Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri State University, 2008. / "May 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-42). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Idaho, 2005. / Also available online in PDF format. Abstract. "December 2005." Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-12-12Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:06:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000813767.pdf: 1901576 bytes, checksum: 6b5082108a5848dc7f1470e545454df7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar quatro populações de Conyza spp. bioquimicamente e morfofisiologicamente. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação com quatro populações (P1, P3 e P4 – Conyza sumatrensis; P2 – Conyza bonariensis) que foram coletados em diferentes municípios do estado de São Paulo. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação de doses do herbicida glyphosate: 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, 1440, 2880, 5760 e 11520 g e.a. ha-1; e uma testemunha sem aplicação. No momento da aplicação as plantas apresentavam de 5 a 6 folhas totalmente expandidas. Foi realizado um estudo preliminar e mais três estudos, com os mesmos tratamentos, mas com avaliações distintas. O estudo preliminar foi composto de um experimento com a população 4, onde foram avaliados aos 28 dias após os tratamentos (DAT) a altura das plantas, porcentagem de controle, massa fresca de parte aérea, e quantificação dos seguintes compostos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e espectrometria de massas (LCMS/ MS): glyphosate, ácido aminometilfosfônico (AMPA), ácido chiquímico, ácido desidrochiquímico, fenilalanina, tirosina, triptofano, e ácido salicílico. No primeiro estudo foram realizadas as curvas de dose resposta para as quatro populações testadas. No estudo seguinte, aos 14 DAT foi realizada a coleta de todas as folhas de cada planta (repetição) para quantificação dos mesmos compostos já descritos no estudo preliminar, além do ácido indolacético (IAA) e ácido abscísico (ABA) por LC-MS/MS. O último estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento, florescimento e produção de sementes, por meio de avaliações de altura, número de brotações laterais, número de capítulos abertos e número ... / The objective of this research was to characterize four Conyza spp. populations biochemically and morphophisiologically. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse with four populations (P 1, 3 and 4 - Conyza sumatrensis; P 2 - Conyza bonariensis). Seeds were collected in different municipalities of the Sao Paulo state. The treatments consisted of the glyphosate application in different doses: 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, 1440, 2880, 5760 and 11520 g ae ha-1 and one untreated control. The herbicide glyphosate was applied to plants with 5-6 expanded leaves. Were performed a preliminary study and three others studies, with the same treatments but with different evaluations. The preliminary study consisted of an experiment with population 4, which was evaluated at 28 days after treatment (DAT) the plant height, percentage of control, fresh weight of plants, and quantitation of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), shikimic acid, dehydroshikimic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and salicylic acid by LC-MS/MS. In the first study, the dose response curves were performed. In the following study, at 14 DAT, all the leaves of each plant were ...

Resumo: Estudou-se a seletividade do herbicida nicosulfuron, isolado e em mistura com atrazine, a trinta híbridos comerciais de milho, no ano agrícola 2006/2007, em área da UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal (SP). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 5 x 30. Foram avaliados cinco herbicidas: nicosulfuron isolado (0, 50 e 60 g ha-1) e em mistura com atrazine (20 g ha-1 + 1,5 kg ha-1; 40 g ha-1 + 3,0 kg ha-1). O nicosulfuron isolado e em mistura com atrazine foi seletivo a 23 híbridos (A015, AG 2040, AG 8060, AGN 30A06, BM 1115, BRS 1035, BX 974, CDXS 012, CDXT 295, MAXIMUS, NB 3234, NB 4214, NB 8304, P 30K 73, P 30F36, P32R48, P30S40, SHS 5080, SHS 7070, SHS 7080, XB 6010, XB 6012, XB 7116), com base na produtividade de grãos. Dentre os trinta híbridos estudados, doze apresentaram efeito significativo de fitointoxicação, sendo eles: AG 2040, AG 8060, AGN 30A06, CDXS012, CDXT 295, NB 3234, NB 7324, SHS 5090, SHS 7070, XB 6010, XB 6012, XB 7116. A injúria visual causados pela aplicação de 50 e 60 g ha-1 nicosulfuron foi mais pronunciada do que as doses em mistura com atrazine. Os híbridos que sofreram perda na produção de grãos pela aplicação de nicosulfuron, isolado ou em mistura com atrazine, foram AGN 30A05, BRS 1015, BRS 1031, BX 981, NB7324, SHS 5090, P 30R32. / Abstract: Aiming selectivity studying the nicosulfuron herbicide, isolated and in mixture with atrazine, on thirty corn hybrids, in the agricultural year of 2006/2007, at UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, (São Paulo State). The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, four replications, in a factorial scheme 5 x 30. Five herbicides treatments were evaluated; isolated nicosulfuron (0, 50 and 60 g ha-1) and in mixture with atrazine (20 g ha-1 + 1.5 kg ha-1 and 40 g ha-1 + 3.0 kg ha-1). Nicosulfuron isolated and in mixtures with atrazine was selectivy to 23 hybrids (A015, AG 2040, AG 8060, AGN 30A06, BM 1115, BRS 1035, BX 974, CDXS 012, CDXT 295, MAXIMUS, NB 3234, NB 4214, NB 8304, P 30K 73, P 30F36, P32R48, P30S40, SHS 5080, SHS 7070, SHS 7080, XB 6010, XB 6012, XB 7116) based in grain yield. Among thirty hybrids studied, only twelve hybrids show significant effect of phytotoxicity, which were: AG 2040, AG 8060, AGN 30A06, CDXS012, CDXT 295, NB 3234, NB 7324, SHS 5090, SHS 7070, XB 6010, XB 6012, XB 7116. The visual damage caused by the application of 50 e 60 g ha-1 nicosulfuron were more pronounced than the nicosulfuron doses in combination with atrazine. The hybrids that suffered losses in its production by the application of nicosulfuron alone or in combination with atrazine were hybrids AGN 30A05, BRS 1015, BRS 1031, BX 981, NB7324, SHS 5090 and P30R32. / Orientador: Julio Cezar Durigan / Coorientadora: Núbia Maria Correia / Banca: Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves / Banca: Fernando Tadeu de Carvalho / Mestre

Orientador: Julio Cesar Rocha / Resumo: A aplicação de um pesticida sobre culturas agrícolas implica em processos de transformação do composto e no consequente aparecimento de produtos de degradação resultantes desses processos. Em campos de arroz onde, em geral, o cultivo é feito em solos alagados, as condições peculiares levam a processos característicos, predominando mecanismos diferentes daqueles observados nas culturas feitas em solos secos. Embora o herbicida propanil seja extensivamente utilizado em cultivos de arroz, poucos estudos têm tratado da degradação nas condições comumente encontradas nos campos. Propanil e seu produto de degradação majoritário, 3,4-dicloroanilina (DCA), foram monitorados em águas e solo de campos de arroz do Delta do Ebro (Espanha). A determinação em amostras de água foi feita por análise on-line SPE/LC/DAD/APCI-MS, utilizando como adsorvente estireno-divinilbenzeno (PLRP-S). Para amostras de solo, a extração foi feita com metanol (em sistema Soxhlet) e clean-up com Florisil. A análise por cromatografia líquida permitiu detecção sensível e reprodutiva por conjunto de diodos, bem como a confirmação inequívoca dos compostos por espectrometria de massas. As concentrações do herbicida nas águas dos campos de arroz variaram entre 1,89-71,07 ng/mL, enquanto maiores concentrações foram determinadas para DCA (18,54-469,97 ng/mL). Os tempos de meia-vida calculados para o herbicida e seu principal produto de degradação foram de 1,24-3,83 e 1,58-1,63 dias, respectivamente. Em solo, a transformação do propanil também foi rápida, com persistência do DCA até um mês após a aplicação do herbicida (concentração de 119,7 ± 22,1 ng/g).O estudo de degradação do propanil nas condições controladas em laboratório evidenciou a influência da matéria orgânica no processo de transformação do herbicida. / Abstract: The aplication of pesticide over cultivated areas implies changes to the compound, resulting in degradation products. In general, rice is cultivated in swampy areas; therefore, these peculiar conditions result in specific processes differing from those observed on dry soils. Although the extensive usage of propanil herbicide around the world, few studies concerning degradation on paddy field conditions have been carried out. Propanil and its major degradation product, 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), were monitored in surface water and soil samples from the rice fields of the Ebro Delta area (Spain). The determination in water samples was made by on-line SPE/LC/DAD/APCI-MS, using styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (PLRP-S) as a sorbent material. In soil samples, the extraction was made with methanol (using Soxhlet system) and then clean-up with Florisil. The liquid chromatographic analysis allowed a sensitive and reproductive detection by diode array, and also an unequivocal confirmation by using a mass spectrometric detector. Propanil's concentration in water samples of the rice fields varied from 1.89- 71.07 ng/mL, while higher concentrations of DCA were determined (18.54-469.97 ng/mL). The herbicide and its degradation product exhibited half-lives of 1.24-3.83 and 1.58-1.63 days, respectively. In the paddy soil, propanil also transformed very quickly to DCA, with the evidence of this compound being persistant up to one month after herbicidal application (concentration of 119.7 ± 22.1 ng/g). Under controled conditions the laboratory studies demonstrated the influence of organic matter over the herbicide transformation. A strong interaction with humic acids extracted from sediments pointed out that, besides the biological factors already stated in literature, other mechanisms also influence the propanil degradation. / Doutor

Submitted by Alexandre Martins Fragoso (amfragozo@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-14T19:06:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexandreMF_TESE_FCA_UNESP_2018.pdf: 3213445 bytes, checksum: 865ca8d61a9b07d65559d67b4fbe8761 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-09-14T19:19:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fragoso_am_dr_botfca.pdf: 3034173 bytes, checksum: 315a709632142dc9a2e358915c7b4603 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-14T19:19:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fragoso_am_dr_botfca.pdf: 3034173 bytes, checksum: 315a709632142dc9a2e358915c7b4603 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cultura do eucalipto é de ampla distribuição mundial bem como no território nacional. A possibilidade de obtenção de genótipos superiores principalmente relacionado a questão nutricional, são os objetivos dos profissionais de melhoramento florestal. O uso de herbicidas proporcionou ganhos de produtividades para as culturas agrícolas, porém sua utilização direta e benéfica a uma espécie em questão, conhecido recentemente pelo termo hormese, pode ser associado a aplicação de reguladores vegetais. O herbicida 2,4-D possui este efeito e a utilização em uma cultura dicotiledônea e florestal, como a de Eucalyptus grandis, é o objetivo do presente trabalho, bem como mensurar parâmetros genéticos, utilizados em programas de melhoramento para a produção final de clones e na manutenção da variabilidade em futuros cruzamentos. O delineamento do experimento foram blocos ao acaso com 3 blocos de 20 progênies. As análises estatísticas foram teste t de Student, análise agrupamentos, análise de componentes principais scores e ranqueamento.Os nutrientes analisados foram: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Os resultados demonstraram que houveram diferenças significativas nos nutrientes abordados, macro e micronutrientes bem como no principal caractere produtivo, matéria seca. P, B, Mn e K foram os nutrientes melhores correlacionados com matéria seca. Pela análise de variância de matéria seca as progênies 1, 18 e 17 foram as melhores, com herdabilidade de 0,89. As progênies 10, 15, 20 e mais dois grupos atuariam na manutenção da variabilidade em cruzamentos futuros. As melhores correlações genéticas entre matéria seca e nutrientes envolveram fósforo, boro, manganês e potássio, nesta respectiva ordem. Utilizando o índice de seleção com matéria seca, fósforo, boro, manganês e potássio as melhores progênies foram 1, 3 e 15, com estimativa de ganho de 71,82%. / The eucalyptus crop is widely distributed worldwide as well as in the national territory. The possibility of obtaining superior genotypes mainly related to nutritional question, are the objectives of professionals of forest improvement. The herbicides uses provided yield gains for agricultural crops, but their direct and beneficial use to a species in question, recently known by the term hormesis, may be associated with the application of growth regulators. The 2,4-D herbicide has this effect and has use in a dicotyledonous and forest crops, like Eucalyptus grandis, the aim of the present work is to measure genetic parameters, used in breeding programs to the final clones productions and the maintenance of variability in the future crossings. Statistical tests used were Student's t test, cluster analysis, principal component analysis scores and rank. The analyzed nutrients were: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The results showed that there were significant differences between macro and micronutrients as well as in the main productive character, dry matter. P, B, Mn and K were the best nutrients correlated with dry matter. By the dry matter variance analysis progenies 1, 18 and 17 were the best, with a heritability of 0.89. Progenies 10, 15, 20 and two other groups would act to maintain future variability at future crosses. The best genetic correlations between dry matter and nutrients involved phosphorus, boron, manganese and potassium, in this respective order. Using the index of selection with dry matter, phosphorus, boron, manganese and potassium the best progenies were 1, 3 and 15, with a gain estimate of 71.82%.

Pollination is an important ecosystem service necessary for 80% of global plant reproduction. This service can also improve fruit production and is essential for 84% of all crops grown in the EU. However, some pollinators have been declining for the last decades and the important honey bee is no exception. One of the reasons to this decline is believed to be agricultural use of chemicals (i.e. fungicides, herbicides and insecticides). One of the most commonly used herbicides is RoundUp, which include glyphosate as its active substance. In this study, I test if RoundUp affects honey bee behaviour by exposing them during a short-term period to one of three different concentrations (0 mg/l, 5 mg/l and 50 mg/l). The test was conducted in a wind tunnel and aimed to test the hypothesis that glyphosate affects searching abilities and flight time of honey bees. In contrast to my hypothesis, I was unable to detect effects on searching ability. However, method limitations might have been the reason only three bees, out of 147, found the food. My analysis showed neither any effects from RoundUp on fly time (P>0.05) or activity (P=0.066). However, in my data I could see a negative trend in activity and due to earlier data collected around glyphosate, I argue that exposure to glyphosate might have a negative long-term impact on honey bee survival.

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2008, 2009, and 2010 to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate combined with other broadleaf herbicides on herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weeds in Illinois. In the field, the addition of lactofen or fomesafen to glyphosate provided the greatest consistency and control of problematic target weeds including common waterhemp and giant ragweed. Applications of glyphosate tank-mixtures at EPOST provided 10% greater control of giant ragweed compared with the same treatments at POST. The addition of a tank-mix herbicide with glyphosate provided the greatest impact on weed control when applied to glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp with control increasing by 67% compared with glyphosate applied alone. The addition of a tank-mix herbicide with glyphosate had little impact on control of PPO-resistant and herbicide-susceptible common waterhemp. Generally, the addition of an adjuvant to herbicide mixtures with glyphosate did not influence weed control 14 DAT compared with no additional adjuvant. However, the addition of PO-HSOC and SO-HSOC to glyphosate tank-mixtures containing fomesafen and cloransulam increased annual morningglory control compared with no additional adjuvant. In the greenhouse, PPO-inhibiting herbicides (fomesafen, lactofen, flumiclorac, fluthiacet) applied with glyphosate resulted in additive and antagonistic responses depending on the PPO-inhibitor used and the common waterhemp biotype. Generally, glyphosate tank-mixtures applied to PPO-resistant and herbicide-susceptible common waterhemp biotypes resulted in a greater frequency of antagonism than that of a glyphosate-resistant biotype. The efficacy of glyphosate tank-mixtures was also influenced by environmental conditions shortly before and after the herbicide application. Glyphosate tank-mixtures usually resulted in greater efficacy on common waterhemp when applied at 24 C with 75% RH than at 32 C with 40% RH, regardless of tank-mix herbicide or common waterhemp biotype. Although this research supports an improvement in control of glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp with the addition of PPO-inhibiting herbicides to glyphosate, the overall herbicide efficacy was still somewhat variable with evidence for environmental conditions that may alter efficacy of the tank mixtures. Thus, the use of preemergence, soil residual herbicides are still justified to reduce reliance on these postemergence herbicide mixtures for weed control in soybean and ultimately deter further selection of common waterhemp populations resistant to glyphosate and PPO-inhibiting herbicides.