Despite clear recommendations on the minimal amount of physical activity for achieving health benefits and reducing risk of chronic disease, the majority of people in the Western world remain sedentary. As a 'lack of time' has been identified as one of the main barriers to becoming and remaining physically active, in the past decade research has focused on high-intensity interval training (HIT) as a time-efficient alternative to aerobic exercise. Although initial studies convincingly demonstrated equal or better health benefits with various HIT protocols compared to much larger volumes of aerobic exercise, these HIT protocols tend to be very strenuous and as such are unlikely to be adhered to by sedentary populations. Furthermore, most HIT protocols are not as time-efficient as sometimes claimed, with the total time per exercise session generally exceeding 20-30 minutes. This thesis aimed to characterise the effects of a novel reduced-exertion HIT (ReHIT) protocol, requiring a maximum of 2 x 20 s all-out sprint efforts in a 10 min training session, upon insulin sensitivity, aerobic capacity, glycogen utilisation and associated acute metabolic responses. The ReHIT exercise bouts were well tolerated by participants, but were associated with a substantial disturbance of physiological homeostasis including muscle glycogen degradation, lactate accumulation, excursions in plasma volume, post-exercise oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio and heart rate, as well as a skeletal muscle signalling response through AMPK, and increases in skeletal muscle GLUT4 and PGC1α mRNA expression (Chapter 4 and 5). The combined training studies (n=49) provide some support for improvements in key disease biomarkers following ReHIT, with improvements in insulin sensitivity observed in men, and increased aerobic capacity observed in men and women (Chapter 7). These observations highlight a potential regulatory role for glycogen in exercise-induced adaptation. However, the mean improvements in insulin sensitivity in men were not consistent between the two training studies (Chapter 2 and 6), and there was a high level of variability observed between individuals (Chapter 6 and 7). Therefore, the impact of ReHIT on insulin sensitivity needs to be further explored in the context of a randomised controlled trial, and the mechanisms underpinning the large variability in adaptive response need to be characterised.

This study examined the effects of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIT) and continuous moderate-intensity training (CMT) on left ventricular (LV) function in young, healthy men. Sixteen untrained men were randomly assigned to HIT (8-12 X 60:75 seconds cycling at 95-100%:10% V˙O2peak) and CMT (90-120 minutes cycling at 65% V˙O2peak) and assessed before and after six sessions of training. LV function was determined at rest and during submaximal exercise using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. HIT and CMT improved V˙O2peak and induced plasma volume expansion to a similar magnitude. Although resting LV function did not change, increased exercise stroke volume and cardiac output was observed, secondary to increases in end-diastolic volume. Numerous ECHO-derived indices of diastolic performance were similarly enhanced during exercise in both groups. Short-term HIT and CMT elicit rapid increases in V˙O2peak and LV filling without global changes in systolic performance or cardiac morphology at rest.

This study examined the effects of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIT) and continuous moderate-intensity training (CMT) on left ventricular (LV) function in young, healthy men. Sixteen untrained men were randomly assigned to HIT (8-12 X 60:75 seconds cycling at 95-100%:10% V˙O2peak) and CMT (90-120 minutes cycling at 65% V˙O2peak) and assessed before and after six sessions of training. LV function was determined at rest and during submaximal exercise using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. HIT and CMT improved V˙O2peak and induced plasma volume expansion to a similar magnitude. Although resting LV function did not change, increased exercise stroke volume and cardiac output was observed, secondary to increases in end-diastolic volume. Numerous ECHO-derived indices of diastolic performance were similarly enhanced during exercise in both groups. Short-term HIT and CMT elicit rapid increases in V˙O2peak and LV filling without global changes in systolic performance or cardiac morphology at rest.

This study examined whether a high-intensity interval (IT) or a continuous steady-state (CT) exercise training program had the greatest effect on fat oxidation rates and fat mass loss in a population of untrained overweight and obese females. Thirteen female subjects (VO2peak 30.6 ± 1.29 ml.kg.min-1, BMI 29 ± 0.79, fat mass [FM] 33.3 ± 2.09 kg) were randomly assigned to either a CT (exercise at the relative intensity that elicits the maximal fat oxidation rate [FATmax] ) or an IT (intervals alternating 5 minutes at 40% and 85% VO2peak) training group that exercised approximately 1 hour, 3 days.week-1 for 10 weeks. Body composition assessments, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), FATmax and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were examined pre- and post-training using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), ParvoMedics gas analysis system and FFA half micro tests (Roche Diagnostics). No significant differences were found post-training in body weight (kg), body fat (%), fat-free mass, or fat mass (P>0.05). The relative exercise intensity that elicited FATmax was significantly increased from 35.3 ± 2.55% to 44.7 ± 3.56% in the IT group post-training (P <0.05). The maximal fat oxidation rate was determined at a higher relative exercise intensity after 10 weeks of a IT program compared with a CT program, which resulted in longer durations of fat oxidation during submaximal exercise bouts. These data suggest that an IT program induces a greater increase in the relative exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation after 10 weeks of training compared to a CT program in this population. Although body composition and FATmax were not altered, it is possible that through training induced metabolic adaptations from the IT program, intramuscular triacylglyceride (IMTG) contributions to fat oxidation at a given steady-state work rate could be increased post-training.

The purpose of this study was to compare the exercise and recovery muscle oxygenation response of Women and Girls during two 30s Wingate anaerobic tests separated by two minutes of active cycling recovery (resistance ≈ 2.5% body weight, 60-80rpm). Oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), total hemoglobin (tHb), and tissue saturation index (TSI) were monitored at the right vastus lateralis muscle using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) throughout exercise, recovery, and a post-exercise femoral artery occlusion to TSI plateau. Pressure was preset at 250mmHg for Women and 210mmHg for Girls, achieved by rapid inflation in 0.3 seconds, and maintained until a 2 minute TSI plateau occurred or 10 minutes had passed. Twenty Women (23.8[2.12] years) and 13 Girls (9[1] years, combined Tanner stage <4) completed all tasks excepting 1 girl who did not complete occlusion. Significant group, time, and group by time interaction effects were observed for peak and mean power (Watts.kgFFM-1). Women had significantly greater power output compared to Girls for both Wingates. While both groups had reduced power output in Wingate 2, the reduction was significantly greater in Women compared to Girls. No significant group differences were found for resting TSI, recovery TSI, minimum TSI during either Wingate test, or for minimum TSI during occlusion, however a time main effect for Women was observed with minimum TSI being significantly lower in Wingate 1 compared to Wingate 2. Girls had similar minimum TSI for both Wingate tests. Women also demonstrated a significantly greater difference between Wingate minimum TSI and occlusion minimum TSI in Wingate 2 compared to Wingate 1. During Wingate 1, HHb increase was greater in Girls compared to Women and remained elevated during recovery compared to women. Changes in HbO2, HHb, and tHb were reduced in Wingate 2 for both groups, more so in Women for tHb and in Girls for HHb. Recovery was not different between groups with the exception of a faster TSI time constant of recovery in Women (τ =20.25 [13.01]s) compared to Girls (τ =36.77 [13.38]s) which is attributed to a faster HHb time constant in Women (τ =13.6 [0.44]s) compared to Girls (τ =30.77[19.47]s). Both groups demonstrated similar power output results and TSI response across the two Wingate tests but Girls were better able to repeat the anaerobic performance with a consistent TSI minimum between the two tests despite a faster recovery of HHb and TSI in women. These findings, in the context of observed Hb variable differences between groups, provide evidence of greater oxidative metabolism in Girls during a high intensity exercise. / Graduate / December 18, 2016

A síndrome metabólica (SM) é uma somatória de fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), intimamente ligada à obesidade e, assim como a última, sua prevalência cresce mundialmente. Sua etiologia é complexa e suas causas são influenciadas por fatores ambientais e genéticos. Sabe-se que a elevação da capacidade cardiorrespiratória (VO2máx) seja um melhor atenuador do risco de mortalidade por DCV do que a própria obesidade. Atualmente a forma conhecida para aumento do VO2máx é o exercício físico aeróbio, porém vários indivíduos reportam falta de tempo para realização de uma rotina de exercícios físicos. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar dois protocolos de treinamento aeróbio de alta intensidade e outro contínuo de moderada intensidade quanto à influência na capacidade cardiorrespiratória, variáveis de síndrome metabólica (circunferência da cintura - CC, glicemia de jejum, HDL, triglicérides e pressão arterial) e composição corporal (massa e percentual de gordura) em indivíduos com sobrepeso/obesidade e; observar a influência de polimorfismos dos genes visfatina e receptor tipo 1 de angiotensina 2 (AGTR1) nos níveis de glicemia, HDL, triglicérides e pressão arterial. 40 indivíduos foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de treinamento: contínuo moderado (CM), 4x1 e 4x4. O grupo CM realizou cinco sessões semanais de treino por 30 minutos; os grupos 4x1 e 4x4 realizaram 3 sessões semanais com duração de 19 e 40 minutos, respectivamente. A intervenção durou 16 semanas e as sessões foram monitoradas quanto à frequência cardíaca para controlar a intensidade do exercício. O grupo CM se exercitou a 70% da frequência cardíaca máxima, enquanto os grupos 4x1 e 4x4 realizaram estímulos a 90% da frequência cardíaca máxima. Os resultados encontrados apontaram uma melhora na capacidade cardiorrespiratória em todos os grupos, sem diferença entre eles. Diminuição da massa corpórea, IMC, percentual de gordura somente no grupo 4x4. Diminuição de CC nos grupos 4x4 e CM. Os dados da análise genética não apontaram nenhuma relação entre os polimorfismos avaliados e as variáveis de interesse. Por fim, concluiu-se que o treinamento de alta intensidade com duração de 19 minutos promove resultados semelhantes ao treinamento de mesma intensidade e duração de 40 minutos e ao treinamento de intensidade moderada na capacidade cardiorrespiratória em indivíduos com sobrepeso/obesidade, sendo uma alternativa viável para treinamento físico com pouco volume. / Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a sum of risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), closely linked to obesity and, like the latter, its prevalence is growing worldwide. Its etiology is complex and its causes are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. It is known that the increase in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) is a better attenuator of CVD mortality risk rather than obesity itself. Currently, the best known way to increase VO2max is aerobic exercise, but many people report lack of time to perform a exercise routine exercise. In this context, this study aimed to compare two high intensity aerobic exercise protocols and a continuous moderate exercise regarding their effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic syndrome variables (waist circumference - WC, fasting plasma glucose, HDL, triglycerides, and blood pressure) and body composition (body mass and fat percentage) in overweight/obese individuals and; observe the influence of genetic polymorphisms of visfatin and angiotensin 2 receptor type 1(AGTR1) in blood glucose levels, HDL, triglycerides and blood pressure. 40 subjects were randomly divided into three training groups: continuous moderate intensity (CM), 4x1 and 4x4. The CM group held five weekly training sessions for 30 minutes; the 4x1 and 4x4 groups performed three weekly sessions lasting 19 and 40 minutes, respectively. The intervention lasted 16 weeks and the sessions were monitored for heart rate to control the exercise intensity. The CM group exercised at 70% of maximum heart rate, while the 4x1 and 4x4 groups performed stimuli to 90% of maximum heart rate. The findings showed an improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness in all groups, with no difference between them. A decreased body mass, BMI, body fat percentage only in the group 4x4. WC decrease in 4x4 and CM groups. Data from genetic analysis did not show any relationship between the evaluated polymorphisms and the variables of interest. Finally, it was concluded that the high intensity training lasting 19 minutes promotes similar results to the training of the same intensity and duration of 40 minutes and moderate intensity training on cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight/obese individuals, being a viable alternative for exercise training with low volume.

abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death in the United States and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity lead to cardiovascular disease. Obese adults are more susceptible to CVD compared to their non-obese counterparts. Exercise training leads to large reductions in the risk of CVD and T2D. Recent evidence suggests high-intensity interval training (HIT) may yield similar or superior benefits in a shorter amount of time compared to traditional continuous exercise training. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of HIT to continuous (CONT) exercise training for the improvement of endothelial function, glucose control, and visceral adipose tissue. Seventeen obese men (N=9) and women (N=8) were randomized to eight weeks of either HIT (N=9, age=34 years, BMI=37.6 kg/m2) or CONT (N=8, age=34 years, BMI=34.6 kg/m2) exercise 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Endothelial function was assessed via flow-mediated dilation (FMD), glucose control was assessed via continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and visceral adipose tissue and body composition was measured with an iDXA. Incremental exercise testing was performed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. There were no changes in weight, fat mass, or visceral adipose tissue measured by the iDXA, but there was a significant reduction in body fat that did not differ by group (46±6.3 to 45.4±6.6%, P=0.025). HIT led to a significantly greater improvement in FMD compared to CONT exercise (HIT: 5.1 to 9.0%; CONT: 5.0 to 2.6%, P=0.006). Average 24-hour glucose was not improved over the whole group and there were no group x time interactions for CGM data (HIT: 103.9 to 98.2 mg/dl; CONT: 99.9 to 100.2 mg/dl, P>0.05). When statistical analysis included only the subjects who started with an average glucose at baseline > 100 mg/dl, there was a significant improvement in glucose control overall, but no group x time interaction (107.8 to 94.2 mg/dl, P=0.027). Eight weeks of HIT led to superior improvements in endothelial function and similar improvements in glucose control in obese subjects at risk for T2D and CVD. HIT was shown to have comparable or superior health benefits in this obese sample with a 36% lower total exercise time commitment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Exercise and Wellness 2013

abstract: The Western Pattern diet has been characterized by having greater than 50 percent consumption coming from fat and sugar. This macronutrient allocation has been shown to have deleterious effects on endothelial function and metabolic markers of cardiovascular disease. Exercise has been shown to improve vascular reactivity and metabolic markers related to cardiovascular health. The objective of the study was to determine if exercise training can prevent the anticipated deleterious effects of a fat-sugar supplemented diet on endothelial function and blood markers of cardiovascular risk in young men. Twenty-one, healthy college-aged males were randomly assigned to either the doughnut + exercise or doughnut only groups. Both groups were fed 2 doughnuts per day, 6 days per week, for three weeks, while maintain their current diet. The exercise group completed 4 exercise training sessions per week consisting of 2 high intensity interval training bouts (up to 95% VO2peak) on a cycle ergometer and two moderate intensity, steady-state bouts (at 75% VO2peak) on a treadmill. Changes in body weight and composition, markers of endothelial function, oxidative stress, serum lipids, and blood glucose were measured in each group. As expected, cardiovascular fitness increased significantly in the doughnut-supplemented + exercise group as compared to the doughnut-supplemented (p=0.005). Significant increases in body weight (p=0.036), fat mass (p=0.013), and body fat percentage (p=0.014) were seen in the doughnut only group as compared to the doughnut + exercise group. The doughnut + exercise group showed significant improvements in fasting serum triglycerides (p=0.036), plasma insulin (p=0.039) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA; p=0.05) as compared to the doughnut only group. The doughnut + exercise group saw a significant improvement in nitric oxide availability whereas the doughnut only group experienced a significant decline (p=0.014). There were no significant changes in other markers. Despite the addition of a fat/sugar supplement of ~11,600 kcal over three weeks, 4 exercise sessions per week were sufficient to prevent a gain in body weight and fat mass, and also improve some measures of cardiometabolic risk. These results suggest that exercise may be necessary to prevent some adverse health outcomes associated with transient periods of excessive energy consumption. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physical Activity, Nutrition and Wellness 2013

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (TIAI), específico e não específico, sobre respostas fisiológicas e desempenho em testes aeróbios e anaeróbios, bem como sobre ações técnicas e táticas durante a luta de judô. 35 atletas de judô realizaram uma série de testes antes e após quatro semanas de treinamento, sendo aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos: TIAI para membros inferiores, TIAI para membros superiores, TIAI específico [por meio de entrada de golpes (uchi-komi)] e grupo controle. Os grupos experimentais treinaram o exercício intervalado de alta intensidade (EIAI) adicionalmente ao treino de judô e o grupo controle realizou apenas judô. Foi utilizado o mesmo tipo de estímulo em regiões corporais distintas: realização de duas sessões semanais de EIAI constituídas por dois blocos de 10 estímulos de 20s por 10s de intervalo entre os estímulos e 5 min entre os blocos, i.e., grupo de membros superiores e inferiores utilizaram cicloergômetros específicos para cada região corporal, enquanto o grupo específico desempenhou uchi-komi em intensidade all-out com atleta de massa corporal similar. Os grupos e momentos foram comparados via análise de variância (ANOVA) a dois fatores (grupo e momento do treinamento) ou a três fatores (grupo, momento do treinamento e momento da medida), seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni. Quando encontrada diferença entre os grupos durante as semanas de treinamento, foi efetuada uma ANOVA a um fator com medidas repetidas, bem como o teste-t pareado para os valores pré e pós-treinamento. Os principais resultados apontam que: para o grupo de membros inferiores houve aumento da potência equivalente ao onset blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) no teste progressivo para membros superiores, aumento da potência média no teste de Wingate adaptado para membros inferiores, redução da frequência cardíaca após o Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), redução do número de sequências em pé durante a simulação de luta e aumento da razão testosterona/cortisol (T/C) pós-simulação de luta no momento pós-treinamento; para o grupo de membros superiores, houve elevação da potência aeróbia máxima no teste progressivo máximo para membros superiores, aumento do número total de projeções no SJFT, redução das concentrações de CK e elevação da razão T/C pós-simulação de luta no pós-treinamento, bem como elevação das concentrações de LDH nas mensurações conduzidas em repouso; para o grupo uchi-komi, houve aumento da potência pico no teste de Wingate para membros superiores e inferiores, redução do índice no SJFT e aumento da razão T/C pós-simulação de luta no momento pós-treinamento. Não foram detectadas alterações no desempenho para o grupo controle pós-treinamento. Além disso, não foram detectadas quaisquer alterações para as respostas psicométricas, hormonais, assim como para o sistema nervoso autônomo após as quatro semanas de intervenção. Os resultados indicam que a adição do TIAI à rotina de treinamento usual de judô eleva a potência aeróbia máxima para membros superiores e desempenho intermitente de alta intensidade para membros superiores e inferiores em testes genéricos. Adicionalmente, o TIAI melhora aspectos relevantes para o desempenho em tarefas específicas do judô. Por fim, o TIAI de baixo volume não promoveu alterações nas respostas do sistema nervoso autônomo, questionários psicométricos e respostas hormonais ao longo das quatro semanas de treinamento / The aim of the present study was to verify the effects, specific and non-specific, of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on physiological and performance responses to aerobic and anaerobic tests, as well as on technical and tactical actions during judo combat. In order to achieve this purpose, 35 judo athletes were randomly selected into four groups: HIIT for lower-body, upper-body, specific group (by means of technique-entrance, uchi-komi) and a control group. These groups completed a series of tests, before and after a 4-week training period. The experimental groups did high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in addition to judo training while the control group did judo training only. The same type of stimulus was used on distinct body regions: two weekly sessions of HIIE consisting of two blocks of 10 x 20s stimuli with a 10s interval between stimuli and a 5-min interval between blocks, i.e., the lower and upper-body group used cycle-ergometer for each body region, while the specific group carried out uchi-komi at all-out intensity with another athlete of similar body mass and stature. The groups and moments were compared via variance analysis (ANOVA) to two factors (group and training) or to three factors (group, training and time of measurement), followed by the Bonferroni test. When a difference was detected between groups during the training weeks, a one-way (ANOVA) was carried out with repeated measures, as well as the paired t-test, for pre and post-training values. The main results indicate that: The lower-body group showed increase in the equivalent power to onset blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), in aerobic fitness test for upper- limbs, increase in the mean power in the Wingate test (4 sets of 30s interspersed with 3-min recovery period) for lower limbs, heart rate reduction after the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), reducing the number of standing sequences during the match simulation and increasing the testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C) after the match simulation in the post-training period; For the upper-body group, showed an increase of the maximum aerobic power in aerobic fitness test for upper limbs, increase in the total number of projections in SJFT, reduced CK concentrations (post-training period), increase in T/C ratio post-match in the post-training period and increase in LDH concentrations in measurements conducted at rest. Uchi-komi group, showed an increased in the peak power in the Wingate test for upper and lower limbs, reduction of the SJFT index and increasing the T/C ratio after the match-simulations in the post-training period. As expected, were not found any performance changes after 4-weeks of intervention for the control group Furthermore, were not detected any changes to the psychometric, hormonal responses, as well as the autonomic nervous system after four weeks of intervention for all experimental groups. Therefore, these findings suggest that addition of the HIIT to usual judo training increases the maximum aerobic power for upper limbs and high-intensity intermittent performance for upper and lower limbs, in generic tests. Moreover, HIIT improves relevant aspects to performance in specific judo tasks. Finally, low volume HIIE did not bring about any alterations to the autonomous nervous system responses, psychometric responses or hormonal responses throughout the four weeks of training

Orientador: Daniele Cristina Cataneo / Resumo: Introdução: Há evidências que o exercício físico é benéfico em pacientes com câncer pois fornece independência funcional ao indivíduo. Entretanto pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) nesses indivíduos, fazendo-se necessário uma revisão sistemática para reunir estudos que utilizaram esta modalidade de exercício, possibilitando o conhecimento de seus reais efeitos no paciente com câncer. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade, viabilidade e segurança do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade nos pacientes com câncer. Método: Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática (RS) de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR), quase randomizados ou controlados que avaliaram o HIIT em pacientes com câncer. Foram avaliados os desfechos: Efetividade (condicionamento físico e qualidade de vida), Viabilidade (fadiga, composição corporal e aderência ao tratamento) e Segurança (efeitos adversos e sobrevida). Todas as buscas foram conduzidas sem restrição de idiomas ou datas nas seguintes bases de dados: Lilacs, Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Embase e Scopus. Resultados: A pesquisa identificou 333 estudos, dos quais 20 artigos foram incluídos. A duração média da intervenção foi de 9,5 ± 4,7 semanas, com 2,9 ± 0,2 sessões por semana. A meta- análise do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) para o condicionamento físico mostrou superioridade do HIIT em comparação aos Cuidados Usuais (UC) (MD 3,29, IC95% 1,94, 4,64; p<0,00001), mas não quando comparado ao exercício modera... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: There is evidence that physical exercise is beneficial in cancer patients as it provides functional independence to the individual. However, little is known about the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these individuals, making a systematic review necessary to gather studies that used this exercise modality, enabling the knowledge of its real effects on cancer patients. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility and safety of high-intensity interval training in cancer patients. Method: A systematic review of randomized, quasi-randomized or controlled clinical trials that evaluated HIIT in cancer patients was conducted. The outcomes evaluated were: Effectiveness (physical conditioning and quality of life), Viability (fatigue, body composition and adherence to treatment) and Safety (adverse effects and survival). All searches were conducted without restriction of languages or dates in the following databases: Lilacs, Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus. Results: The research identified 333 studies, of which 20 articles were included. The average duration of the intervention was 9.5 ± 4.7 weeks, with 2.9 ± 0.2 sessions per week. The meta-analysis of oxygen consumption (VO2) for physical conditioning determined superiority of HIIT compared to Usual Care (UC) (MD 3.29, 95% CI 1.94, 4.64; p <0.00001), but not when compared to moderate continuous intensity exercise (MIC) (MD 1.83, 95% CI -0.40, 4.06; p = 0.11). Likewise, d... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre