Tesis para optar al grado de magíster en artes, mención musicología / Adentrarme en el estudio del comportamiento de quienes se reúnen alrededor de la música hip hop en Chile me exigía la utilización de un concepto que diera cuenta del grupo social que investigo, es decir, a los hiphoperos chilenos. Reconozco en el concepto de escena musical un referente para caracterizar a mi objeto de estudio, porque hace mención a una territorialidad en donde confluyen diferentes participantes por el agrado hacia un determinado género musical, en este caso el hip hop. No obstante, el término no es satisfactorio del todo a mis propósitos porque básicamente infiero una cierta jerarquización entre los involucrados. Tanto la industria como los músicos se encontrarían en un estadio superior en referencia a por ejemplo los seguidores, quienes incluso algunos no necesariamente se inmiscuyen en la práctica de este género. Ante esto, en el presente trabajo, prefiero utilizar el de comunidad musical, porque aun cuando los propios hiphoperos chilenos incurren en una jerarquización del tipo informal, en un primer momento todos se posicionaron desde un mismo escalafón, especialmente cuando la industria cultural aún no se relacionaba con el hip hop nacional. Esta circunstancia provocó que el sentido “comunitario y de hermandad” se convierta en la marca identitaria de este género en sus primeros años en Chile (los ’80). De este modo, puedo construir un relato en que evidencio cómo las relaciones sociales de los exponentes locales se complejizaron y se abandonó este enfoque de comunidad, facilitando así el paso a una escena musical. Una que, por cierto, hizo que este tipo de música pudiese llegar a oídos de una mayor cantidad de personas en el país.

Tesis para optar al título de periodista / A nivel nacional como internacional el hip hop es una cultura urbana masiva donde sus cultores encuentran un punto de unión en las condiciones de marginalidad social contra las que primero se irigió el movimiento siendo heredero de otras formas de protesta social de raíces afroamericanas nacidas en la década del ´60. Así, esta memoria, a través de un reportaje, busca establecer un paralelo entre los alcances políticos de este movimiento artístico en sus expresiones estadounidenses y chilenas.

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We found no significant excess of fractures among Rochester, MN, residents with diabetes mellitus initially recognized in 1950-1969, but more recent studies elsewhere have documented an apparent increase in hip fracture risk. To explore potential explanations for any increase in fractures, we performed an historical cohort study among 1964 Rochester residents who first met glycemic criteria for diabetes in 1970-1994 (mean age, 61.7 ± 14.0 yr; 51% men). Fracture risk was estimated by standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), and risk factors were evaluated in Andersen-Gill time-to-fracture regression models. In 23,236 person-years of follow-up, 700 diabetic residents experienced 1369 fractures documented by medical record review. Overall fracture risk was elevated (SIR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.4), but hip fractures were increased only in follow-up beyond 10 yr (SIR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9). As expected, fracture risk factors included age, prior fracture, secondary osteoporosis, and corticosteroid use, whereas higher physical activity and body mass index were protective. Additionally, fractures were increased among patients with neuropathy (hazard ratio [HR], 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6) and those on insulin (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.5); risk was reduced among users of biquanides (HR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.96), and no significant influence on fracture risk was seen with sulfonylurea or thiazolidinedione use. Thus, contrary to our earlier study, the risk of fractures overall (and hip fractures specifically) was increased among Rochester residents with diabetes, but there was no evidence that the rise was caused by greater levels of obesity or newer treatments for diabetes.

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Walking Assist Exoskeletons are wearable devices that can allow individuals with mobility impairments to maintain their autonomy. The growing elderly population has benefited from these devices by receiving assistance at joints where their muscle function has declined. Typically, the primary objective of these exoskeletons has been to reduce the metabolic cost of walking, allowing users to walk for extended periods of time while reducing fatigue. However, this strategy does not directly address the growing concern that seniors are at an increased risk of falling and sustaining severe injuries due to falls. Gait and balance disorders are among the most common causes of falls in the elderly. As the Canadian population ages, it is increasingly important to investigate the musculoskeletal changes contributing to frontal-plane instability, as mediolateral and posterolateral falls are correlated with higher incidences of severe injuries. Specifically, the hip abductor and hip adductor muscles are essential in maintaining balance in the frontal plane, yet little research has been conducted on the effect of hip abduction-adduction exoskeleton assistance on the stability of elderly individuals. This thesis investigates the effect of introducing an assistive torque with a specific magnitude, timing, and location (i.e. applied to one or both legs) on the margin of stability of elderly individuals using the OpenSim biomechanics software. Simulations of four elderly subjects were conducted while the subjects stood in a quiet standing position with both feet on the ground. A lateral perturbation force of magnitude 5%, 10% or 15% of bodyweight was applied to the pelvis of each subject. The simulations were designed to provide elderly subjects with contralateral (i.e. the limb on the opposite side of the body as the perturbation), ipsilateral (i.e. the limb on the same side as the perturbation), or bilateral hip abduction-adduction assistive torque from a hip exoskeleton device after a perturbation force was applied to the pelvis. The simulated actuators mounted at the hip joints were massless, applied torque in the frontal plane, and could generate torque instantaneously based on user-defined inputs. The change in margin of stability was used to measure the effectiveness of each assistive strategy and for comparison across all subjects. The results of this study suggest that, as the perturbation magnitude increases, the hip abduction-adduction assistive exoskeleton should prioritize assistance applied to the contralateral limb. Regardless of the perturbation magnitude, each assistive strategy that was simulated (i.e. contralateral, ipsilateral and bilateral assistance) was able to improve the margin of stability. The greatest mean improvement on the margin of stability compared to the unassisted condition occurred when using the contralateral assistance strategy. For the 5%, 10% and 15% bodyweight perturbations, a contralateral assistance of 0.75 N·m/kg (torque normalized by the subject's mass) resulted in an improvement in the margin of stability of 13.1 ± 0.987 mm, 13.0 ± 0.946 mm and 13.1 ± 0.816 mm, respectively. The simulations also suggested that similar improvements on the margin of stability were experienced at smaller assistive torque magnitudes when the actuators provided torque to the body quicker following a perturbation. The results of this study can be used by exoskeleton designers to guide their decisions when developing abduction-adduction assistive exoskeletons that target mediolateral stability assistance in the elderly population.

Can you feel the groove? Hip-Hop has the rhythmic power to connect individuals while providing an outlet for creative expression. The COVID-19 pandemic has been a disruption in our day-to-day lives, causing a sense of disconnect between each other. The implementation of government protocols such as mask mandates, social distancing, and the transition to virtual learning has caused challenges for teachers in the dance community. I am curious to phenomenologically inquire into the experience of pedagogical connection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Can we connect in a time of disconnection? The purpose of this Motion-Sensing Phenomenological study is to understand the interactive experiences of connection through Hip-Hop dance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants of this study were three Hip-Hop dance teachers who taught consistently, in-person or online through interactive technology during the pandemic. By actively immersing myself in the pedagogical connection, I observed, moved, and sensed this phenomenon in action. I conducted semi-structured motion-sensing phenomenological interviews with teacher to elaborate on their meaningful and connective experiences. Drawing from my participatory sensations and observations, I used the Interactive Function to Flow Model (Lloyd & Smith, 2022) to form my research questions: What connective postures showed when a participant was ready to groove? What connective gestures drew out the moments of connection? What qualities of timing and force cultivated feelings of a connection, and what kinaesthetic sensations were experienced when connections were felt? By stepping into these motion-sensing experiences, pedagogical connective moments emerged between participants, revealing somatic connective meanings in Hip-Hop dance. A deeper understanding of the intricate relation between Hip-Hop, movement, and its connective power within a global pandemic was found tethered within three contexts: a cypher, a partnered dance activity, and beyond a four walled computer screen. From relational positions of teacher and students, connective gestures shaped moments of collective synergies cultivated interactive flow. Despite the barriers of the COVID-19 pandemic, we can feel the groove, and it is clear with HIP-HOP, WE DON’T STOP.

Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) networks have emerged as a popular solution for providing scalable and efficient Layer 2 connectivity across wide-area networks. However, designing secure and scalable VPLS networks presents significant challenges. The full-mesh tunneling approach in HIP-based VPLS networks results in the N square scalability problem. This thesis addresses the scalability issue in HIP-based Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) networks by introducing relay routers. An optimization model based on the Capacitated Facility Location Model is proposed to select the optimal relay routers for a given network topology. The objective of the model is to minimize the cost of setting up and maintaining relay routers while ensuring proper network operation. The proposed solution is evaluated using Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Mininet-based simulations. The results show that the proposed approach is effective in reducing the scalability issue in HIP-based VPLS networks.