Thesis(M. A. Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The study was conducted to assess phenotypic and genotypic diversity in resistance to gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) within communal goats in different agro-ecological zones of Limpopo province. Eighty goats were randomly sampled from Mopani = 20, Blouburg = 20, Vhembe = 20 and Capricorn = 20, representing four agro-ecological zones of Limpopo province. Frequencies and percentages of occurrence of qualitative traits and least square means (LSM) of quantitative traits were computed. Goats were characterized as multi-coloured (67.7%), black dominant coat colour (40%), flat face profile (73.8%), erect ears (68.75%), slopping rump (47.5%), no toggles (83.8%), horned (86.3%), while 71.0% and 59.4% were straight shaped and orientated backward respectively, in all agro-ecological zones. Faecal and blood samples were collected to assess the prevalence of GIN and genetic diversity of goats. The highest prevalence and abundance GIN parasites were Haemonchus contortus (nematode = 357.42) followed by Fasciola hapatica (trematode = 163) and Moniezia (cestodes = 121.50). The patterns of GIN prevalence varied (P < 0.05) across agro-ecological zones and seasons. Prevalence of Moniezia nematode varied (P < 0.05) amongst goat sexes, whilst prevalence of other GIN’s did not vary (P>0.05). For genetic variation in GIN resistance, goats were genotyped at 15 microsatellite markers recommended by the International Society of Animal Genetics. Expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.69 in arid zone goat population to 0.76 in sub-humid zone goat population, while the observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0.53 in arid zone goat population to 0.60 in sub-humid zone goat population. Mean number of alleles (MNA) per population ranged from 6.13 to 7.40. Gene differentiation (FST) among populations was low (3.6%). The results revealed that genetic relationships between populations do not reflect their geographical proximity as revealed by the Nei’s genetic distance results. Low heterozygosity resulted in reducing some fitness traits for GIN parasite resistance. Inbreed goats showed low internal parasite resistance across all agro-ecological zones.

Data on caprine tuberculosis in Brazil and its importance for public health are scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and examine epidemiological aspects of tuberculosis in dairy goat herds in the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba mesoregion in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two hundred and thirty-three goats from seven dairy farms were tuberculinized using the comparative cervical tuberculin test, taking as reference the procedures and interpretation criteria of standard results for this species. Of the animals subjected to the test, 1.29% (3/233) reacted positively, 2.14% (5/233) showed inconclusive reactions, and 96.57% (225/233) showed no reaction. All the goats that tested positive and one showing an inconclusive response were necropsied. Samples of lymph nodes, liver, lung and kidney presenting alterations were collected for a histopathological examination (hematoxylin-eosin). Material removed from abscesses and lymph node fragments were cultured in Stonebrink and Petragnani culture media. An epidemiological inquiry was carried out to analyze risk factors on the farms. The necropsied animals did not exhibit macroscopic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis or any histopathological alterations, nor did the cultures show Mycobacterium sp. growth. The goats prevalence rate to tuberculin reaction was 1.29%, which may represent a zoonotic risk in this mesoregion since these are dairy herds. The interpretation of the epidemiological records, allied to the results of the tuberculinization procedure, indicated positive reagents only on a farm where fresh cow milk was fed to newborn goat kids. / Dados referentes à tuberculose caprina no Brasil e sua importância em saúde pública são escassos. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivos investigar a ocorrência e pesquisar aspectos epidemiológicos da tuberculose em rebanhos leiteiros caprinos na mesorregião do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba, MG. Foram tuberculinizados 233 caprinos provenientes de sete propriedades leiteiras, utilizando-se o teste cervical comparativo, tomando-se como referência os procedimentos e critérios de interpretação de resultados padronizados para esta espécie. Dos animais submetidos ao teste, 1,29% (3/233) reagiram positivamente, 2,14% (5/233) apresentaram reações inconclusivas e 96,57% (225/233) não reagiram. Todos os caprinos positivos e um com resposta inconclusiva foram submetidos à necropsia. Amostras de linfonodos, fígado, pulmão e rim que apresentaram alterações foram colhidos para exame histopatológico (Hematoxilina-Eosina). Material proveniente de abscessos e fragmentos de linfonodos foi submetido à cultura em meio de Stonebrink e Petragnani. Um inquérito epidemiológico foi procedido para análise dos fatores relacionados à ocorrência de tuberculose nas propriedades. Não foram encontradas lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de tuberculose nos animais necropsiados, nem alterações histopatológicas. Também não houve crescimento de micobactérias na cultura. A taxa de reatividade à tuberculina dos caprinos foi de 1,29 %. Por se tratar de rebanhos leiteiros, a ocorrência de tuberculose pode representar risco zoonótico na mesorregião do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba, MG. A interpretação dos registros epidemiológicos, associada aos resultados da tuberculinização constatou reagentes positivos somente na propriedade onde se utilizou leite bovino in natura para alimentar cabritos recém nascidos, porém a ocorrência da tuberculose não pode ser confirmada nesses caprinos. / Mestre em Ciências da Veterinárias

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-28T13:32:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Paiva Botelho Lapenda Moura.pdf: 326144 bytes, checksum: 620eeb1d70babd2fa43af8e1560d7095 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T13:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Paiva Botelho Lapenda Moura.pdf: 326144 bytes, checksum: 620eeb1d70babd2fa43af8e1560d7095 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Evaluation of microbiological quality of chilled and in natural goat meat sold in public/private markets and supermarkets of Recife concerning Staphylococcus aureus counting, total and thermotolerant coliforms,identification and typing of Salmonella spp, was the objective of this study. Antimicrobial sensibility profile in vitro of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp samples and the correlation between the simultaneous presence of faecal coliforms and Salmonella spp. were also performed. The study was carried out at six public/private markets and nine supermarkets of Recife, which were selected according to the administrative division of Local Authority Healthy General Office in six sanitary districts. A total of 24 samples of goat meat, 14 proceeded from public/private markets in natura and 10 chilled ones from supermarkets. Samples were processed using methodologies recommended by the Agriculture, Pecuary and Provision Ministry. Results demonstrated that 11 samples (45,83%) presented positive coagulasis staphylococcus (SCP) varying from 6.7 x 103 to 1.4 x 106 UFC/g, corresponding to 27 isolated from a total of 89. In total coliforms analyses, five samples (20.83%) presented satisfactory sanitary conditions and 19 (79.16%) had countings varying from 4.3 x 103 to 3.7 x 107, thermotolerants coliforms were detected in 15 (62.5%), which countings varied from 2 x 104 to 2.5 x 107 UFC/g and nine samples (37.5%) presented satisfactory sanitary conditions. Presence of Salmonella spp., was confirmed at seven samples (29.17%) in which eight sorovares were typed: four (50%) Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae (O:53), two (25%) S. Anatum, one (12.50%) S.Rubislaw and one (12, 50%) S. Derby. No correlation was observed among coliforms and Salmonella presure. Antimicrobial profile sensibility showed that S. aureus were sensitive to norfloxacin and vancomicin (100%), tetraciclin and sulpha + trimetoprim (96.30%) and oxacilin (87.50%) and 100 % of Salmonella spp. samples were sensitive norfloxacin, 75% sulpha + trimetoprim and 62.5% tetraciclin. It is concluded that goat meat sold at markets and supermarkets of Recife presented undesirable microbiological patterns emphasizing the importance of a strong supervision at the productive goat meat chain as well as a revision of the Resolution of Collective Management from the National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance, (RDC, n°12/2001) which does not establish microbiological patterns for the coliforms and Staphylococcus spp countings in chilled and in natura goat meat. / Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da carne caprina in natura e resfriada, comercializada em mercados públicos/privados e supermercados na Cidade do Recife, quanto a contagem de Staphylococcus aureus, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, e identificação e tipificação de Salmonella spp. Realizou-se, também, o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro de amostras de Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella spp e a correlação entre a presença simultânea de coliformes fecais e Salmonella spp. O estudo foi realizado em seis mercados públicos/privados e nove supermercados da Cidade do Recife, selecionados seguindo a divisão administrativa da Secretaria de Saúde do Município em seis Distritos Sanitários. Foram analisadas 24 amostras de carne caprina, sendo 14 in natura procedentes de mercados públicos/privados e 10 resfriadas de supermercados. As amostras foram processadas utilizando metodologias preconizadas pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Os resultados demonstraram que 11 (45,83%) amostras apresentaram contagens de estafilococos coagulase positiva (SCP) variando de 6,7 x 103 a 1,4 x 106 UFC/g, correspondendo a 27 isolados de um total de 89. Para coliformes totais, cinco (20,83%) amostras encontravam-se em condições sanitárias satisfatórias e 19 (79,16%) apresentaram contagens variando de 4,3 x 103 a 3,7 x 107; e para termotolerantes 15 (62,5%) apresentaram contagens variando de 1,2 x 104 a 2,5 x 107 UFC/g e nove (37,5%) encontravam-se em condições sanitárias satisfatórias. Foram confirmadas em sete (29,17%) amostras a presença de Salmonella spp., nas quais foram tipificadas oito sorovares: quatro (50,00%) Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae (O:53), duas (25,00%) S. Anatum, uma (12,50%) S.Rubislaw, uma (12,50%) S. Derby. Não se observou correlação entre as bactérias estudadas. O perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana demonstrou que os antibióticos mais indicados para o tratamento de S. aureus foram norfloxacina e vancomicina (100%), tetraciclina e sulfa + trimetoprim (96,30%) e oxacilina (87,50%) e para Salmonella spp. 100% das amostras foram sensíveis à norfloxacina, 75,00% à sulfa + trimetoprim e 62,5% para tetraciclina. Conclui-se que a carne caprina comercializada nos mercados e supermercados da Cidade do Recife apresentou padrões microbiológicos indesejáveis ressaltando a importância da necessidade de uma maior fiscalização na cadeia produtiva da carne caprina bem como rever a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (RDC, n°12/2001) que não estabelece padrões microbiológicas para a contagem de coliformes termotolerantes e Staphylococcus spp. em carne caprina in natura e resfriada.

Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde nahe der Ortschaft Hemmoor (Niedersachsen) ein kaiserzeitlicher Urnenfriedhof entdeckt, aus dem die sogenannten Hemmoorer Eimer stammen. Die vorliegenden 32 Tierknochenreste wurden bei der anthropologischen Bestimmung der Knochenfunde aus sechs Eimern aussortiert. Das wichtigste Fundstück ist ein Hühnerknochenfragment, daß mit seiner Datierung in den Zeitraum zwischen dem Ende des 2. bis zur ersten Hälfte des 3. Jahrhunderts einen wichtigen Nachweis für den Beginn der Haltung dieses Hausgeflügels darstellt. Die weiteren Knochenreste stammen überwiegend von Schafen oder Ziegen. Die Altersbestimmung ergab, daß kaum eines der Tiere älter als zwei Jahre wurde. Bei diesen Stücken fiel auf, daß es sich zumeist um Skelettreste aus den unteren Beinabschnitten handelt, die nur wenig Fleisch tragen. / At the end of the 19th century close of the locality Hemmoor (Lower Saxony) an urn cemetery from the time of the Roman Iron Age was discovered, on that the so-called Hemmoor situla were found. The 32 fragments presented here were found during the anthropological examination of the cremated bone finds from six situlae. The most important piece of the finds is a chicken bone fragment dated into the period between the end of the 2nd up to the first half of the 3rd century. It represents an important evidence for the beginning of the animal husbandry of house poultry. The further bone remainders come predominantly from sheep or goats. The age determination resulted in that no one of the animals became hardly older than two years. In addition it was noticeable that most remainders come from the bones of the lower limbs. That bones carry not a lot of meat.