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7 pp. / This publication discusses some backyard fruits that can be grown at elevations between 3500 to 6000 feet and also lists varieties of each fruit by harvest season.

The purpose of this study was to determine the similarities and differences between pregnant/parenting teens and other young women who drop out of high school. It also sought to determine the characteristics which discriminate between pregnant or parenting teens who continue with school and those who drop out. A comparison of 33 female high school dropouts with 47 dropouts from an alternative program for pregnant/parenting teens produced a discriminant function which accounted for 99% of the variance between the groups and correctly classified 74% of the subjects by group. Examination of the discriminating variables did not produce the expected variables such as school performance, educational aspirations, and value of education to friends. The results indicated that the two groups of dropouts did not differ in educational background variables and that pregnancy alone did not cause otherwise capable students to drop out of school. It was found that pregnant/parenting dropouts were more likely to be Hispanic, from families who valued education less, and have lower career and college aspirations than other dropouts. The second comparison of 47 pregnant/parenting students who dropped from the alternative program with 67 who maintained enrollment, produced a discriminant function which accounted for 86% of the variance between groups and correctly predicted group membership for 93% of the subjects. Among the variables which defined this function were grade point average, attendance, importance of education to family and friends, educational aspirations, past drop out, sports activities, more than one child, self-esteem, SES, and being minority. These are typical of the differences between any dropouts and enrolled students regardless of the pregnancy.

The data for this study were taken from the survey titled Monitoring the Future (MtF), an annual cross-section of high school seniors across the nation, using the 1976 and 1981 cohorts. Log-linear analysis was the primary analytic technique, supplemented by factor analysis where appropriate. The topic is not new. With graduation approaching, high school seniors must consider four major decision areas: further education, employment, marriage, and/or parenthood. Yet, each of these is increasingly problematic within the context of a Post-Industrial society. These decision areas are in fact inextricably bound together in a dynamic and complex fashion. That is, goals are eminently lifestyle choices. What is new, then, is this study's perspective and the central role of gender in shaping such choices. Given these two premises, this study primarily critiques conventional Status Attainment models of youths' aspirations drawing upon Bernard (1981), Gilligan (1982), Baruch, Barnett, and Rivers (1983), and Gerson (1985). As lifestyle choices, seniors were confronted with such issues as employed wives/mothers, division of housework and child care labor between spouses, and househusbands. The majority of young women and men alike considered both a job and homelife central to their futures. Yet, occupational aspirations reflected the sex-segregation of the labor market. In general, homelife scenarios found that either wife's full-time or half-time employment was favored in contrast to full-time homemaking when no preschool children were involved. Once children were involved, however, most seniors preferred the wife remain home. With respect to child care and housework, equal responsibility was strongly preferred by virtually all seniors. Many seniors also preferred arrangements in which the wife was primarily responsible for these tasks, regardless of her employment status. Shifts in husband's roles were generally unacceptable, particularly full-time househusbands. Overall, more young men supported traditional arrangements, while more young women supported change. Seniors' aspirations, thus, found evidence for both a diversity of future lifestyles, as well as areas of potential conflict.

The present recommendations of the ACI-ASCE Committee 352 for the design of ductile moment resistant beam to column connections limit the joint shear stress to γ√f'(c), where the factor γ is a function of the joint geometric classification and the loading condition. The value of compressive strength f'(c) used in the above expression should not exceed 6000 psi. This limitation causes considerable difficulty in the design of high-strength concrete frames. An experimental study of twelve large-scale exterior beam to column subassemblies was completed at The University of Arizona. The specimens were subjected to cyclic inelastic loading. The variables studied were the concrete compressive strength (8.1, 10.7, and 13.6 ksi), the joint shear stress (1100 and 1400 psi), and the degree of joint confinement provided in the form of closed ties. Although high-strength concrete is more brittle than normal-strength concrete, the study showed that frames constructed of high-strength concrete can perform satisfactorily in earthquakes zones when attention is given to proper detailing of joints. The flexural strength ratio, degree of joint confinement, development length of bars, and joint shear stress are all very important factors to be considered in the design process. The maximum permissible joint shear stress suggested by ACI-ASCE Committee 352 was modified for frames constructed with high-strength concrete. The proposed joint shear stress drawn from test results does not affect the factor γ which depends on the joint type and its geometric classification. Therefore, in the absence of any further data about interior joints, the proposed joint shear limit for high-strength concrete can be used for all types and geometric classifications of joints. Furthermore, new requirements for joint confinement were presented to ensure ductile behavior of frames. It is important to note that current Recommendations for joint confinement, which were developed for normal-strength concrete, cannot be satisfied for high-strength concrete frames. The hysteresis response of specimens tested and other normal-strength concrete specimens tested by different investigators were compared in terms of their energy absorption capacity. This comparison was essential to alleviate concern about the lack of ductility of high-strength concrete. Favorable results were obtained. This research is important for practitioners to gain more confidence using high-strength concrete for structural design applications especially in seismic zones.

In this dissertation, I explore the relationship between solar energetic particles (SEPs) and the interplanetary magnetic field, and I use observations of SEPs to probe the region of space between the Sun and the Earth. After an introduction of major concepts in heliospheric physics, describing some of the history of energetic particles and defining the data sets used in the work, the rest of this dissertation is organized around three major concepts related to energetic particle transport: magnetic field-line length, interplanetary turbulence, and particle scattering and diffusion. In Chapter 2, I discuss how energetic particles can be used to measure the lengths of field lines and how particle scattering complicates the interpretation of these measurements. I then propose applying these measurements to a particular open problem: the origin and properties of heliospheric current sheets. In the next chapter, I move from the large to small scale and apply energetic particle measurements to important problems in interplanetary turbulence. I introduce two energetic-particle features, one of which I discovered in the course of this work, which have size scales roughly that of the correlation scale of the turbulence (the largest scale over which observations are expected to be similar). I discuss how multi-spacecraft measurements of these energetic particle features can provide a measure of the correlation scale independent of the magnetic field measurements. Finally, I consider interplanetary scattering and diffusion in detail. I describe new observations of particle diffusion in the direction perpendicular to the average magnetic field, showing that particles only scatter a few times between their injection at the Sun and observation at the Earth. I also provide numerical simulation results of diffusion parallel to the field which can be used to correct for the effects of transport on the particles. These corrections allow inferences to be made about the particle energies at injection from observations of the event-integrated fluences at 1 AU. By carefully including scattering, cooling, field line meandering and turbulence effects, solar-energetic particles become a powerful tool for studying the inner heliosphere.

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