The editor's Inaug. Diss. - Bern. / Includes bibliographical references.

Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Diss., 2000

Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Illinois University, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-105).

Texte remanié de: Diss. Ph. D.--History--Tel-Aviv--Tel-Aviv university, 1980. / Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : The @School of Shammai and the Zealots' struggle against Rome / Israel Ben-Shalom. Table des matières trad. en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 318-345. Index.

[pt] Esta Tese Doutoral debruça-se sobre o uso retórico das alegorias de Gl 4,1–5,1 como forma de se compreender o debate paulino sobre a escravidão e a liberdade, a partir das regras de Hillel. Partindo da investigação das ferramentas semânticas e linguísticas que moldaram a interpretação da Escritura em contexto judaico do primeiro século, percebe-se como Paulo utiliza-se de tais técnicas e ensinamentos oriundos de escolas rabínicas em sua elaboração de Gl 4,1–5,1. Deste modo, a pesquisa visa estudar o texto bíblico seguindo os critérios acadêmicos reconhecidos para análises deste caráter, para compreender os elementos que norteiam o sentido teológico do uso paulino das distintas figuras paradigmáticas, centradas na ideia de filiação, como parte integrante de um grande argumento retórico, como estratégia de diálogo, defesa e resgate da comunidade da Galácia, ameaçada por indivíduos que buscavam contradizer a pregação do apóstolo / [en] This Doctoral Thesis focuses on the rhetorical use of the allegories of Gl 4,1–5,1 as away of understanding the Pauline debate on slavery and freedom, based on Hillel s rules. Starting from the investigation of the semantic and linguistic tools that shaped the interpretation of Scripture in the Jewish context of the first century, it is clear how Paul uses such techniques and teachings from rabbinical schools in his elaboration of Gl 4,1–5,1. In this way, the research aimsto study the biblical text following the academic criteria recognized for analyzes of this character, to understand the elements that guide the theological meaning of Paul s use of diferente paradigmatic figures, centered on the idea of filiation, as an integral part of a great argument rhetorical, as a strategy of dialogue, defense and rescue of the Galatian community, threatened byindividuals who sought to contradict the apostle s preaching.

The synoptic gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke are commonly regarded as biographical in nature in their presentation of the life and teachings of Jesus. The gospels of Matthew and Luke report that Jesus was born a Hebrew among Hebrews, raised as a Jew within the Jewish nation, and functioned a first century Rabbi in a completely Jewish context during which time he started his own movement called the kingdom of heaven. The Rabbis of that day commonly enlisted a group of followers or disciples. The combination of a Rabbi and his students constituted an academy. Two schools or academies existed during the time of Jesus and were contemporary with him, the school of Shammai and the school of Hillel. The Babylonian Talmud dating from 500 C.E. records exactly three hundred and sixteen legal controversies between these two schools. Legal disputes between Jesus and representatives of one or the other existing schools of thought are recorded in the synoptic gospels. Each record clearly identifies the subject under dispute and the positions of the disputing parties. Nevertheless, the incomplete information provided in the synoptic gospels is not sufficient to allow readers to understand the dispute at hand. For example, a group of unidentified Pharisees approach Jesus with a specific question regarding the legalities of divorce. They ask the following question: "Is it lawful to divorce one's wife for any cause (Matthew 19:3)?" This question can raise these questions in the readers minds: Why was this question presented to Jesus? What is the background of this legality? What is the actual law regarding this matter? Is this an unresolved issue? Who are the parties involved in resolving this issue? Is there more detailed information regarding this issue? Ancient Jewish sources provide answers to all of these questions. This dissertation provides the material lacking in the synoptic gospels to enable one to understand the controversy and Jesus' interpretation. This will be accomplished through use of Jewish sources that provide the details of the disputes recorded in the synoptic gospels as well as identifying the various parties involved. Behind the process of presenting background information in this dissertation lies the premise that any study of the life and teachings of Jesus performed without consulting ancient Jewish sources will result in confusion and misunderstanding. This dissertation highlights information relating to these controversies that is lacking in the synoptic gospels and will enable the reader to understand the nature of the controversy and Jesus' conclusions. / text

Peu de temps après l'indépendance de la Belgique et l'accession au trône de Léopold Ier, les marchands et industriels belges s'activèrent à établir des relations officielles avec l'Empire ottoman. La signature d'un traité entre ces deux États en 1838, à l'instar des traités conclus avec plusieurs autres puissances européennes, scellait l'établissement de relations diplomatiques avec la Sublime Porte, et ouvrait aux Belges un champ d'opportunités commerciales dans les régions de Constantinople et de Smyrne. La nomination d'un consul de Belgique à Alep (en Syrie) en septembre 1854 se fit dans une logique d'expansion qui allait de pair avec l'extraordinaire essor économique, commercial et industriel du jeune royaume. La présence belge à Alep était ainsi, à plusieurs égards, le reflet du règne de Léopold II (qui succéda à son père en 1865), un souverain énergique et ambitieux, qui voulait assurément faire de la Belgique une puissance européenne coloniale. La correspondance des consuls d'Alep, carrefour économique et métropole commerciale du nord de la Syrie, est un observatoire privilégié de l'expansion belge de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle et de la pénétration étrangère dans l'Empire ottoman. L'établissement des Belges à Alep coïncide par ailleurs avec une période de profondes réformes et transformations de la société ottomane, ainsi qu'une ouverture sans précédent à l'influence européenne. À la fin du XIXe siècle, l'État ottoman dépendait en grande partie des capitaux, des équipements, des techniques et de l'expertise des Européens pour procéder à la modernisation des infrastructures de transport et de communications d'un empire de plus en plus centralisé, et pour réaliser des travaux d'envergure dans la plupart des grandes villes de l'empire. Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre l'intérêt porté à l'Empire ottoman par une puissance émergente comme la Belgique, et suivre ensuite l'évolution de la pénétration économique et industrielle belge, du point de vue de la ville et de la province d'Alep, sur une période de près de soixante ans. Ce faisant, elle présente sous un angle différent l'impérialisme belge de la fin du XIXe siècle. La correspondance des Poche et des Picciotto souligne aussi comment les Belges ont profité d'une conjoncture particulière, dans les dernières décennies de l'Empire ottoman, pour mettre en valeur leurs techniques et leur savoir-faire. Elle éclaire par ailleurs le rôle de médiation joué par certaines familles de l'élite marchande levantine qui représentaient à Alep les intérêts de plusieurs pays européens, et qui tiraient de cette relation un levier d'influence important pour la promotion et la protection de leurs propres réseaux économiques et sociaux. Enfin, cette source offre de nouvelles perspectives sur le contexte économique et les bouleversements sociopolitiques vécus dans la région entre 1855 et 1914. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Consul, Syrie, Alep, Levantin, Belgique, XIXe-XXe siècle, Empire ottoman, Impérialisme

History gives Harry S. Truman rightful merit for his help in establishing Jewish homeland in 1948. Although more than 63 years have passed since the declaration of Israeli independence, the true motives that lead President Truman to recognize Israel are still being discussed and disputed. Shortly after his inauguration in April 1945, the thirty-third president found himself in a difficult position when a majority of the Jews who had survived Nazi concentration camps could not or did not want to return to their countries of origin. Instead, they declared their wish to emigrate to Palestine, where Zionists had already been trying to establish a Jewish commonwealth. However, at that time there was a widespread uncertainty whether Franklin Delano Roosevelt's successor would have the same opinion about the post-World War II settlement in Palestine or not. It is the objective of this thesis to analyze the complex set of reasons that made President Truman support political Zionism. As we know, this process ultimately culminated with a prompt recognition of a newly established Jewish state. To answer the question what was the main reason behind this decision, domestic and external factors the president had to consider will be examined. The emphasis will be placed on American military and economic interests...

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Precis The Thesis comprehensively describes and explains basic concepts of Steiner-Vallentyne Left-Libertarianism. The introductory part compares this school of Left-Libertarianism with other approaches and advocates the method of critical theory of society being used, which was formulated by Marek Hrubec, successing classical authors of critical theory. This method divides the analyzed phenomena into three phases - critique, explanation and normativity. The critical phase describes relation between the analyzed and reality, while defining the analyzed against it. Explanation clarifies positive elements, which are consequent from the critique of reality and ultimately, the normative phase formulates a specific conception of the elements' realization. In this Diploma Thesis the critical phase is represented by defition of Left-Libertarianism against dominant streams in contemporary political philosophy, with the accent on its differentiation from related approaches, constituting their conception on one's freedom - especially rawlsian liberalism and classical libertarianism. Explanatory phase is dedicated to basic concepts of Left-Libertarianism, their historical roots and theoretical principles on which they are constituted. Finally, the normative phase presents the concept of universal basic income, which...