Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--München.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-08T14:00:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 amanda_silva_ioc_dout_2015.pdf: 5657411 bytes, checksum: dd6832f72c07e39e96a4939a73d96d25 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A família Herpesviridae abriga um grande número de vírus que infectam animais e o homem. Nove herpesvirus foram identificados que possuem o homem como hospedeiro primário e descritos através da análise filogenética foram classificados em três subfamília: Alfaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae e Gamaherpesvirinae. A família Herpesviridae agrupa vírus de genoma DNA e que estão associados a infecções latentes e a manifestações clínicas recorrentes. As infecções por herpesvírus podem se manifestar de forma assintomática ou sintomática, podendo causar diferentes síndromes clínicas. Estes vírus normalmente são benigno, sendo o aparecimento de lesões nas mucosas a forma mais comum da doença, podendo causar doenças neurológicas severas principalmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos. A incidência e severidade podem ser exacerbadas entre indivíduos imunocomprometidos. A presente tese é composta por três manuscritos, sendo dois trabalhos publicados e um submetido. Estes estudos se propuseram a padronizar métodos de silenciamento gênico, otimizar e comparar métodos para o diagnóstico e realizar a caracterização genotípica do herpes simples tipo 1 (HSV-1) e herpesvírus humano tipo 6 (HHV-6). Os estudos foram realizados em paciente imunocomprometidos do estado do Rio de Janeiro No primeiro artigo \201CRNA interference inhibits herpes simplex vírus type 1 isolated from saliva samples and mucocutaneos lesions\201D, foi possível realizar a comparação da sensibilidade para detecção do HSV-1 por isolamento viral e pela metodologia da reação de PCR em tempo real em amostras de lesão, saliva e cultura celular . Além disso, neste estudo foi possível obter-se a inibição de mais 99% da replicação viral do HSV-1 in vitro utilizando a técnica de RNA de interferência. No segundo estudo \201CGenotypic characterization of herpes simplex vírus type 1 isolates in immucompromised patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\201D realizamos a primeira caracterização genotípica do HSV-1 no Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de um único genótipo viral circulando nas amostras de pacientes imunocomprometidos. Além disso, as amostras brasileiras apresentam um alto grau de identidade estamos agrupadas no mesmo clado. No terceiro artigo \201CAcute liver failure in an immunocompetent patient\201D, foi possível a detecção do HHV-6B no soro e no fígado de paciente com hepatite fulminante. Neste estudo, foi possível mostrar a contribuição do HHV-6B na hepatite aguda fulminante sem etiologia definida. Esses estudos contribuem para o conhecimento das características clínicas e genéticas do HSV-1 e do HHV-6 circulantes em pacientes imunocomprometidos do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / The Herpesviridae family has a la rge number of virus widespread in animal s and human . Nine herpesvirus a re identified that have hum a ns as their primary host and described by phylogenetic analysis were classified into three subfamily : Alfaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae. The family Herpesviridae is family of DNA virus and that are associated with latent infections and recurrent clinical manifestations. Herpesvirus infections can manifest themselves in asymptomatic or symptomatic form, may cause different clinical syndromes. These viruses are usually benign and the appearance of mucosal lesions are more common, but severe neur ological diseases can occurred especially in immunocompromised patients. The incidence and severity may be exacerbated among immunoc ompromised individuals. This thesis consists o f three manuscripts, two published papers and submitted. These studies set out to standardize methods of gene silencing, optimize and compare methods for the diagnosis and the genotypic characterization of herpes simplex type 1 (HSV - 1) and human herpesviru s type 6 (HHV - 6). The studies were conducted in immunocompromised patient Rio de Janeiro. In the first article "RNA interference inhibits herpes simplex virus type 1 isolated from saliva samples and mucocutaneous lesions", the comparison of sensitivity for detection of HSV - 1 for viral isolation and PCR methodology in real time is possible for different types of samples. Furthermore, in this study it was possible to obtain the most 99% inhibition of viral replication of HSV - 1 in vitro using RNA interference technique. In the second study "Genotypic characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 isola tes in immucompromised patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" held the first genotypic characterization of HSV - 1 in Rio de Janeiro. The results demons trated the existence of a unique viral genotype circulating in the samples of immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, viruses of the isolates show a high degree of identity and form a single clade. In the third article "Acute liver failure in an immunocompetent pati ent," HHV - 6B detection in serum and liver of patients with fulminant hepatitis was possible. In this study, we show the HHV - 6B contribution to acute fulminant hepatitis of unknown etiology. These studies contribute to the kn owledge of clinical and genetic HSV - 1 and HHV - 6 circulating in immunocompromised patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:55:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferrari_hf_me_araca.pdf: 4576809 bytes, checksum: eeae7dcf4af69f9ff19ef43bdbba48ef (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Meningoencefalite não supurativa causada pelo Herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5) ocorre de forma endêmica em algumas regiões do Brasil, com ênfase no Rio Grande do Sul. No entanto, outras regiões possuem poucos relatos da ocorrência da doença, como os estados de São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar a classificação histológicas das lesões desenvolvidas durante a infecção aguda pelo BoHV-5, no encéfalo de 20 animais naturalmente acometidos pelo infecção. As principais lesões observadas, em 80% dos animais, foram de meningoencefalite não supurativa, caracterizadas por infiltrado linfo-histiocitária inflamatório. Em 20% dos animais as lesões encontradas foram não significativas, mas nestes casos todos os bovinos desenvolveram sintomatologia neurológica, e o diagnóstico da doença foi confirmado na reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR), com amplificação do DNA do BoHV-5. Esta classificação histológica permitiu observar alterações compatíveis com a doença, mas também mostrou que nem sempre nestes casos vai ocorrer o desenvolvimento de alterações histológicas. Todas as amostras frescas (n=20) foram submetidas ao isolamento viral e a técnica da técnica de PCR. Já os fragmentos fixados em formol e incluídos em parafina foram testados quanto à presença do vírus por meio da técnica de PCR. As vinte amostras congeladas foram consideradas positivas para o isolamento viral e para a amplificação do DNA viral na técnica de PCR, enquanto apenas 15 das 20 incluídas em parafina foram consideradas positivas para o vírus. Os fragmentos de tecidos que apresentaram alterações histopatológicas permitiram suspeitar de infecção viral por BoHV-5, mas nos casos em que estas alteração não estão presentes testes mais sensíveis são necessários. / Meningoencephalitis occasioned by Bovine Herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) has been described as localized in some regions inside Brazil, like Rio Grande do Sul State and, also characterized as an endemic encephalitis disorder. However, the often description of its occurrence in São Paulo end Mato Grosso has being notice. The aim of this work was to first characterize the histologic lesions obtained from bovine brains suspected of suffering of neurological disorders. For this purpose, 20 brains were collected from acute cases of the disease, naturally infected by BoHV-5, confirmed by virus isolation and PCR. The most observed lesions were described as being: inflammatory cells, specially infiltrated lymphocytes (80%), necrosis (20%), and less focal gliosis and hemorrhage, in spite of these lesions have been characterized as no-specific. Brains were divided into two halves, one kept fresh for virus isolation and PCR assay, targeting the glycoprotein C gene from BoHV-5 genome. The other half brain, corresponding to cortex region, was submitted to formalin fixation and embedded into paraffin blocks for total DNA isolation. The 20 fresh samples were confirmed, by virus isolation and PCR assay, as having the BoHV-5 virus, while 15 of 20 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were considered positive for the same analysis. Finally, the gross lesions and microscopic damage of the brain structure were sufficient for the virus infection suspicion, however it is necessary the complementary techniques to confirm the diagnosis in most of the cases.

Orientadores: Ilka de Fatima Santana Ferreira Boin, Raquel Silveira Bello Stucchi / Tese (doutorador) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:50:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AnaCarolinaGuardiada_D.pdf: 4973684 bytes, checksum: b2c754b94b99a119ae7e84ac207a9555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Introdução: As infecções oportunistas constituem um dos principais problemas para os transplantados de fígado. O Citomegalovírus (CMV) e o Herpesvirus humano 6 (HHV- 6) são patógenos oportunistas freqüentes nesses pacientes, e o HHV-6 tem sido associado a várias desordens tais como a encefalite. A PCR em tempo real (RT-PCR) é o padrão ouro de diagnóstico para os herpesvirus, pois tem melhor precisão, maior rendimento e menos risco de contaminação em comparação com outros testes convencionais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a cinética viral do HHV-6 e CMV por RT-PCR nos pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático correlacionando-a com a presença de encefalite e complicações clínicas ocorridas no período pós-transplante. Método: Foram analisadas prospectivamente pela RT- PCR a carga viral do CMV e HHV-6 de 30 pacientes transplantados de fígado. A monitorização dos pacientes foi realizada prospectivamente desde o pré-transplante (imediatamente antes do ato cirúrgico - dia zero) com amostras do doador e receptor, e no pós-transplante: 2ª, 3ª, 4ª, 6ª, 8ª, 10ª e 12ª semanas, somando 270 amostras de soro. O protocolo foi seguido de acordo com os requerimentos para pesquisas e foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisada da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (CEP nº 430/2003). Os achados clínicos foram obtidos através dos prontuários. Para a detecção e quantificação do DNA dos vírus CMV e HHV-6 foram usados os Kits comerciais "CMV Real-TM Quant" e "HHV-6 Real-TM Quant". Os testes de Nested-PCR e antigenemia foram realizados rotineiramente para o vírus CMV, pelos laboratórios do HC-Unicamp, e seu resultados obtidos eletronicamente. A análise estatística comparou as variáveis categóricas usando o teste exato de Fisher. Para identificar os fatores associados ao aumento da carga viral foi utilizado o método das Equações de Estimação Generalizadas e medidas de acurácia. Resultados: Treze (43%) dos 30 pacientes apresentaram infecção pelo HHV-6 e 26 (86%) apresentaram infecção pelo CMV. Nove pacientes apresentaram encefalite após o transplante de fígado sendo que sete deles tiveram infecção pelo HHV-6 (p=0,0012), assim com o aumento da carga viral do HHV-6 se constatou a presença de encefalite após o transplante de fígado (p= 0.0226). O RT- PCR (p= 0,0306) para o CMV mostrou aumento significativo na segunda a quarta semana e décima a décima segunda semanas em relação aos outros testes, mostrando-se também mais sensível. Conclusão: concluímos que o aumento da carga viral do HHV-6 foi associado com a presença de encefalite após o transplante de fígado e a técnica de PCR em tempo real se mostrou como o teste mais sensível para detecção e monitorização do CMV nos pacientes transplantados de fígado / Abstract: Introduction: Opportunistic infections are a major problem for liver transplantation patients. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) are opportunistic common pathogens and HHV-6 has been associated with several disorders such as encephalitis. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) is the gold standard for diagnosis of herpesvirus, as it has better accuracy, higher efficiency and less risk of contamination compared to other conventional tests. Objective: The aim of study was to evaluate the viral kinetics of HHV-6 and CMV by RT-PCR in patients undergoing liver transplantation and correlated with the presence of encephalitis complications occurring in the post-transplant period. Methods: We prospectively analyzed by RT-PCR the viral load of CMV and HHV-6 in 30 liver transplant patients. Monitoring of patients was performed prospectively from pretransplant (immediately before surgery-day zero) with donor and recipient samples and posttransplant: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks with a total of 270 serum samples. The protocol was followed according to the requirements for research and was approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Faculty of Medical Sciences State University of Campinas (CEP nº 430/2003). The clinical findings were obtained from the medical records. For detection and quantification of DNA of the CMV and HHV-6 virus the commercial kits "Real- CMV Quant TM" and "HHV-6 Real -TM Quant" were used. Nested-PCR and antigenemia tests were performed routinely for CMV virus and their results obtained electronically. Statistical analysis comparing categorical variables was applied using Fisher exact test. To identify associated factors with increased viral load the method of Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) and the accuracy and precision was used. Results: Thirteen (43 %) of the thirty patients had HHV-6; 26 (86 %) had CMV infection. Nine patients had encephalitis after liver transplantation and seven of them had HHV-6 (p = 0.0012) and with an increasing viral load of HHV-6 the presence of encephalitis after liver transplantation was found (p = 0.0226). RT-PCR (P = 0.0306 ) CMV showed a significant increase at the 2nd to 4th week and 10th to 12th week compared to the other tests, having also more sensibility. Conclusion: We concluded that the increase in viral load of HHV-6 was associated with the presence of encephalitis after liver transplantation and the technique of real-time PCR was shown to be the best sensibility test for the detection and monitoring of CMV in our liver transplant patient / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Doutora em Ciências da Cirurgia

Herpes simplex virus is man's oldest viral enemy. Infections result in symptoms ranging from mild skin lesions to deadly herpes simplex encephalitis, making HSV one of the most costly of viral diseases to treat. Thus the development of a vaccine is imperative. To this end, several vaccine strategies have been utilized to generate immunity to HSV in rodents. These include the use of recombinant DNA, recombinant adenoviruses, and dendritic cells transduced with either of the former and re-introduced to the host to induce immunity. In this study, different aspects of these vaccine types were examined. Antibody and cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses to a DNA vaccine encoding gB of HSV-1 (gB-DNA) were evaluated. This resulted in variable long lived antibody responses to a wide range of dosages and CTL responses which followed dose-response relationships. An adenovirus expressing gB of HSV -1 (AdgB) which is able to generate IgA responses (Gallichan et al., 1993) was utilized to determine the best method of mucosal administration to optimize these responses. It was suggested in a previous report that nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) was the desired target for inducing lgA responses (Heritage et al., 1997). Accordingly, the hypothesis was formulated that NALT can produce IgA responses similar to those produced from a combination of inductive sites. To test this hypothesis, mice were immunized either awake or asleep with AdgB assuming that awake delivery restricts induction to the NALT, whereas asleep administration disseminates AdgB throughout the respiratory system. The results demonstrate participation of lower airways in the induction of immunity is desirable for generating IgA responses. Lastly, dendritic cells transduced with AdgB were assessed for their ability to generate systemic and mucosal antibody responses, resulting in the inability to generate IgA, but the ability to generate systemic antibody responses. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), caused by the oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), is an angiogenic tumor characterized by intense angiogenesis, inflammation and proliferation of KSHV-infected spindle cells. We describe the characterization of a mouse model of KS by transfection of a KSHV bacterial artificial chromosome (KSHVBac36) into mouse bone marrow endothelial-lineage cells which generated a cell (mECK36) that forms KS-like tumors in mice. Our results define mECK36 as a biologically sensitive animal model of KSHV-dependent KS with the following characteristics: (1) the pathological phenotype is a consequence of KSHV gene expression in normal progenitor cells subjected to in vivo growth conditions, (2) the histopathologic phenotype of the tumors resembles KS lesions, and (3) the model is suitable for analysis of vGPCR-driven tumorigenesis in the context of the whole KSHV genome. The mechanism by which vGPCR promotes tumorigenesis is not fully understood. The characterization of a Rac1 transgenic mouse model that produces KS-like lesions that highly resemble human KS has helped us to identify the potential role of Rac1, which is activated by vGPCR, in the pathogenesis of KS. The results from the RacCA transgenic mouse suggest that viral and host genes triggering Rac1 and ROS production may play an important role in KS tumorigenesis. We set out to determine how vGPCR physiologically activates Rac1 in KSHV-infected cells in the KS model mECK36. We found that KSHV oncogenesis in mECK36 is promoted by vGPCR activation of a paracrine oncogenic mechanism through PDGF-BB, which requires a Rac1- and ROS-mediated loop, leading to STAT3 transcriptional activation of c-Myc, VEGF and KSHV latent viral gene expression. We also found that the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) upregulates the PDGFR in vivo, priming latently-infected cells to the PDGF signaling pathway. This oncogenic mechanism can be targeted with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and FDA-approved PDGF receptor inhibitors to control KSHV-induced tumorigenesis. Our results highlight a ROS-dependent axis whereby Rac1 activating oncogenes and inflammatory signaling drive paracrine stimulation of neoplastic growth and angiogenesis in neighboring cells, defining this axis and its components as attractive anti-tumor targets in KS pathogenesis.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2006. / Title from title screen (site viewed on Feb. 6, 2007). PDF text: vi, 218 p. : ill. UMI publication number: AAT 3218217. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche format.

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) is associated with the syndrome bovine respiratory disease, which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality within feedlots in Australia and around the world. Currently there are no vaccines that completely prevent BoHV-1 infections and viral shedding. The most efficacious vaccines used are live attenuated which have the potential to revert to wild type and cause disease. DNA vaccines are ideal vaccine candidates as they not only induce humoral and cellular immunity, they are also inexpensive and easy to produce. However, DNA vaccines although efficacious in small animal models have not yielded similar success in large animals. The inconsistent translation of DNA vaccines to large animal models, including cattle, has been associated with poor delivery of the vaccine to the nuclei of cells which is required for antigen transcription. Recently, the human herpesvirus-1 protein VP22 (hVP22) was demonstrated to exhibit the uncommon capacity to spread intercellularly from the cell of expression to the nuclei of neighbouring cells in a golgi and energy independent process. This process was very efficient with hVP22 being identified in all cells of a monolayer after transfection. hVP22 was quickly used to promote the efficiency of DNA vaccines by fusing the hVP22 gene with antigen genes in the vaccine resulting in the increased delivery of the antigenic protein to neighbouring cells. The fusion protein was subsequently degraded and presented as peptides on the cell surface in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules that lead to an increase in fusion protein specific antibody production. This pathway, although successful augmenting the humoral response, did not increase the amount of antigen presented on MHC class I molecules which is essential for protection against intracellular pathogens. This thesis describes the development of a methodology whereby VP22, fused to a DNA binding protein, was hypothesised to increase the number of cells the DNA vaccine was delivered to and then to facilitate the transport of the DNA vaccine to their nuclei. A homologue of hVP22 has been identified in BoHV-1 and the capacity of the BoHV-1 protein to spread intercellularly and localise in the nuclei of cells was determined in this thesis using a novel and definitive model. Although retaining similar translocation capabilities to hVP22 the BoHV-1 VP22 homologue could not be expressed in bacteria and was subsequently not able to be used to demonstrate the proposed vaccine concept. hVP22 instead was fused to the DNA binding protein, Gal4, for bacterial expression. The purified fusion protein was demonstrated to bind not only oligonucleotides encoding the Gal4 binding sequence but also to a model DNA vaccine encoding Gal4 binding sequences in vitro. However, application of the hVP22 fusion protein:vaccine complex alone or condensed with poly-L-lysine to mammalian cells did not promote the delivery of the DNA vaccine to the nuclei of cells. As part of the DNA vaccine development for BoHV-1 the first nucleotide sequence of the Unique Short region of the Australian BoHV-1 strain V155 (8925 nucleotides) was determined. The sequence information generated permitted insights into epitopes contained within BoHV-1 antigens, particularly glycoprotein D which has been identified as the most appropriate glycoprotein for the purpose of vaccination. Furthermore, comparison of the Unique Short sequence variations between different subtypes of BoHV-1 provided molecular data that may be associated with the observed variation in virulence. Further optimisation of the methodology described in this study is required to facilitate the delivery of the DNA vaccine into cells by the VP22 fusion protein. The future development of strategies that utilise polypeptides to augment delivery of DNA vaccines into cells and then to facilitate the transport of the vaccine to the nuclei of cells, resulting in increased antigen expression, may ultimately lead to the successful application of this vaccine technology in animal models.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2007. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Health Sciences. Bibliography: leaves 98-108.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2008. / Title from title screen (site viewed Oct. 21, 2008). PDF text: 195 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 3 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3303945. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.