variation de la composition en matières premières des régimes, la capacité d’adaptation des poules à des situations de déséquilibre alimentaire et de stress thermique et enfin la modulation au cours de la journée des apports en énergie et en protéines. Un travail de méta-analyse apportait des réponses sur la régulation de l’ingestion chez les poules pondeuses ainsi que sur l’impact de la nature des ingérés sur les performances de ponte et de croissance. Les expérimentations (Ex.1, 2, 3) ont permis de mettre en évidence la possibilité de distribuer d’autres céréales (blé et/ou maïs broyé, fibres insolubles) à la place du blé entier distribué dans la fraction du matin. L’ingestion totale inférieure par rapport à une alimentation continue (Ex. 1 et 2) et un niveau de production équivalent permettent d’améliorer l’IC des poules en AS par rapport à des poules alimentée de façon classique. Les poules semblent capables de réguler leur ingestion sur le niveau d’énergie de l’aliment mais pas sur son niveau de protéines dans les conditions étudiées (méta-analyse, Ex. 2). Cependant, les apports en énergie doivent se concentrer dans la fraction du matin afin d’obtenir les meilleures performances en AS tandis que les apports protéiques doivent soit être concentrés dans la fraction de l’après midi soit continus au cours de la journée (Ex. 3). Ces connaissances sur l’AS doivent encore être complétées afin de pouvoir utiliser ce système d’alimentation en élevage néanmoins l’AS est prometteur en terme d’économies de ressources. / Sequential feeding (SF) consists in splitting the nutrients into two different diets. The goal of this thesis was to explore the limits of this feeding system. Three experiments were performed. The major questions go on utilization of other feedstuffs, capacity of hens to adapt their feed intake on unbalanced diet and hot temperatures and responses to modulation of energy and protein supplies. A meta-analysis gave responses on the regulation of feed intake and the impact on nutrient intake on laying and growth performances in laying hens. Experiments (Ex.1, 2, 3) shown off the possibility to substitute whole wheat with other cereals or feedstuffs (ground wheat and/or corn, insoluble fiber) in the morning fraction. Lower total feed intake in SF compared to continuous feeding (Ex. 1 et 2) and same laying performances improved the FCR. Laying hens were able to fit their feed intake on energy in the diet but not on protein content (meta-analysis, Ex. 2). Nevertheless, energy supplies had to be given in the morning fraction while protein could be given concentrate in the afternoon or throughout the day (Ex. 3). Knowledge on SF has to be completed in order to use this feeding system in commercial conditions. SF can help sparing resources and improve the on farm economical efficiency.