Le Concordat, qui permet le retour à la paix civile et le rétablissement du culte, est accueilli avec soulagement dans un diocèse de Nantes durement éprouvé par la décennie révolutionnaire. Il instaure un régime neuf dans lequel la religion catholique, de même que les autres cultes reconnus, est protégée et financée par l'État mais également placée sous la surveillance du pouvoir civil. Les édifices et les objets religieux nationalisés en 1789 sont mis à la disposition du clergé et des fidèles mais demeurent des propriétés publiques. L'affectation exclusive à l'exercice du culte place néanmoins l'Église dans un rôle qui lui permet de faire prévaloir les besoins religieux sur le droit de propriété ou sur les considérations archéologiques qui apparaissent au cours du XIXe siècle. Le système concordataire crée les conditions d'une transformation spectaculaire des édifices religieux, agrandis, modifiés ou remplacés pour répondre aux besoins du culte, laissant peu de place à la conservation des monuments anciens et prenant dans le diocèse de Nantes le caractère d'unevéritable table rase. L'Église semble pourtant adhérer au mouvement général de reconnaissance des monuments religieux, apportant son concours aux politiques publiques et contribuant aux initiatives du milieu érudit. Cette participation reste cependant superficielle et révèle des motivations inconciliables avec les préoccupations archéologiques. L'engouement pour un passé monumental largement idéalisé provoque, au lieu de la conservation de ses vestiges matériels, la naissance d'une architecture et d'un art religieux nouveaux, inspirés des formes médiévales mais répondant aux besoins contemporains du culte et à des constructions symboliques propres à l'Église du XIXe siècle / The French Concordat, which brings back civil peace and restores the exercise of worship, is welcomed by the diocese of Nantes after the Revolution decade. A new regime is established for the Catholic religion, which is protected and financed by the State but also placed under control of civil authorities. The churches and the liturgical objects nationalized in 1789 are left at the disposal of the clergy and the believers but remain in the public domain. With this exclusive use for worship, the Catholic Church is given a preponderant role, in which the needs of religion prevailing over the property right and the archaeological considerations born in the 19th century. The Concordat system creates the conditions of an entiretransformation, particularly impressive in the diocese of Nantes: the religious buildings are enlarged, modified or replaced to satisfy religious needs without taking into account archaeological conservation. Nevertheless, the Church seems to provide support to the public policies and to private initiatives for the recognition of religious monuments. However, the ecclesiastical contribution remains superficial and reveals motives inconsistent with archaeological concerns. The infatuation for an idealized past does not produce the conservation of material remains but on the contrary the birth of a new religious art, adapted to the contemporary needs of the exercise of worship and to the symbolic constructions specific to the 19th century Church

Thesis (M.A. (Anthropology) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Heritage conservation is an enormous challenge in South Africa. Although the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) (NHRA) is amongst the best heritage legislation in the world, implementation has proved to be problematic. NHRA made provision for the establishment of the Limpopo Heritage Resources Authority (LIHRA), an institution of the provincial government responsible to coordinate heritage management in the Limpopo Province. Currently, LIHRA’s duties are either not clearly articulated, or it is not exercising its authority prudently. Consequently, heritage conservation in the Limpopo Province is limited. This study explored the challenges experienced by LIHRA in the conservation and management of heritage resources in the Limpopo Province. It examined LIHRA’s mandate and duties, legislation, budget, physical resources, personnel profile, social responsibility challenges, local politics, infrastructure, and external developmental threats. Furthermore, it investigated LIHRA’s intergovernmental relations and cooperation with other government bodies. The attitudes of heritage site managers and other staff towards conservation and their working conditions, as well as execution challenges, were also documented. Lastly, the study examined the local community’s awareness and expectations of the work being done by LIHRA, as well as the need to conserve and manage heritage resources. The study selected members of the LIHRA council and the seconded LIHRA officials from the Department of Sports, Arts and Culture (DSAC), executives of Limpopo Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (LEDET), the Department of Public Works (DPW) and the South African Police Services (SAPS), and heritage manager at the Dzata in the Vhembe District, as well as the custodian of the Tšate Provincial Heritage Site in the Greater Sekhukhune District of the Limpopo Province. Furthermore, local community members of Ha-Mandiwana in the Vhembe District and in the Tšate Greater Sekhukhune District were also designated. These participants were nominated because of their involvement and knowledge in heritage conservation. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed, and a thematic analysis method was used to analyse the data. v It has been established that LIHRA does not receive sufficient support from the provincial DSAC, even though the NHRA makes provision of the Member of the Executive Council (MEC) of DSAC to be accountable for it. LIHRA is not fully functional and is therefore unable to fulfil its mandate. This is due to a lack of adequate funds, staff, and physical (logistical) resources, such as vehicles. Therefore, most of its duties are performed by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) on their behalf. Instead, it has been assigned to only perform Section 34 of the NHRA, which deals with the conservation of historic buildings. LIHRA is unable to attend to site visits or to interact with heritage site managers. Therefore, to the managers/custodians, LIHRA exists only in name. Furthermore, it comes as no surprise that local communities near heritage sites are not even aware of LIHRA’s existence. However, the museum section of DSAC oversees provincial heritage sites with museums, which effectively means that provincial sites, which do not have museums are neglected by both LIHRA and DSAC. In conclusion, LIHRA’s existence is very important for the survival of heritage resources in the Limpopo Province; hence the MEC must be held accountable for its under-performance. It is recommended that the MEC must ensure that LIHRA is provided with the essential tools it needs to become fully functional, commencing with legislation and a competency assessment from SAHRA. LIHRA must strengthen ties with other government departments to simplify heritage conservation in the province. Heritage managers/custodians need to have a close relationship with LIHRA to ensure that sites do not lose their provincial heritage status. However, for that to happen, LIHRA needs to be more proactive. Information about LIHRA must be accessible to the public, as heritage conservation is the responsibility of everyone, not only LIHRA.

Cultural heritage has become a significant part of the cultural economy. Often criticized for its top down approach led by experts, and reflecting a western, elite class interpretation of heritage, the cultural heritage management industry has been trying to place the people at the centre of heritage conservation practices over recent years. This change of paradigm is, in part, due to the recognition of heritage as a significant aspect of everyday life, as well as a fluid yet undeniable attribute of identity and sense of place. In Hong Kong, a fast changing and transient city, the need for heritage conservation has only been recently fully acknowledged. In 2007, the authorities launched a new public-private partnership, known as the Revitalisation Scheme. Mei Ho House was integrated in the first batch of the scheme as the last remain of the first generation of public housing in Hong Kong. The building was transformed into a youth hostel with a museum displaying people's life in the post-war public housing estates. The present thesis investigates this seemingly successful conservation project on the premise that heritage is a dialogue between the material world and the individual. It discusses the legal and cultural context of heritage conservation in Hong Kong, and explores the meaning of vernacular architecture in Hong Kong and the discourse suggested by the museum. The visitors' response is also scrutinized as a significant part in the heritage-making process.

The uniqueness of Samuel Wilson, Jr.’s (born 1911) career is studied in terms of practicing architect, scholar, and civic leader. The author was motived by the void in architectural literature about the people who have saved our architectural heritage. The introduction explains the purpose of the dissertation to determine, analyse, and interpret Wilson’s contributions, beginning in 1934. The search began with oral histories taken from Wilson and some of his peers. Archival research was conducted in the Tulane University Library and The Historic New Orleans Collection. Chapter 1 gives biographical information on Wilson, and background on New Orleans and the Vieux Carré (French Quarter) in the 1920s when Wilson entered Tulane University (1927). Nathaniel Cortlandt Curtis [Sr.], Moise Goldstein, and Richard Koch, the trio of architects who influenced Wilson, are introduced. Chapter 2 is devoted to the experiences that moved Wilson in the direction of historic buildings, the Historic American Buildings Survey (1934) and a scholarship to Europe (1938). Chapter 3 presents Wilson’s mentor, Richard Koch, a pioneer in adaptive reuse and new design in an historic environment. Wilson carried his mentor’s concepts further and into the realm of scholarly pursuit. Along with publishing and teaching, Wilson was a driving force in the institutionalization of preservation in New Orleans. His election as founding president of Louisiana Landmarks Society (1950) is the beginning of his leadership role for the next twenty years. Chapter 4 deals with Wilson’s projects in the post World War II era of new construction in the Vieux Carré and central city, and how he guided change by the use of historicism. Chapter 5 discusses, through Wilson’s projects, the critical preservation issues of the 1950s and 1960s. It was an era of problem solving without precedent guidelines. Chapter 6 summarizes Wilson’s contributions from his field accomplishments and the creation of a new body of knowledge to his activities in national preservation policy. The appendixes form a catalog of Wilson’s work: historic projects; literary works; drawings; TV programs, audio and audio—visual recordings; honors and awards; translation of a specification for a colonial horse-and-wind mill; and four walking tours. There are 154 illustrations. / Ph. D.

This dissertation examines the question of whether Transfer of Development Rights (TDR), a technique developed in the United States, might prove useful in Calcutta for urban conservation. ln many cases, municipal governments in India have been unable to preserve structures of historic value because they lacked the funds to compensate the Iosses imposed by designation. The owners of the Iandmark structures suffer financial Iosses for not being allowed to develop their properties to their full potential. The TDR technique has the advantage that through this program the owner of a designated Iandmark Is compensated from the sale of the unused development rights In his property. The community is benefited because of the landmark being preserved without the community’s cost. The City is benefited by the additional tax from the development potentials transferred from the Iandmark properties, which would have remained untaxed otherwise. This paper begins by providing an overview of the developments in building regulations, and emergence of TDR as an useful means for land use management through flexibility in zoning. The ongoing TDR programs of seven American cities and a forthcoming one are then studied to identify the central issues and features of this technique. The next chapter is devoted to the analyses of the problems and prospects of TDR programs in the United States. This includes an examination of the issues derived from the case studies as well as a questionnaire survey. The discussion in the following chapter provides some background on the city of Calcutta. The demand for redevelopment in the central city is compounded by the salutation that the growth of population is not matched by physical expansion of the city. CaIcutta’s economic climate, political environment and conservation ethics are also discussed to provide a comprehensive perspective of the testing ground. The test of the technique in Calcutta is discussed in the following chapter with reference to some cases. The concluding chapter includes the general and particular principles that ought to govern the TDR program in Calcutta. The conclusion also includes the administrative and institutional details that will be necessary to apply TDR technique in Calcutta. To summarize the findings of this research, it can be stated that the existing programs in the US cities have entered a second generation. While the legal issues attracted most attention in the first generation, the emphasis has now shifted to the design and implementation of the programs. The need for the program's close coordination with the overall planning and urban design of the city has been recognized. However, each program is designed according to some bias, and in view of supplementing some other planning goals - some of them being compatible, while others are not. The main issues of the program are: balance between TDR supply and market demand, distance between the originating and receiving sites, urban design and planning in the receiving districts, overage limit ln relation to the zoned density, transfer from public landmarks, banking of TDRs, and a 'single window' administration of the program for easy and 'fast track' approval incentive. Although a general downzoning and suspension of other bonus provisions will facilitate the TDR program, the market does not seem to support such steps. lncorporation of a TDR program in Calcutta is possible without any change in the existing building by-laws, but with a relaxation in the regulations governing the land ownership limits. The TDR prices in the receiving sites in BBD Bag and Esplanade areas commensurably match with the TDR values in the sending district of the Bag. But a district-wise transfer will have to be allowed rather than only to physically attached sites. Other receiving districts in the north and south axis along the rapid transit line have potential for future transfers. / Ph. D.

Virginia architecture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries prior to the American Revolution has distinctive geometries which determine proportion. The square, root-two rectangle and equilateral triangle are the figures which establish most proportions. Plans and elevations underwent a development based on a rational method of incorporating the figures into a coherent building. This investigation establishes the use of geometry as a starting point for the culmination of many elements which together composed a building. / Master of Architecture

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Centre for Macau Studies

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

“And what we can see and imagine gives us faith for what surpasses the imagination” (Wells, 1902) A rich cultural heritage can serve as a vehicle that enlivens all levels of educational development and promotes an interdisciplinary dialogue concerning preservation goals and objectives. A comprehensive, integrated information base is essential to sustaining the viability of this diverse cultural heritage and to promoting a national preservation agenda. The collective experiences and practices of local preservation efforts, when assembled into a readily accessible knowledge base, can effectively inform efforts to resolve preservation challenges nationwide. As the ideal of historic preservation has come to accommodate a variety of philosophical perspectives, so too must the efforts to adapt new technologies to the tasks of cultural resource management. The development of more effective mechanisms for informing the decision processes will encourage resource administrators to assume greater responsibility for the management of cultural resources. It will enable the preservation community to strengthen its social, economic, and political advocacy for the conservation and celebration of our delicate, yet durable, cultural roots. Through the outreach to public and private constituencies, and through the development of market applications for cost effective preservation products, technologies, and services, the positive socioeconomic benefits of sensible, sensitive cultural resource management will serve to institutionalize the perception of our cultural heritage as an integral part of a healthy, informed society. The goal of this work is to demonstrate through developed prototypes and projected scenarios, alternatives for technology transfer, adaptation, and application that can facilitate better informed decisions about the management of an increasingly threatened cultural heritage. This body of information will contribute to the resolution of the most critical needs of the preservation process, and will enhance the ability of private, state, and federal agencies to meet their legal obligations in the management and protection of our cultural heritage. The work demonstrates that the whole of the preservation process can be enhanced by exploiting the opportunities inherent in emerging information management technologies. / Ph. D.

As novas tecnologias informacionais mudaram o nosso modo de vida, modificaram nossos hábitos e transformaram profundamente a sociedade. A evolução da informática e da internet trouxe um mundo no qual estamos constantemente conectados através de smartphones, tablets e/ou computadores. Entretanto, na era da informação a velocidade e a facilidade de acesso aos dados, muitas vezes, têm se mostrado superiores à nossa capacidade de absorvê-los e transformar a informação em conhecimento. Neste contexto, novas mídias emergem criando possibilidades de comunicação, dentre as quais destacam-se as tecnologias 3D. Essas abrem novas possibilidades nas mais diversas áreas, oferecendo maior liberdade para que os objetos sejam representados e manipulados no espaço. O campo da educação, por sua vez, tem encontrado dificuldades de absorver estas tecnologias e utilizá-las como ferramentas didáticas. Acredita-se que as tecnologias 3D possam vir a ser importantes instrumentos para a prática pedagógica. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo pesquisar possibilidades de ampliação e facilitação do uso da tecnologia 3D para fins educacionais e de preservação histórica. Para tal, realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre como esta tecnologia tem sido utilizada em ambos os campos. Após, foi realizado levantamento das principais técnicas de digitalização em 3D. Em seguida, foram testadas as principais plataformas e tecnologias para a exibição deste tipo de conteúdo: Cl3ver, Sketchfab, JSC3D, WebGL, Three.js, VRML, X3D, PDF3D e Unity. A partir desta análise, em caráter experimental, criou-se um repositório virtual 3D, o qual encontra-se hospedado nos servidores da UFRGS. O repositório facilita a divulgação de modelos 3D por parte dos criadores deste tipo de conteúdo, pois permite a sua inserção na internet de forma simples, sem a necessidade de conhecimento prévio de programação. Deste modo, o conteúdo gerado pode ser visualizado em computadores e/ou dispositivos móveis, diretamente no navegador, dispensando a instalação de programas complementares, contribuindo para a propagação deste tipo de mídia. Também é possível disponibilizar as obras digitalizadas para reprodução física, mediante técnicas de prototipagem rápida como manufatura aditiva (popularmente conhecida como impressão 3D) e/ou usinagem em CNC. Para a criação do conteúdo 3D, digitalizou-se em três dimensões de quatro elementos, fachadas específicas dos prédios históricos da UFRGS. Os modelos gerados a partir da digitalização foram disponibilizados, através do repositório 3D, e podem ser acessadas no endereço: www.ufrgs.br/ldsm/3d. O repositório 3D dos prédios da UFRGS é uma ação inovadora com propósitos educacionais e de conservação de patrimônio histórico, agindo como catalisador, onde arte, tecnologia e educação convergem em prol da construção do conhecimento. / The new informational technologies have changed our way of life, have changed our habits and profoundly transformed the society. The evolution of computer science and the internet brought a world in which we are constantly connected, whether through smartphones, tablets, and/or computers. However, in this Information Age, the speed and ease of access to data often has been shown to be superior to our capacity to absorb them and to transform the information into knowledge. Within this context, new media has emerged creating new possibilities of communication, among which stand out the 3D technologies, which open up new possibilities in the most diverse areas, offering greater freedom for the objects that are represented and manipulated in space. Fields of education, in this matter, have found difficulties to absorb these technologies and use them as teaching tools. In this context, it is believed that 3D technologies are likely to be important instruments for the pedagogic practice. The present study aims to search possibilities of expansion and facilitation in the use of 3D technology for educational purposes and historical preservation. With this research, it was studied on how this technology has been used in both fields. After this, it was done a survey of the main techniques of 3D scanning. Then, were tested major platforms and technologies for the display of this content type: Cl3ver, Sketchfab, JSC3D, WebGL, Three.js, VRML, X3D, PDF3D and Unity. Trough this analysis, for experimental, purposes was done the creation of a 3D virtual repository which is hosted on the servers of UFRGS. The repository facilitates the dissemination of 3D content by content creators, as it allows its insertion on the Internet in a simple way, without the need for programming skills, so that the content generated can be viewed on computers and/or mobile devices directly in the browser, without the need to install additional programs, contributing to the popularization of this type of media. It is also possible to transform the digitized 3D data creating physical models through rapid prototyping techniques, such as additive manufacturing (popularly known as 3D printing) and/or CNC machining. To create 3D content, 3D scanning was performed of four elements of specific historical UFRGS buildings facades. The models generated from scanning were provided through 3D repository, that can be accessed at: www.ufrgs.br/ldsm/3d. The 3D buildings of UFRGS repository is an innovative action, with educational purposes besides the conservation of historical heritage, acting as a catalyst where art, technology and education converge towards the construction of knowledge.