A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, 2017 / The key purpose of this study was to evaluate how heritage resources are managed, assessing various strategies of management used and how these management strategies are implemented at tourism destinations. The effectiveness of these management strategies rely on the skills of those who manage heritage resources and their underlying understanding of cultural heritage tourism. The overall purpose of this study was based on the ‘objectives’ of heritage tourism; amongst the objectives mentioned, is the evaluation of the management strategies of heritage resources and the accurate interpretation of resources at destinations. It was vital to know that heritage tourism is not only concerned with identification of resources but the management and protection of heritage values has a great impact on the sustaining of heritage tourism. The potential of heritage tourism should be valued and fully realised. There should be an integrated framework on the management of heritage resources at tourism destinations. Heritage resources tend to be misrepresented through uninformed interpretation during tours and this compromises the integrity and authenticity of heritage tourism. Findings of the study indicated that, management of heritage resources at these provinces is mainly based on policies formulated at national or local level. It was evident that management of heritage resources was often done for economic purposes at local communities. The local community described indigenous knowledge implementation as a management strategy which should be the primary strategy since it adds value to the culture of the community.

Magister Artium - MA / This study is about the recent political history of South Africa. It examined the crucial period of late apartheid, through the political transition into democracy. The study was conducted through the lenses of Shelagh Gastrow's work, whose series of publications titled Who’s Who in South African Politics traversed the spectrum of a severely polarised South Africa, and earned her the accolade as a "leading authority" in the biographical enterprise of Who's who. Gastrow had interviewed people in political office, those in opposition, those hiding from political persecution and even those in exile outside South Africa. It involved about 100 personalities for each of her five volumes. The study involved examining archival collections, documentary analysis, desktop research and interviews with Shelagh Gastrow. It also examined the Mayibuye Archives, where the Gastrow collection was eventually transferred, as an archive of resistance to apartheid. The study showed that from its origin as a research project about personalities in South Africa’s resistance and transition history, the Shelagh Gastrow collection was transformed into a heritage resource. The study examined political collections as heritage resources in the process of remaking the nation, and the contributions they make in the national re-engineering process. The study drew on the convergence of two theoretical claims. First, Achille Mbembe, among others, has asserted that there is no state without its archives. An indispensable, symbiotic, socio-political relationship exists between the state, actors in the state, and related archives. The second, posited by the likes of Arjun Appadurai and Igor Kopytoff, is to the effect that objects have social lives, and that they are formed and transformed through interactions with their related societies. Between the objects and their societies, meanings and values are transmitted, exchanged and retained. Thus, a careful analysis of the formation and transformations (a biographical study) of such objects can reveal the obscure about the societies they relate to. Consequently, socio-political collections do reveal much about the individuals, groups, and societies they represent. In the case of South Africa, the analysis showed the corpus of Shelagh Gastrow's collection (the object in this study) which included transcripts of political interviews, manuscripts and Who's who publications, revealed the transition from apartheid into democracy as a critical historical juncture. Political collections constitute important heritage resources, which contribute to the production of national narratives. They may originate in the past, but their analysis in the present has resonance for the collective future of the nation.

Thesis (M.A. (Anthropology) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Heritage conservation is an enormous challenge in South Africa. Although the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) (NHRA) is amongst the best heritage legislation in the world, implementation has proved to be problematic. NHRA made provision for the establishment of the Limpopo Heritage Resources Authority (LIHRA), an institution of the provincial government responsible to coordinate heritage management in the Limpopo Province. Currently, LIHRA’s duties are either not clearly articulated, or it is not exercising its authority prudently. Consequently, heritage conservation in the Limpopo Province is limited. This study explored the challenges experienced by LIHRA in the conservation and management of heritage resources in the Limpopo Province. It examined LIHRA’s mandate and duties, legislation, budget, physical resources, personnel profile, social responsibility challenges, local politics, infrastructure, and external developmental threats. Furthermore, it investigated LIHRA’s intergovernmental relations and cooperation with other government bodies. The attitudes of heritage site managers and other staff towards conservation and their working conditions, as well as execution challenges, were also documented. Lastly, the study examined the local community’s awareness and expectations of the work being done by LIHRA, as well as the need to conserve and manage heritage resources. The study selected members of the LIHRA council and the seconded LIHRA officials from the Department of Sports, Arts and Culture (DSAC), executives of Limpopo Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (LEDET), the Department of Public Works (DPW) and the South African Police Services (SAPS), and heritage manager at the Dzata in the Vhembe District, as well as the custodian of the Tšate Provincial Heritage Site in the Greater Sekhukhune District of the Limpopo Province. Furthermore, local community members of Ha-Mandiwana in the Vhembe District and in the Tšate Greater Sekhukhune District were also designated. These participants were nominated because of their involvement and knowledge in heritage conservation. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed, and a thematic analysis method was used to analyse the data. v It has been established that LIHRA does not receive sufficient support from the provincial DSAC, even though the NHRA makes provision of the Member of the Executive Council (MEC) of DSAC to be accountable for it. LIHRA is not fully functional and is therefore unable to fulfil its mandate. This is due to a lack of adequate funds, staff, and physical (logistical) resources, such as vehicles. Therefore, most of its duties are performed by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) on their behalf. Instead, it has been assigned to only perform Section 34 of the NHRA, which deals with the conservation of historic buildings. LIHRA is unable to attend to site visits or to interact with heritage site managers. Therefore, to the managers/custodians, LIHRA exists only in name. Furthermore, it comes as no surprise that local communities near heritage sites are not even aware of LIHRA’s existence. However, the museum section of DSAC oversees provincial heritage sites with museums, which effectively means that provincial sites, which do not have museums are neglected by both LIHRA and DSAC. In conclusion, LIHRA’s existence is very important for the survival of heritage resources in the Limpopo Province; hence the MEC must be held accountable for its under-performance. It is recommended that the MEC must ensure that LIHRA is provided with the essential tools it needs to become fully functional, commencing with legislation and a competency assessment from SAHRA. LIHRA must strengthen ties with other government departments to simplify heritage conservation in the province. Heritage managers/custodians need to have a close relationship with LIHRA to ensure that sites do not lose their provincial heritage status. However, for that to happen, LIHRA needs to be more proactive. Information about LIHRA must be accessible to the public, as heritage conservation is the responsibility of everyone, not only LIHRA.

Magister Artium - MA / Since the end of apartheid and with that the construction of a new South Africa, archaeology has experienced what can be seen as a resurgence in the public domain. With the creation of a new nation imagined as existing since time immemorial, there has been an emergence of archaeological pasts providing evidence of a nation believed to have existed before apartheid and colonialism. Due to this resurgence of interest in the pre-apartheid and pre-colonial pasts, there has been a ballooning of research and exhibitions around paleontological finds, rock art sites and Iron Age sites indicative of early state formation. This has transported the nation back into what Tony Bennett has called 'pasts beyond memory'. Where mainstream archaeology focuses on sites which reflect a history outside of a colonial past, maritime archaeology has had difficulty. Being a discipline with its main object of focus being the shipwreck, it is difficult to unravel it from a colonial legacy. In an attempt to move away from these older notions of 'public' through the allure of the shipwreck, some maritime archaeologists have looked at different mechanisms, or what I call 'modes of representation', to construct new South African publics. Two such mechanisms are discussed in this thesis: the temporary exhibition of the Meermin Project, and the Nautical Archaeology Society courses on Robben Island. This is in contrast to the older Bredasdorp Shipwreck Museum, where I argue by using Greenblatt’s notion of 'resonance and wonder', that the wonder of the object salvaged is the central feature of the way it constructs its publics. This thesis discusses how a group of maritime archaeologists, located at Iziko Museums and the South African Heritage Resources Agency, attempted to construct new publics by locating resonance with its subject in an exhibition, and by making new archaeologists through a hands-on course.

Magister Legum - LLM

The management of South Africa's heritage resources is still lacking a great deal and many resources are being destroyed by ignorance, development and plain greed. Although South African legislation is adequate in theory, commitment on the side of the government in terms of staff, skills and resources to implement it, is not forthcoming. On the global platform however, we have much to learn as heritage management is regarded as a priority in most of the first world countries. Four steps to reach this goal, is summarizing it effectively: the identification, understanding how it was created and used, selecting the appropriate conservation techniques, and stakeholder involvement. The focus of this study is on the diverse heritage resources of the Blyde Canyon Nature Reserve in Mpumalanga, the largest green canyon in the world. This area has a rich, irreplaceable and unexplored cultural heritage. The tangible and intangible values were classified in a typological framework, including archaeology (stone age and iron age), rock art, historical industrial features, sacred sites, monuments, burial sites, graves and historic tourist features. Authorities are in the process of changing the status of the Nature Reserve to that of a National Park and it is also envisioned to nominate this unique natural and cultural landscape for World Heritage status. The database and overall objectives of this study has been identified to highlight the relevance and importance of the cultural heritage resources and to ensure its future protection and management. This area is already a popular tourist destination which is currently under-utilised, and by contributing to the protection and responsible development of the heritage resources, and by having the correct management principles set in place, the visitor experience will not only be enhanced but the surrounding towns and communities will benefit extensively. Copyright / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Traditional technologies are revelations of knowledge, skill, and wisdom of ancestors that have been used to facilitate and enhance the performance of socio-economic activities, overcome environmental challenges, and magnify symbolic presentations of cultural and spiritual engagements. Traditional technologies are still practiced in many communities despite the strides made in the advancement of modern technologies. The socio-economic significance of traditional technologies in the context of Ethiopia is even more profound. There are hardly social, economic, and spiritual activities that are not, directly or indirectly, influenced by the application of traditional technologies. The irony is, however, they are not appreciated and conserved in spite that they have been proving a sustained significance across generations while, to the contrary, modern technologies are even staggering to outlive the stage of product introduction. Although still proving to be useful, traditional technologies have been marginalized as if they are symbols of backwardness belonging to the past as irrelevant to the modern day settings. It was, therefore, the urge to look into this dilemma that became the basis for the initiation to conduct a research on the captioned topic. The study has endeavored to address how traditional technologies, specifically that of Ethiopia, are able to sustain contrary to extant theoretical predictions of technologies, and investigate why they have been deterred from getting the conservation and transformation they deserve in spite of the socio-economic significant role they have continued to play as capitulated in the statement of the problem. In addressing the statement of the problem, the paradigm of the world outlook within which the research was situated is found to be related to the Critical Theory paradigm. As a result, a qualitative research methodology based on a case study design was framed and a longitudinal field study on the sampled cases was conducted. The data generated from the study were ix filtered, coded, organized, categorized, and ultimately analyzed and interpreted using apparent analytic models until saturated and triangulated findings were established. Accordingly, the core constructs that has been defining the fate of traditional technologies were induced and their impact in deterring or promoting the conservation and transformation of traditional technologies were synthesized. Based on the outcomes of data analysis and interpretation, appropriate methods of reshaping the societal attitude and orientation in terms of conserving and transforming traditional practices are proposed as induced recommendations ultimately requiring a timely intervention. / Business Management / D. Litt. et Phil. (Business Leadership)

The development of graffiti into an accepted art form, street art, is a cause of concern for South African property owners. The current position in South African property law regarding the original acquisition of ownership suggests that the creation of street art on movable property belonging to another could result in the transfer of ownership. Ownership of the movable may transfer via accessio to the street artist provided that the artwork changes the nature of the movable. This would occur even if the street artist does not act in good faith because bona fides is not a requirement for the original acquisition of ownership via accessio. This anomaly requires that the South African law on accession in the case of pictura be developed such that good faith be a requirement for the transfer of ownership in this format. With the development and growing popularity of the art form the likelihood of this legal anomaly is becoming a greater possibility. Indeed, the popularity of British street artist, Banksy, has provided numerous examples of contested ownership, albeit within English law. Banksy artworks are collectable and financially valuable. Consequently, not only are they desirable but many of his street artworks are considered to be examples of British cultural heritage and as such may be worthy of protection and preservation. These cases highlight the growing need in South Africa to clearly identify who South African street artworks belong to and, to identify any South African street art that warrants cultural heritage protection. The legislation regarding the protection of South African cultural heritage resources has not yet been extended to any street artworks. Yet there are examples of street art in South Africa that meet the requirements for cultural heritage status or which have the characteristics of cultural heritage resources. The extension of cultural heritage resource status to South African street artworks that are culturally significant could assist in the protection and preservation of these resources. However, the effectiveness of the cultural heritage legislation, in particular the National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999, is limited. There are several problematic aspects in this Act. This is of great concern as the issues effect all South Africa’s cultural heritage resources (not just street art which may qualify for such status). However, these issues could be responded to through amendments to the legislation. Significantly, the National Heritage Resources Act seeks to deprive private owners of their property as it seeks to regulate what owners can do with cultural heritage property which they own. However, as it stands there are far too many challengeable issues in this legislation to justifiably deprive this property in terms of s25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. This renders significant portions of the National Heritage Resources Act inoperable. Consequently, the amendment of this legislation is necessary to ensure the purpose of the legislation i.e. to ensure the protection and preservation of the South Africa’s cultural heritage resources through the deprivation of property rights or indeed, if necessary, through the expropriation of property. / College of Law / LL. D.