The Identity of the Ten Panacas in Incaic CuzcoOne notion well-known in the modern literature on the Incas, which was first introduced by Sarmiento de Gamboa, in 1572, is that the ten panacas of Cuzco were formed in a historical process, with each king founding his own panaca. However, earlier chroniclers, such as Betanzos, Santo Tomás and Las Casas, described the formation of the ten panacas very differently. For the latter authors, the totality of the ten panacas always constituted the central part of Cuzco’s organization. Beyond their significance as lineage groupings, the panacas represented a hierarchical organization in which other social functions, like age grades and age classes, the calendar and religion, also played indispensable roles. / En la literatura moderna acerca de los incas se conoce más la noción, introducida por Sarmiento en 1572, de que las 10 panacas del Cuzco se habrían formado a lo largo de un proceso histórico en el que cada rey fundó su propia panaca. Cronistas anteriores, como Betanzos, Santo Tomás y Las Casas describieron la formación de las 10 panacas de manera muy distinta y estas habrían constituido la parte central de la organización del Cuzco. Las panacas formaban una organización jerárquica en que otras funciones sociales, tales como clases y grados de edad, calendario y religión, también jugaban roles indispensables.

<p>Managing documents is an integral part of computer use, and with the growing document collections of today, the importance of tools that are both flexible and efficient is becoming more evident. In many cases, the hierarchical file system used by many operating systems is also used for document management purposes. However, by using the file system for document management, restrictions and limitations such as strict hierarchical document classification and the use of non-content-related document properties are inherited. This thesis explores some of the consequences of extending the non- hierarchical media-player model to handle certain document-management tasks. In order to investigate some of these design issues, DocPlayer, a system with non-hierarchical (set-based) filing mechanisms was created that supports multi- category document categorization. This system was then analyzed in the context of document-management tasks associated with writing a thesis. The main insights for designers of document-management systems include advantages and disadvantages of multi-category document categorization.</p>

Managing documents is an integral part of computer use, and with the growing document collections of today, the importance of tools that are both flexible and efficient is becoming more evident. In many cases, the hierarchical file system used by many operating systems is also used for document management purposes. However, by using the file system for document management, restrictions and limitations such as strict hierarchical document classification and the use of non-content-related document properties are inherited. This thesis explores some of the consequences of extending the non- hierarchical media-player model to handle certain document-management tasks. In order to investigate some of these design issues, DocPlayer, a system with non-hierarchical (set-based) filing mechanisms was created that supports multi- category document categorization. This system was then analyzed in the context of document-management tasks associated with writing a thesis. The main insights for designers of document-management systems include advantages and disadvantages of multi-category document categorization.

Förskolor organiseras på olika sätt som påverkar förskollärarens arbetsmiljö och relationen till organisationen. Det är därför intressant att jämföra hur förskollärares arbetsförutsättningar ser ut i en platt eller hierarkisk organisationsstruktur. Detta görs genom att undersöka vilka ramfaktorer som påverkar relationen mellan förskolläraren och organisationen. För att kartlägga ramfaktorerna intervjuas förskollärare från fyra förskoleorganisationer – två kommunala, hierarkiska förskolor och två fristående, platta organisationer som styr som föräldrakooperativ och personalkooperativ. De ramfaktorer som framkommer ur studien är strukturella faktorer, faktorerna beslutsfattande och påverkan samt faktorerna tillhörighet och tillit. I diskussionen analyseras resultatet utifrån de olika ramfaktorerna. Resultatet av studien visar att de finns skillnader mellan platta och hierarkiska organisationer vad gäller relationen till organisationen. De hierarkiska organisationerna har större svårigheter att kommunicera och ge förskollärarna insyn i organisatoriska frågor. Det medför även styrkor vad gäller kompetens, stöd och nätverk runt pedagogerna. I de platta organisationerna finns större insyn i verksamhetens beslutsfattande, förskollärarna har större möjlighet att själva påverka organisatoriska beslut. I diskussionen om de platta organisationerna ifrågasätts även beslutsfattarnas makt utifrån deras kompetens.  I slutstadiet av studien diskuteras huruvida dessa resultat beror på organisationernas uppbyggnad eller snarare på olika kompetenser och roller i organisationen. / Pre-schools are organized in several separate ways that affect the preschool teacher's working environment and the relationship with the organization. It is therefore interesting to compare how pre-school teachers’ working conditions look like in a flat or hierarchical organizational structure. This is done by examining the framework factors that affect the relationship between the preschool teacher and the organization. To map out the framework factors, preschool teachers from four preschool organizations are interviewed - two municipal, hierarchical preschools and two independent, flat organizations that act as parent cooperative and employee cooperative. The framework factors that emerge from the study are structural factors, decision-making factors and influence, as well as the factors of belonging and trust. The discussion analyzes the results based on the different framework factors. The result of the study shows that there are differences between flat and hierarchical organizations regarding the relationship with the organization. The hierarchical organizations have greater difficulties communicating and giving preschool teachers insight into organizational issues. It also brings strengths in terms of competence, support and network around the educators. In the flat organizations there is greater transparency in the decision-making process of the business, the preschool teachers have greater opportunity to influence organizational decisions themselves. In the discussion of the flat organizations, the power of decision makers is also questioned based on their competence. The final stage of the study discusses whether these results depend on the organization's structure or rather on different skills and roles in the organization.