255 leaves : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Pathology, 1971

Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Pathology, 1971.

The free-living amoeba and causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis, Naegleria fowleri, has three life stages: the trophozoite, the flagellate, and the cyst. This study examined the ability of the cyst to attach to, excyst upon, and destroy cell cultures grown to confluent monolayers, and to cause Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in a murine animal model. The co-culture of cysts with P388D.1, CHME3, Vero, human nasal epithelial, and rat primary mixed glial cells resulted in destruction of the monolayer of all cell types once the cysts attached and excysted. One day post exposure to cysts, the mixed glial cells exhibited a two-fold increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release compared to cells without cysts, and on day eight post exposure, showed a nearly four-fold increase in LDH. In this study, the cysts of N. fowleri were shown not to be infective in vivo in a murine model using B6C3F1 male mice. The mediation of the encystment process by the intracellular concentration of the secondary messenger cAMP, as described in other closely related genera and species of amoeba, was also investigated. Encystment of N. fowleri was shown to be mediated at least in part by the secondary messenger cAMP by treating cultures of the trophozoite with 100 uM dipyridamole, an inhibitor of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases. Dipyridamole (100 μM) increased the rate of encystment by nearly two-fold compared to 0.1% DMSO by the end of a five day period of observation. This suggests that cAMP is an essential mediator of the encystment process within Naegleria fowleri.

In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Vakzine-relevante Oberflächenantigene von cnl-Meningokokken typisiert und die Interaktion von cnl-Meningokokken mit dem Komplementsystem, v.a. mit dessen Hauptregulatoren fH und C4bp, analysiert. Mit den gewonnenen Daten sollten Schlussfolgerungen bzgl. der erwarteten Wirkung von 4CMenB, einem 2013 in Deutschland eingeführten und auf Meningokokken der Serogruppe B abzielenden Impfstoff, auf cnl-Meningokokken gezogen werden. Des Weiteren sollte die Interaktion der natürlicherweise unbekapselten cnl-Meningokokken, die als apathogen und möglicherweise günstig für die Entwicklung einer natürlichen Immunität eingeschätzt werden, untersucht werden. Eine Auswahl von cnl-Meningokokken-Stämmen, die die genetische Variabilität dieser Bakterienpopulation abbilden, wurde mittels PCR (porA, porB, fetA, opc, fHbp, nhba und nadA) oder Western Blot-Analyse (Opc) typisiert. Hierbei konnte eine deutliche Assoziation einzelner Allele zu klonalen Komplexen gezeigt werden. Allerdings lässt die Analyse bezweifeln, dass cnl-Meningokokken durch Bexsero-induzierte Antikörper erkannt werden, da ihr Antigenmuster stark von den Vakzineantigenen abweicht. Unklarheit herrscht lediglich bzgl. des Antigens NhbA. In der Folge wurde die fH- und C4bp-Bindung bei cnl-Meningokokken mittels Durchflusszytometrie untersucht. Es konnte beobachtet werden, dass im Vergleich zu fH bzw. C4bp bindenden Kontrollstämmen die Bindung der Hauptregulatoren des Komplementsystems an cnl-Meningokokken sehr gering ist. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass cnl-Meningokokken eine sehr geringe Serumresistenz in vitro haben, was ebenfalls für eine schwache Akquirierung der Komplementregulatoren spricht. Dieser Befund unterstreicht die apathogene Natur der Bakterien. Er zeigt aber auch, dass mit herkömmlichen Methoden wie dem Serumbakterizidietest, der bei bekapselten Stämmen angewendet wird, funktionelle Aussagen bzgl. der Wirkung bakterizider Antikörper, die durch Impfstoffe auf Proteinbasis induziert werden, nur schwer zu tätigen sein werden. Sehr geringe Komplementmengen müssten eingesetzt werden oder alternative Verfahren wie die Opsonophagozytose Anwendung finden. / In this study we typed Vaccine-relevant outer membrane antigens of cnl-meningococci. Furthermore we analysed the interactions of cnl-meningococci with the complement System, especially with the main Regulators factor H and C4bp. The data should help to estimate the impact of 4CMenB, a vaccine against meningococci of serogroup B which was introduced to the german market in 2013, on cnl-meningococci. In addition we examined the interactions of the complemet system with cnl-meningocicci, which are supposed to be apathogen and maybe beneficial for the development of natural immunity. A selection of cnl-meningococci which represent the genetical variability of that bacteria Population was typed for outer membrane Proteins by PCR (porA, porB, fetA, opc, fHbp, nhba, nadA) or western-blot (opc). A close assotiation of allels to clonal complexes could be shown. It is likely that cnl-meningococci are not detected by Bexsero-induced antibodies as their antigen pattern differs from the vaccine Antigens. The only Antigen which ould be detected is NhbA. Factor H and C4bp-binding to cnl-meningococci was examined using flow cytometry Analysis. The binding of fH or C4bp to cnl-meningococci was significantly lower as to fH- or C4cb-binding controll strains. Furthermore serum resistance of cnl-meningococci in vitro is low, which is also an indicator for weak binding of Regulators of the complement System. This finding underlines the apathogen nature of cnl-meningococci. It also indicates the problem of serum bactericidity tests to assess the impact of antibodies induced by protein based vaccines.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Clinical Tropical Medicine))--Mahidol University, 1983.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:55:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferrari_hf_me_araca.pdf: 4576809 bytes, checksum: eeae7dcf4af69f9ff19ef43bdbba48ef (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Meningoencefalite não supurativa causada pelo Herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5) ocorre de forma endêmica em algumas regiões do Brasil, com ênfase no Rio Grande do Sul. No entanto, outras regiões possuem poucos relatos da ocorrência da doença, como os estados de São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar a classificação histológicas das lesões desenvolvidas durante a infecção aguda pelo BoHV-5, no encéfalo de 20 animais naturalmente acometidos pelo infecção. As principais lesões observadas, em 80% dos animais, foram de meningoencefalite não supurativa, caracterizadas por infiltrado linfo-histiocitária inflamatório. Em 20% dos animais as lesões encontradas foram não significativas, mas nestes casos todos os bovinos desenvolveram sintomatologia neurológica, e o diagnóstico da doença foi confirmado na reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR), com amplificação do DNA do BoHV-5. Esta classificação histológica permitiu observar alterações compatíveis com a doença, mas também mostrou que nem sempre nestes casos vai ocorrer o desenvolvimento de alterações histológicas. Todas as amostras frescas (n=20) foram submetidas ao isolamento viral e a técnica da técnica de PCR. Já os fragmentos fixados em formol e incluídos em parafina foram testados quanto à presença do vírus por meio da técnica de PCR. As vinte amostras congeladas foram consideradas positivas para o isolamento viral e para a amplificação do DNA viral na técnica de PCR, enquanto apenas 15 das 20 incluídas em parafina foram consideradas positivas para o vírus. Os fragmentos de tecidos que apresentaram alterações histopatológicas permitiram suspeitar de infecção viral por BoHV-5, mas nos casos em que estas alteração não estão presentes testes mais sensíveis são necessários. / Meningoencephalitis occasioned by Bovine Herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) has been described as localized in some regions inside Brazil, like Rio Grande do Sul State and, also characterized as an endemic encephalitis disorder. However, the often description of its occurrence in São Paulo end Mato Grosso has being notice. The aim of this work was to first characterize the histologic lesions obtained from bovine brains suspected of suffering of neurological disorders. For this purpose, 20 brains were collected from acute cases of the disease, naturally infected by BoHV-5, confirmed by virus isolation and PCR. The most observed lesions were described as being: inflammatory cells, specially infiltrated lymphocytes (80%), necrosis (20%), and less focal gliosis and hemorrhage, in spite of these lesions have been characterized as no-specific. Brains were divided into two halves, one kept fresh for virus isolation and PCR assay, targeting the glycoprotein C gene from BoHV-5 genome. The other half brain, corresponding to cortex region, was submitted to formalin fixation and embedded into paraffin blocks for total DNA isolation. The 20 fresh samples were confirmed, by virus isolation and PCR assay, as having the BoHV-5 virus, while 15 of 20 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were considered positive for the same analysis. Finally, the gross lesions and microscopic damage of the brain structure were sufficient for the virus infection suspicion, however it is necessary the complementary techniques to confirm the diagnosis in most of the cases.

Human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) has been well described as an agent of meningoencephalitis in post-haematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients, but is a rare cause of meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent adults. We report an immunocompetent adult with HHV-6-associated meningoencephalitis. The patient was an elderly diabetic man who presented with fever and confusion, with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis. HHV-6 DNA was amplified from CSF by polymerase chain reaction. In our review of the medical literature we examine clinical presentations, laboratory findings, neuroimaging studies, treatments and clinical outcomes in immunocompetent patients with HHV-6 meningoencephalitis.

The accuracy of the BioFire FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) panel for the identification of Cryptococcus has recently been called into question. The primary objective of this study was to assess the agreement between the BioFire ME polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other markers of cryptococcal infection. This retrospective review identified five patients with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, 4 of whom had a negative ME panel for Cryptococcus. All five cases had positive serum cryptococcal antigens, and three of five had a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture for Cryptococcus. The BioFire ME panel does not appear to be reliable for ruling out Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis; multiple testing methods are recommended.

No description available.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o comportamento anatomopatológico e expressão imunohistoquímica das proteínas GFAP, Vimentina, COX-2 e Amilóide β em 14 casos de encefalopatias não infecciosas em cães, mais especificamente Meningoencefalite Granulomatosa (MEG), Meningoencefalite Necrotizante (MEN) e Angiopatia Amilóide Cerebral (CAA). Foram coletadas informações clínicas (gênero, raça, idade) e morfológicas (necrose, presença de proteína amilóide, infiltrado inflamatório) dos animais. Para a expressão das proteínas por imunohistoquímica foram confeccionadas lâminas próprias para tal com amostras dos tecidos, juntamente com controles positivos das reações. A avaliação da expressão das proteínas foi de como positivo ou negativo para a marcação para GFAP, Vimentina e COX-2, e para o Aβ seguiu-se a classificação proposta por Olichney (1995), com quatro graduações. Animais SRD (4/14, 28%), de raça Maltês (2/14, 14%), Labrador (2/14, 14%), Poodle (3/14, 21%), Fox Terrier (1/14, 7%), Pug (1/14, 7%) e Bichon Frisè (1/14, 7%) fizeram parte deste estudo, na maioria machos (9/14, 63%). As lesões em todos os casos foram características, sendo que em MEG foi observado manguitos perivasculares abundantes com infiltrado inflamatório disperso pelo parênquima encefálico, caracterizando os quatro casos como de MEG disseminada. Em MEN foi observado o infiltrado inflamatório acompanhado de áreas de necrose, sinais característicos da doença. Nos casos de CAA foi observado agregados proteicos junto aos vasos sanguíneos do encéfalo, confirmados como sendo material amilóide por meio da coloração Vermelho Congo. Quanto a expressão dos antígenos por imunohistoquímica, houve a marcação de todos anticorpos em todos os casos, e, para os casos de CAA, houve uma maioria de casos com classificação 1 (5/6, 83%). Em conclusão: 1. os dados clínicos obtidos reproduzem o comportamento biológico destas doenças em cães; 2. a análise imunohistoquímica das lesões de MEG, MEN e CAA apresentou resultados dentro dos quadros descritos na literatura; 3. a marcação positiva para COX-2 indica um aumento na atividade macrofágica no encéfalo; 4. as marcações de GFAP e Vimentina indicam uma reação das células da glia frente a lesão apresentada; 5. a utilização da imunohistoquímica como ferramenta de diagnóstico para estas doenças é válida. / The goal of this study was to analyze the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical profile for GFAP, Vimentin, COX-2 and β-amyloid in 14 cases of noninfectious encephalopathies in dogs, more specifically Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis (GME), Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis (NME) and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA). Clinical (gender, breed, age) and morphological (necrosis, presence of amyloid protein, inflammatory infiltrate) informations were collected regarding such animals. Microscopy slides with paraffin-embedded sections of tissue were elaborated for the immunohistochemical analysis, as well as positive controls for the reactions. The expressions of the proteins were graded as positive or negative for GFAP, Vimentin and COX-2, and the grading system described by Olichney was used for the β-amyloid. Animals of mixed breed (4/14, 28%), malteses (2/14, 14%), Labrador (2/14, 14%), Poodle (3/14, 21%), Fox Terrier (1/14, 7%), Pug (1/14, 7%) and Bichon Frisè (1/14, 7%) featured in this study, and most of them were males (9/14, 63%). All of the lesions observed were characteristic of such diseases, as perivascular cuffing with an abundant inflammatory infiltrate was observed in GME cases, being all 4 cases considered as disseminated GME. Necrosis, as well as the inflammatory infiltrate, was observed in all NME cases, which is the hallmark of this disease. The deposition of amyloid protein was observed in cases of CAA, which were confirmed by the Congo Red special staining. As for the immunohistochemical expression, all antibodies performed positive staining, and for the β-amyloid there was a predominance of grade 1 cases (5/6, 83%). In conclusion: 1. the clinical data reproduce the biological behavior of such diseases in dogs; 2. the immunohistochemical analysis of the lesions from GME, NME and CAA presented results coherent with those found in the literature; 3. positive staining for COX-2 presented an increased macrophage activity in the brain of those animals; 4. GFAP and Vimentin positive staining indicate a reaction by the glial cells against the presented lesion; 5. immunohistochemistry is a valid diagnostics tool for such diseases.