An investigation of the geological resources of the Southern Highlands was undertaken and over two hundred samples were collected and examined for possible use as stoneware ceramic ingredients. Thirty four of these samples were tested for possible use as clay body ingredients, while sixty five samples were selected for assessment as glaze ingredients. A wood fired kiln was built from firebricks produced from a local deposit of a white bauxite related material. Materials selected as a result of these tests were combined to create ceramic objects fired at stoneware temperatures. The most interesting result of the investigation was the discovery of a number of small weathered dykes and sills, samples from which were developed into workable ceramic clay bodies and glazes using a simple empirical testing procedure. A previously unknown excellent white translucent native porcelain stone or ‘bai tunze’ was discovered and developed into a workable porcelain body. Some iron stained porcelain bodies that ‘flashed’ red in the wood firing kiln were also developed. Exhibitions of the creative work produced were shown in the ‘Legge Gallery’, a Fine Art gallery in Sydney. Two critical reviews of those shows appeared in the magazine Craft Arts International, No. 64, 2005, pp 106-107 and The Journal of Australian Ceramics, Vol 46 #1 pp 21-24. Several papers were published detailing various aspects of the research: “The Search for Raw Materials in the Southern Highlands” in The Journal of Australian Ceramics, Vol 41#3, pp 22-23; “Flotation – A method of refining useful minerals”, in The Journal of Australian Ceramics, Vol 41#3, pp 24-25; “Magic Dirt” in The Journal of Australian Ceramics, Vol 46 #1 pp 76-79; “New work from an old landscape”, in Ceramics Technical, 24, 2007. pp 45-52;“From the ground up”, in Ceramic review, issue 222, 2006, pp 54-55. The research concludes that the Southern Highlands of New South Wales is geologically rich in suitable materials for the production of stoneware ceramics and that there are a few specific bai tunze like materials that are very interesting and have considerable aesthetic potential. The research determined that these bai tunze like materials are potentially capable of being developed into clay bodies and glazes of great beauty. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The writer set out to evaluate the extent to which the Boards of Governors of six provincial high schools in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea were conforming with the provisions of the 1970 Education Act and subsequent Departmental directives. Interviews were conducted with senior officers of the Department of Education, members of the Boards of the six schools and Mission Agency personnel. Board meetings were observed by the writer and records of past meetings and Departmental files were examined. The writer has traced the development of community participation and the sharing of decision making in Papua New Guinea education up to 1970 when school Boards were established by the Education Act, as well as subsequent developments in the relationship between the Department of Education and Boards of Governors. Histories of the six schools used as case studies are given, including accounts of the establishment and development of their Boards of Governors. In only one function, student discipline, did the Boards appear to have a largely executive role. This function was regarded by most Board members as being the area in which their Boards did their most important work. In some of the other functions listed in the Act and in subsequent directives, the Boards' role was found to be only a partially executive one or an advisory or critical one. With some of the functions assigned to them, there was little or no involvement by the Boards. Although the Boards have continued to be viable and to contribute to the effective running of their schools, they were not being used to their full potential and there was a need for their relationship with emerging Provincial Governments to be defined. The writer collected suggestions for improvements in the operations of the Boards from the people interviewed and made further suggestions based on his own observations.

The Monaro Volcanic Province (MVP) is an Oligocene-Eocene intraplate basaltic lava field situated in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales between the towns of Cooma and Bombala. The lava pile of the MVP consists of basal sub-alkali rocks (olivine tholeiite, transitional basalt) capped by a number of thick ankaramite lavas, above which lie less numerous alkali rocks including alkali olivine basalt, nepheline basanite and olivine nephelinite. Intercalated with the lava flows are massive and matrix-supported alkali and ankaramitic hyaloclastites, alkali pillow basalts, rare tuffs, bauxitic weathering profiles, lacustrine sediments and reworked late Cretaceous to early Tertiary river gravels. The lava pile is intruded through by numerous volcanic plugs and dykes and rare maars. Volcanic centres are principally concentrated in two NW-SE trending zones parallel to major crustal-scale fractures in the Palaeozoic basement. Centres almost always lie over the intersections of two or more conjugate strike-slip or transverse fractures. The stratigraphy, whole-rock geochemistry and Sr and Nd isotopic signatures of rocks from the MVP indicate magma-genesis initially from an asthenospheric source with EM1 characteristics, gradually becoming more lithospheric with DM source characteristics. The long-lived nature of the MVP rules out a mantle plume-type source for magmas. Instead, a diapiric source is envisaged. The MVP mantle xenolith suite appears to have equilibrated at slightly higher temperatures for given pressures than the Newer Volcanics Province suite suggesting the palaeogeotherm for the MVP was slightly hotter than the "South East Australian" geotherm. Large amounts of amphibole (pargasitic hornblende, pargasite, ferroan pargasite and kaersutite) occuring within the more silica-undersaturated rocks of the MVP, and rarely within Iherzolitic xenoliths, are interpreted to have formed as selvages on mantle veins in contact with peridotite beneath the MVP. Amphiboles were later sampled by magmas rising through the same conduits and were brought to the surface. MVP ankaramite lavas feature < 2cm clinopyroxene porphyrocrysts, the cores of which are shown to have crystallised at ca. 18 kb pressure or ca. 54 km depth. This defines the base of the local crust within the MVP region. Data from the MVP support a landscape evolution model based on the isostatic rise of the Southern Highlands due to voluminous magmatic underplating since the Cretaceous. Data further support limited denudation since the Early Tertiary based on a pulsatory but high palaeogeotherm.

Microtextures recorded on quartz sand grain surfaces provide evidence of past environment. Environmental processes, such as transport by glacial ice, create unique microtextures on sand grain surfaces that can be observed under high magnification with a scanning electron microscope. These microtextures and their proportions tend to be unique to environment type, allowing investigators to infer the environmental conditions to which sediments have been exposed, for example to distinguish sediments from fluvial versus mass-wasted environments. Microtextural evidence also allows inferences about the history of sediments of unknown origin. This thesis determines the qualitative and quantitative microtextural fingerprint of glacigenic quartz sand grains deposited by small tropical alpine glaciers in Costa Rica, and compares that fingerprint to the fingerprints of highland Dominican Republic sediments of uncertain genesis, to gauge whether those, individually or grouped, resemble the Costa Rican glacigenic samples. I selected 18 samples (9 each from Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic) and analyzed a minimum of 100 quartz sand grains per sample using a scanning electron microscope. My sample sizes were dictated by the scale of empirical 99% confidence intervals that would allow meaningful comparison of samples. Analysis using literature-recommended numbers of quartz sand grains would entail such large confidence intervals that practically any results would have been indistinguishable. I recorded the presence or absence of 25 microtextures on each grain, and calculated the percentage of each microtexture’s occurrence in the sample. The percentages constituted the sample’s microtextural fingerprint. As a whole, the Costa Rican fingerprints were very similar to each other, and so were the Dominican Republic fingerprints. Further comparison led me to conclude that the Dominican Republic samples are statistically indistinguishable from the Costa Rican glacierized samples. This thesis is part of a larger project establishing protocols for distinguishing glacigenic from non-glacigenic sediments, and testing for glacigenicity of sediments in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere. My results can be applied in other studies distinguishing tropical highland glacigenic and non-glacial samples. My contribution will hopefully contribute toward completion of the project’s goals, specifically determining the presence or absence of past glaciers in the Dominican Republic.

The fossil flora and depositional setting of the early Eocene Falkland site in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada is reported here in detail for the first time. Falkland is part of a series of fossil localities that occur in a region known as the Okanagan Highlands. These sites represent relatively cool upland environments in the greenhouse world of the early Eocene. Macrofossil collections were obtained from Falkland using an unbiased census approach with systematic sampling through three informal units in the exposed outcrop. A stratigraphic log reveals a lacustrine sequence dominated by finely laminated mudstone or shale with periodic influx of coarser material, punctuated by thin volcanic ash layers. Paleoelevation of the site is estimated based on paleobotanical evidence to have been similar to or slightly higher than modern levels (¡Ý1.3 km) during the early Eocene.<p> Paleoclimate is assessed using both physiognomic and floristic approaches as applied to the Falkland flora. Physiognomic approaches correlate aspects of leaf morphology with climate, while floristic approaches use the tolerances of modern nearest living relatives to infer a climate envelope for the fossil flora. Overall, the different methods give broadly consistent results, with an identifiable zone of overlap in the estimates for mean annual temperature at ~10.5¡ãC, cold month mean temperature at 2.3¨C6.3¡ãC, warm month mean temperature at 20.2¨C23.7¡ãC, and a minimum mean annual precipitation of 82¨C120 cm/yr. Assessment of paleoclimate for the three individual units indicates a cooling trend over time, consistent with a radiometric date of 50.61¡À0.16 Ma that places the site in the waning phase of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).<p> The stomatal frequency of fossil Ginkgo adiantoides from Falkland is used to estimate paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2). Results from Falkland indicate that pCO2 was significantly higher than modern (>2x) in the early Eocene, although the upper limit of the estimate is unconstrained due to limitations with modern calibration datasets. Analysis of specimens from the three units indicates that climate and pCO2 were coupled during the EECO. Examination of modern Ginkgo biloba leaves suggests that stomatal density is more likely to be accurately measured than stomatal index. In addition, there is a significant difference between stomatal frequencies of long- and short-shoot leaves, suggesting that this factor needs to be taken into account in modern calibration datasets.<p> The Falkland flora was described in two phases. In the first phase, specimens were assigned to morphotypes, informal categories that ideally correspond to species-level organization. In total, 1561 specimens were assigned to 138 morphotypes encompassing foliage and reproductive structures. The taxonomic literature was then investigated and morphotypes were assigned to formal taxa wherever possible. Gymnosperms are dominated by taxa in Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and Ginkgoaceae, and there is a diverse angiosperm flora particularly rich in taxa belonging to Rosaceae, Betulaceae, and Sapindaceae. Rarefaction analysis shows Falkland as having diversity comparable to that of the hyper-diverse Laguna del Hunco site in Argentina. These data are consistent with an emerging understanding of high diversity in early Eocene forest communities associated with mild but equable climates. The Falkland flora retains a foundation of common taxa through all three units, including Metasequoia, Ginkgo, and Alnus; however, there is a distinct plant community in the upper unit as angiosperms become more abundant and the assemblage more diverse. Patterns in plant diversity are assessed within a context of changing climate and an active disturbance regime at the Falkland site.

The fossil flora and depositional setting of the early Eocene Falkland site in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada is reported here in detail for the first time. Falkland is part of a series of fossil localities that occur in a region known as the Okanagan Highlands. These sites represent relatively cool upland environments in the greenhouse world of the early Eocene. Macrofossil collections were obtained from Falkland using an unbiased census approach with systematic sampling through three informal units in the exposed outcrop. A stratigraphic log reveals a lacustrine sequence dominated by finely laminated mudstone or shale with periodic influx of coarser material, punctuated by thin volcanic ash layers. Paleoelevation of the site is estimated based on paleobotanical evidence to have been similar to or slightly higher than modern levels (¡Ý1.3 km) during the early Eocene.<p> Paleoclimate is assessed using both physiognomic and floristic approaches as applied to the Falkland flora. Physiognomic approaches correlate aspects of leaf morphology with climate, while floristic approaches use the tolerances of modern nearest living relatives to infer a climate envelope for the fossil flora. Overall, the different methods give broadly consistent results, with an identifiable zone of overlap in the estimates for mean annual temperature at ~10.5¡ãC, cold month mean temperature at 2.3¨C6.3¡ãC, warm month mean temperature at 20.2¨C23.7¡ãC, and a minimum mean annual precipitation of 82¨C120 cm/yr. Assessment of paleoclimate for the three individual units indicates a cooling trend over time, consistent with a radiometric date of 50.61¡À0.16 Ma that places the site in the waning phase of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).<p> The stomatal frequency of fossil Ginkgo adiantoides from Falkland is used to estimate paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2). Results from Falkland indicate that pCO2 was significantly higher than modern (>2x) in the early Eocene, although the upper limit of the estimate is unconstrained due to limitations with modern calibration datasets. Analysis of specimens from the three units indicates that climate and pCO2 were coupled during the EECO. Examination of modern Ginkgo biloba leaves suggests that stomatal density is more likely to be accurately measured than stomatal index. In addition, there is a significant difference between stomatal frequencies of long- and short-shoot leaves, suggesting that this factor needs to be taken into account in modern calibration datasets.<p> The Falkland flora was described in two phases. In the first phase, specimens were assigned to morphotypes, informal categories that ideally correspond to species-level organization. In total, 1561 specimens were assigned to 138 morphotypes encompassing foliage and reproductive structures. The taxonomic literature was then investigated and morphotypes were assigned to formal taxa wherever possible. Gymnosperms are dominated by taxa in Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and Ginkgoaceae, and there is a diverse angiosperm flora particularly rich in taxa belonging to Rosaceae, Betulaceae, and Sapindaceae. Rarefaction analysis shows Falkland as having diversity comparable to that of the hyper-diverse Laguna del Hunco site in Argentina. These data are consistent with an emerging understanding of high diversity in early Eocene forest communities associated with mild but equable climates. The Falkland flora retains a foundation of common taxa through all three units, including Metasequoia, Ginkgo, and Alnus; however, there is a distinct plant community in the upper unit as angiosperms become more abundant and the assemblage more diverse. Patterns in plant diversity are assessed within a context of changing climate and an active disturbance regime at the Falkland site.

Thesis (D. Min.)--New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 2000. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-89).

Die fünf Publikationen dieser Dissertation beschäftigen sich mit dem Destinations-auswahlprozess von aktiven Sporttouristen in Mittelgebirgsregionen. Dabei werden zunächst aktive Wintersporttouristen im Erzgebirge untersucht, danach mit Winter-sporttouristen im Schwarzwald und abschließend mit aktiven Sommersporttouristen im Erzgebirge verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass einige Typen von Sporttouristen in Mittelgebirgen bezüglich ihrer Destinationsauswahl mit Sporttouristen in anderen Destinationstypen vergleichbar sind. Gleichzeitig lassen sich jedoch auch mittelge-birgsspezifische Typen von Sporttouristen identifizieren. Wintersporttouristen ver-schiedener Mittelgebirge unterscheiden sich deutlich, während Sommer- und Win-tersporttouristen, welche die gleiche Destination wählen, annährend vergleichbar sind. Zukünftig sind deshalb destinationsspezifische und zugleich saisonübergrei-fende Marketingstrategien zu empfehlen. / The five publications of this dissertation deal with the destination-choice-process of active sports tourists in highlands. Firstly, active winter sports tourists of the Erzge-birge are investigated. Afterwards these active winter sports tourists are compared with tourists of the Schwarzwald. Finally, active summer and winter sports tourists of one highland are compared with each other. The results show, that some types of active winter sports tourists of highlands are comparable with sports tourists in other destinations. However, there are also highland specific winter sports tourists. At the same moment, there are more differences between winter sports tourists of different highland destinations than sports tourists in summer or winter within one destination. Destination-specific and all-year marketing strategies can be recom-mended to destination management organizations as a consequence of this work.

A study f the characters of the Tertiary dyke-swarms of Skye, Ardnmurchan and. the Small Isles of Invernessshire is based on observations at over 7500 dyke-outcrops, most of whiciL are located along well-exposed traverses. Because of geological limitations analyses of the properties of the dykes (trend, dip and thickness) can be semi-statistical only. Each of the dyke-swarms consists of a regional linear component of LW. to N.N.W. trending dykes, including parallel secondary-swarms in Skye and Ardnamurchan, together with in Skye and R.hum N.E. subswarnis of distinctive geo-. graphic distribution and comparatively- low intensities. The observations taken have facilitated: (a.) the construction of contour-maps depicting symmetrical distributions of multiple- dykes, of the arithmetic-average trends and thicknesses of the dykes, etc., (b.) both an approximate delimitation of regional-swarms and the distinction of these from subsidiary-avarms, in each case on the basis of the intensity- distribution and trend-distribution of the constituent dykes, and Cc.) the discovery of a latent plutonic -complex near Jluck, az a possible "centre" off the rwrth-west coast of Lewis. The trends, thicknesses, and to some extent the dips of small groups of dykes are intimately related to: (i.) the locations of those dykes with respect to the axes of highintensity of both crustal-stretch (dilation) and number of dykes per kilometre, (ii.) the positions of the dykes in relation to the site of the roughly contemporaneous Central Intrusive Coiiplexes, and (iii.) the structure of the country-- rock in which the dykes were emplaced, especially in the cases of the !oinian rocks, the Tertiary lavas, and the peripherally folded Mesozoic rocks bordering the Central Complex of Skye. The form and structure of the dyke-swarms, the distribution of the petrological types of dykes, and the available aeromagnetic, gravity-anomaly, and radiometric-dating evidence, indicate that the emplacement of each dyke-swarm is related to a sone of N.W. transcurrent faulting roughly paralleling the major dilation-axis of the swarm. Such faults were the consequence of differential movement of crustal blocks away from the line of a proposed Tertiary separation (Rockall Trough) of the British mainland and Rockall Plateau. Intracrustal, elongate, ridge-like basaltic magma-reservirs, whose ultimate source was the upper mantle, are believed to have ascended each of these faults. At the intersections of the N.W. transcurrent faults with preexisting N.E. faults cylinders of basaltic magma arose to form the Central Intrusive Complexes. Dyke-swarms developed as offshoots of the basaltic ridges and to a small extent from the basaltic cylinders, under the influence of a N.E. to S.W. tension resulting from a relative separation in this same direction of' the crustal blocks on both sides of the Rockall Trough rift.

This is an interdisciplinary arts practice based PhD that incorporates fieldwork into its exploration of Abernethy Forest in Cairngorms National Park, and Culbin Forest in Morayshire, Scotland. The thesis explores how a contemporary arts practice can articulate a place’s multi-layered complexities and how processes of coming to know influence and impact on the kinds of artworks created. This way of working incorporates an innovative approach that draws on geographical, anthropological, historical and ecological sources, and includes the synthesis of a contemporary arts practice with an ethnographic element - more specifically participant observation, with foresters, ecologists and others - as a mode of gathering. Description and examination of encounters in the field give context to the artwork and provide additional knowledge that lends insight into management practices and the knowledge that these workers possess. The research constitutes an original contribution to investigations of the forests of Culbin and Abernethy and correspondingly innovative outputs. This research proposes that a contemporary arts practice can articulate and communicate aspects and elements of place in ways that offer insights to artists, geographers, anthropologists and others. Central to this is the idea that places are multi-layered, everchanging, embodied, active and containing complex ecological, sensorial and physical histories and presences. Communicating these understandings requires a multi-faceted way of working and multi-modal ways of articulation in recognition of place as an experiential field of investigation. The art produced forms a non-linear, multi-stranded body of work that emphasises the benefits of multiple formats within an arts practice. The thesis enhances and further complicates conceptualisations of place that in geography and anthropology are often restricted to academic writing and demonstrates how artists and others can usefully enlarge and expand the ways in which places can be articulated and rendered.