Previous research suggests that employees can experience different types of demands at work. Challenge demands are motivating and goal oriented, whereas hindrance demands are excessively difficult and / or goal irrelevant. Similarly, previous research indicates that employees may think about work in different ways. Affective rumination involves unproductive, emotionally negative work-related thoughts, whereas problem-solving pondering involves productive, unemotional work-related thoughts. I assess challenge and hindrance demands as potential antecedents to the facets of work-related rumination and indicators of employee recovery and well-being (exhaustion and vigor) in both within- and between-person analyses. I additionally consider the role of work schedule and assess my hypothesized model on a sample including both traditionally scheduled and shift workers. My final sample consisted of 92 full-time (80 traditionally scheduled, 12 shift) employees who were sent three surveys per day over a 28-day survey period. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, I found evidence that work-related rumination may operate as a mechanistic pathway linking work demands to recovery indicators. Additionally, evidence from this dissertation suggests that problem-solving pondering may be detrimental to employee recovery at the daily level, but that it may be beneficial to employee recovery at the between-person level. This dissertation contributes to scientific understanding of potential antecedents of the different types of rumination and suggests that hindrance demands, which are almost universally treated as detrimental to employee recovery, may have competing positive and negative relationships with employee recovery. / Doctor of Philosophy / Research suggests that the demands of a job can be thought of as motivating, attainable challenges or as useless or impassible hindrances. Research additionally suggests that when we think about work during non-work time, those thoughts can be problem focused and productive or emotionally driven and unproductive. This dissertation explores the relationships between these two types of work demands, these two types of work-related rumination, and indicators of employee recovery from work (exhaustion and vigor). Additionally, I consider whether work schedule (traditional 9:00-5:00 vs. shift work) changes the ways these variables relate to each other. In a sample of 92 full-time workers (80 traditional, 12 shift), I find evidence to suggest that these types of work demands do relate to work-related rumination. Additionally, these types of work demands have different patterns of relationships with exhaustion and vigor. By assessing this model both in terms of changes in relationships for a person day to day (within-person) and in terms of changes in relationships between different people on average (between-person), I find evidence for potentially competing beneficial and harmful consequences of hindrance demands on employee recovery.

This thesis describes the effect of placing a phosphorus atom in a sterically strained environment with particular emphasis on the geminal disubstitution of two 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl (Mes*) groups on a single phosphorus centre and intramolecular sub-van der Waals interactions between peri-substituted atoms on naphthalene and acenaphthene. Chapter 2 outlines the reactive chemistry of a sterically encumbered phosphinic chloride (Mes*)₂P(=O)Cl, which was shown to have extremely low reactivity at the phosphorus centre. It has however, been demonstrated that synthetically significant transformations are possible. The phosphine oxide (Mes*)₂P(=O)H and a secondary phosphine Mes*(2,4-tBu₂C₆H₃)PH were obtained from the reduction of (Mes*)₂P(=O)Cl with hydridic reagents under forcing conditions. The corresponding phosphinite was acquired from the deprotonation of (Mes*)₂P(=O)H, which furnished very crowded tertiary phosphine oxides (Mes*)₂P(=O)R (R = Me and Et) on reactions with electrophiles. We have been unable to chlorinate or deprotonate Mes*(2,4-tBu₂C₆H₃)PH, however the reaction with elemental sulfur afforded the affiliated phosphine sulfide Mes*(2,4-[supercript(t)]Bu₂C₆H₃)P(=S)H, albeit under forcing conditions. Our computations (B3LYP and M06-2X level) show that strain energies of geminally substituted compounds are extremely high (180 to 250 kJ mol⁻¹), the majority of the strain is stored as boat distortions to the phenyl rings in Mes* substituents. Chapter 3 describes the strain inherent with non-bonding atomic distances shorter than the sum of their van der Waals radii, specifically heteroatom substitution of the peri-positions of naphthalene and acenaphthene. It also documents the importance of amine protecting groups in chlorophosphine chemistry. The preparation of Ace[P(Ph)N(ⁱPr)₂]Br (Ace = acenaphthene-5,6-diyl) and Ace[P(Ph)N(ⁱPr)₂]₂, plus the elucidation of the molecular structures of Mes*P[N(CH₃)₂]₂, Ace[P(Mes)N(ⁱPr)₂]Br (Mes = 2,4,6-tri-methylphenyl) and Ace[P([supercript(t)]Bu)N(Et)₂]Br sufficiently demonstrate the ring distorting characteristics of structurally encumbered molecules. The reaction of Ace[P(Ph)N(ⁱPr)₂]Br and Ace[P(Ph)N(ⁱPr)₂]₂ with a methylating agent was also investigated.

Bakgrund: Personer med schizofreni har lägre livslängd, drabbas av fler livsstilssjukdomar och är mindre fysiskt aktiva än befolkningen i övrigt. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka vad personer med schizofreni har för uppfattning och kunskap om fysisk aktivitet samt att undersöka upplevelsen av fysisk aktivitets påverkan på den egna hälsan. Metod: Studien är en explorativ kvalitativ studie med sex respondenter som deltog i en intervju. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att bearbeta materialet. Resultat: Resultatet visade att kunskap om fysisk aktivitets goda effekter på hälsan fanns bland respondenterna. Fysisk aktivitet upplevdes emellertid både som positivt och negativt för den egna hälsan. Det fanns en rädsla för negativa fysiska och psykiska reaktioner som kunde hindra respondenterna från att vara fysiskt aktiva. Konklusion: Kunskap om den fysiska aktivitetens goda effekter kan krocka med upplevelsen av att själv vara fysiskt aktiv. Fokus bör ligga på individuella kartläggningar som rör vilka förutsättningar som kan underlätta fysisk aktivitet för individer med diagnosen schizofreni. Personal som arbetar nära målgruppen har en nyckelroll då vetskap om de individuella förutsättningarna hos målgruppen är avgörande i motivationsarbetet och kan bidra till ökad fysisk aktivitet. / Background: Persons with schizophrenia have shorter life span, suffer from more lifestyle related illnesses and are less physical active compared to the population in general. Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate perception and knowledge about physical activity among people with schizophrenia and also to investigate the experience of physical activities influence on the participators own health. Method: The study was an explorative qualitative study, six persons participated in interviews. Qualitative content analysis was used to process the material. Result: The result showed that knowledge about physical activity’s positive effect was known among the respondents, however physical activity was experienced both as positive and negative for their health. An experience was that physical activity was related to symptoms of illness. Conclusion: The knowledge of physical activities positive effects sometimes collide with the experience of being physical active. Focus on individually mapping to understand pre-conditions can help individuals with schizophrenia to be more physically active. The staff working close to this target-group has a key role because knowledge about the personal premises are important in getting persons with schizophrenia motivated to be physical active.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1997. / Bibliography: leaves 142-143.

The current study considered school stress appraisal, as a challenge or hindrance, as it relates to individual school outcomes (performance and satisfaction), and individual health outcomes (physiological and psychological). Correlations were calculated between predictor and outcome variables. Confidence intervals were calculated and regression analyses performed in order to highlight differences in the relationship between predictors on the same outcome variables. A mediation analysis was conducted to establish the potential effect of health on the relationship between the predictors and performance/satisfaction outcomes. Challenge and hindrance stress were each found to be correlated with both types of health outcomes. Hindrance stress was found to be correlated with satisfaction. Challenge stress was found to be correlated with performance. Physical and psychological health were found to partially mediate the relationship between hindrance stress and satisfaction. Overall, stress appraisal was found to be a good predictor of individual outcomes. Health outcomes were found to mediate the relationship between satisfaction outcomes.

The objective of the study was to investigate how individual appraisal of high workload as a challenge or a hindrance stressor correlates with work engagement and burnout. The work environment is fraught with high workloads, resulting in stress for employees. The cost of employee stress and ill health to organisations and society is reported to be high due to lost productivity and healthcare costs. The current study used the challenge-hindrance stressor model to determine the impact of appraisal on the relationship between work overload and work engagement/burnout. The current study proposed that employees experience both work engagement and burnout concurrently depending on whether they appraise work overload as a challenge or a hindrance stressor. An explanatory quantitative design was used to survey employees from multiple organisations in South Africa, yielding 144 full-time, permanently employed respondents. Findings from the study indicated that stressors that were appraised as challenges were linked to work engagement, whereas stressors that were appraised as hindrances were linked to burnout. The study also found that employees appraise work overload as a hindrance not a challenge, resulting in a negative relationship between work overload and work engagement and a positive relationship between work overload and burnout. The implication is that when employees have high workloads, their engagement does not increase; their likelihood of burnout increases. The study determined no positive outcomes of high workloads, only the risk of highly engaged employees becoming fatigued and burnt out. Hence, it is recommended that organisations manage the workloads of their employees.

The initial purpose of this study was to determine if steric problems would account for the difference in the products obtained in the reaction of the N-(substituted)phthalimide with low and high molecular weight amines.

<p>Loyalty programs have become an important element of the modern company and its existence can be noticed in every kind of businesses. The aim with loyalty programs is to win customers loyalty in order to keep them away from the competitors. However, there are some issues existing in creating and maintaining long-term relationships, for instance when consumers choose to decline participation in loyalty programs. A qualitative research method with an inductive approach has been used, by using the interview method CIT to collect the empirical data. 82 open-ended interviews were made with respondents from Sweden and Hungary in order to identify possible differences in loyalty program avoidance between the two countries. Based on the answers, a model with factors that indicates loyalty program avoidance was created, which represent the foundation of the literature review. The result of the study has shown that both similarities and dissimilarities between the nationalities exist, where the major difference is preference of convenience and personal issues. The study indicates that the Swedish consumers tend to reject loyalty program offers for the convenience reasons, in terms of store distance and bad service, while the Hungarian consumers are more concerned about their personal integrity, such as trust and privacy. However, similarities that could be clearly observed were issues with commitment, gaining benefits and struggling with time pressure.</p>

Loyalty programs have become an important element of the modern company and its existence can be noticed in every kind of businesses. The aim with loyalty programs is to win customers loyalty in order to keep them away from the competitors. However, there are some issues existing in creating and maintaining long-term relationships, for instance when consumers choose to decline participation in loyalty programs. A qualitative research method with an inductive approach has been used, by using the interview method CIT to collect the empirical data. 82 open-ended interviews were made with respondents from Sweden and Hungary in order to identify possible differences in loyalty program avoidance between the two countries. Based on the answers, a model with factors that indicates loyalty program avoidance was created, which represent the foundation of the literature review. The result of the study has shown that both similarities and dissimilarities between the nationalities exist, where the major difference is preference of convenience and personal issues. The study indicates that the Swedish consumers tend to reject loyalty program offers for the convenience reasons, in terms of store distance and bad service, while the Hungarian consumers are more concerned about their personal integrity, such as trust and privacy. However, similarities that could be clearly observed were issues with commitment, gaining benefits and struggling with time pressure.

The purpose of this descriptive study is to examine and describe the process of establishing regular physical exercising habits in the form of jogging, and in the context of this process, to describe the hindrance factors that stand in the way of establishing such habits; also to describe the effects and experiences, in a wide sense, of recurrent physical activities and how these effects change over time. A second purpose is to look more closely at the factors that influence the situation for women who want to take up regular physical training habits. 44 men and women (22 of each sex) in the age-span of 30-50 years, who were then physically non-active, became the subjects of the study. The observations were made during a period of 24 months, and the subjects were to jog not less then 3 times per every 2 weeks during the 24-month period. The results show, that during the first few months,various kinds of hindrance anei difficulties dominate the picture; this is particularly true of the women joggers. After the 24 months, most obstacles were overcome, with the exception of one, typical of the women joggers, namely fear of being assaulted while jogging. Initially, the experiences while jogging were both positive and negative, but over time there was a change towards predominantly positive experiences. As regards aerobic work capacity, there was a general improvement during the first three months; after that the upwards movement levelled out. The mental effects vere initially of a short-range nature, whereas the long-range effects appeared later and increased steadily during the whole 24-month period. The motives for beginning to take regular phyical exercises and the motives for continuing to do so are qualitatively different. The former are often based on external/instrumental motivation, whereas the latter are of an internal nature. Furthermore, it may be noted that men and women live in different worlds even with respect to jogging. Obstacles and problems are different as well as experiences and effects. / Syftet med föreliggande deskriptiva studie har varit att studera och beskriva utvecklingsförloppet med avseende på processen etablerandet av regelbundna motionsvanor, i form av jogging, och, som en del därav, beskriva hinder och svårigheter i samband med motionsutövande samt upplevelser och effekter i vid bemärkelse av regelbunden fysisk aktivitet samt deras förändring över tid. Ett delsyfte har varit att särskilt studera kvinnors villkor och möjligheter för motionsutövande. Fyrtiofyra tidigare fysiskt inaktiva personer i åldern 30-50 år, lika många män och kvinnor, deltog i försöket som pågick under 24 månader och som innebar att deltagarna skulle utöva jogging minst 3ggr/14 dagar under tidsperioden. Resultaten visar att under de första månaderna dominerar hindren och svårigheterna inför motionsutövandet; i synnerhet gäller detta kvinnorna. Efter två års tid har de flesta barriärer övervunnits, frånsett ett hinder som är enbart kvinnligt, nämligen rädsla för antastanden under joggingen. Upplevelserna under joggingutö-vandet är i initialskedet lika ofta negativa som positiva och förändras över tid åt det positiva hållet. Effekterna är inledningsvis främst av fysisk/fysiologisk karaktär. Vad gäller ökning av syreupptagningsförmåga sker i stort sett hela förbättringen under de tre första månaderna; därefter planar kurvan ut. De psykiska effekterna är i början kortsiktiga, medan de långsiktiga psykiska effekterna inträder senare och ökar successivt i omfattning under hela försöksperioden. Motiven för att börja och motiven för att fortsätta motionera är kvalitativt olika, på så sätt att motiven för att börja ofta har sin grund i yttre motivation medan motiven för att fortsätta är inifrån kommande. Vidare kan konstateras att kvinnors och män världar ser olika ut också i motionshänseende. Detta gäller såväl hinder och problem som upplevelser och effekter av motionsutövande. / digitalisering@umu