Bibliography: leaves 187-192. / This dissertation is a study of the Royal Navy's campaign against the slave trade from their base at the Cape of Good Hope from 1861-4. During this period the Cape Squadron (which included the West African Station at this point) was under the command of Rear Admiral Sir Baldwin Walker. Under his command the first major successes against the East African slave trade were achieved. The study comprises of three main sections. The first gives background information about the Royal Navy, international relations and the state of the slave trade suppression at the time. The second examines the actions of the Cape Squadron under Walker's command. The third section gives detail of the cruises of specific Royal Navy ships and evaluates their success ( or otherwise) in suppressing the slave trade. Themes explored in this dissertation include the international nature of the slave trade, the policy of substituting legitimate trade for the slave trade, the influence of naval technology and how interactions between 'men on the spot' affected the success of suppression. Also explored is Britain's motivation for undertaking so difficult and expensive a task. Conclusions drawn are that the international nature of the slave trade and the lack of treaties (regarding the right to search shipping) with some powers, particularly France, greatly hindered the Royal Navy's suppression efforts. The substitution of legitimate trade for the slave trade worked successfully on the West African Coast but many of the legitimate enterprises relied upon slave labour, a fact which the British and other European powers chose to ignore. The personal interaction between men on the spot proved to be an important factor in determining the success (or failure) of the slave trade suppression efforts. New naval technologies were not as effective as they could have been in suppressing the slave trade due to the poor quality of ships assigned to the slave patrol (although this was remedied somewhat during Admiral Walker's tenure as Commander-in-Chief of the Cape Squadron). Britain's motivation for undertaking the suppression of the slave trade is shown to have been a combination of humanitarian concerns and political and economic expediency.

Bibliography: leaves 203-212. / This research work is an analysis of the whole 'institution' of manumission as it existed in Isle de France during the period between the French Revolution of 1789 and the post-revolutionary years up to British rule in 1810. In his study of 'The Free Population of Colour in Mauritius', Richard Allen emphasizes the fact that "a comprehensive study of manumission in the colony remains to be undertaken, but we do have reliable information on manumisson practices and patterns during the last two decades of the Ancien Régime". Indeed, Muslim Jumeer reports that between 1768- 1789, a total of 785 slaves consisting of 347 women, 173 men, 133 boys and 132 girls were freed according to the acts of manumission. But the existing works do not reveal any manumission figure for the years after 1789, during the revolutionary period up to British rule. As Allen notes, "information on the composition of the manumitted population and on the pattern of manumissions between 1789-1820 is scarce, but only because research on this period remains to be done". This present work has attempted to 'fill the gap' in the study of manumission for the years 1789 to 1803, by a 'comprehensive study' of manumission acts found at the Mauritius Archives.

This dissertation investigates how photographs and photographic practices have both shaped and have been shaped by the political, cultural and performative demands of the project of postcolonial nation building in Zambia. Drawing on both visual and textual materials from the 1930s to the 1980s, collected from the National Archives of Zambia as well as several private collections, including that of the Fine Art Studios in Lusaka, this dissertation attempts to understand the different ways in which critical attention to the role of the mechanically reproduced images can allow us to reconsider the given boundaries between the colonial and the postcolonial, the public and the private, and the nation and the individual. The first chapter explores the methodological possibilities and the archival limits of writing a social history of photography in Zambia that still remains largely undocumented. The second chapter sifts through thousands of images haphazardly stored in the National Archives of Zambia, reflecting on the shift from the ethnographic mode of observation in the late colonial period to the concerted imaging of developmentalist spectacles in the early postcolonial period. The focus of the third chapter is on the politics of official images of Kenneth Kaunda, the first president of independent Zambia. This dissertation combines uses of photographs, archival documents, semi-structured interviews and brief auto-ethnographic observations.

This thesis is a history of the development of missionary activity in the Little Namaqualand region of southern Africa during the first half of the nineteenth century. Through a rich analysis of the archival documents of the various missionary societies who worked in the region, it attempts to fill in the wide gaps present in the historical narrative. Little Namaqualand, an area north of the Olifants River and south of the Orange River, during the nineteenth century was the epicentre of the north-western frontier zone of the Cape Colony. It had long been home to the Little Namaqua, a Khoikhoi group, who occupied the central and mountainous region of the Kamiesberg, the San, who moved between the Kamiesberg and Bushmanland to the east, and ‘baster' (mixed race) groups who migrated from the Cape in the eighteenth century. It has since been a relatively under-studied area despite it being the hub of missionary activity in the north-west in the nineteenth century. An environmentally harsh and politically turbulent region, home to a nomadic people, it presented a unique and trying set of circumstances for the incoming missionaries. The European missionaries of the London Missionary Society (LMS), Wesleyan Missionary Society (WMMS) and later the Rhenish Missionary Society (RMS) moved through the region in waves during the early decades of the nineteenth century. Their intended destination, however, was not Little Namaqualand, but Great Namaqualand across the Orange River. For the first fifteen years of the century the missionaries moved between Little and Great Namaqualand, unable to establish a permanent and successful settlement. They faced many difficulties – the colonial government's changing attitudes and legislation towards missionary activities in and outside of the colony's borders, the mounting financial strain of maintaining a mission station in such a barren, desolate and sweltering region and existing inter-group tensions between those amongst whom they ministered. From their first arrival in the region in 1805, the early German missionaries of the LMS relied on local and powerful mixed-race groups to facilitate their stay, both financially and logistically. These groups had long been desirous of a missionary in the region for both their spiritual and temporal benefits. On the north-western frontier, access to trading networks and firearms was pivotal to the survival of many groups who relied almost solely on hunting and ivory trading. Many missionaries, themselves struggling to survive under such trying environmental conditions, themselves resorted to hunting and trading to supplement their pitiful income. By 1811, after a devastating attack on their Great Namaqualand mission, the LMS retreated into Little Namaqualand where they paid more attention to establishing themselves on a more permanent basis. A fresh wave of young and enthusiastic German missionaries greatly aided this effort. The Wesleyans joined shortly after in 1816. Both missionary societies were still understaffed and, due to unique regional circumstances, relied heavily on Namaqua and baster translators and teachers. Many of these would become missionaries in their own right. The northerly stations of Little Namaqualand, Steinkopf and Pella, utilised these African evangelists to run the various outposts or satellite stations (necessitated by the people's nomadic habits). The same took place at the southern stations of Leliefontein and Komaggas. From Leliefontein, several Namaqua converts were sent out. Many of them ministered to Sotho-Tswana and Coranna groups in the east. These African evangelists, and the pivotal role they played in facilitating and sustaining the Little Namaqualand missions, form the core of this thesis. Their names have been excavated from the archival records and the often limited anecdotes of their lives have been brought to life. This thesis shows that the spread of Christianity in the region pre-dated the formal arrival of the European missionaries. After their arrival, it was through African mouths that the message of Christianity took on a new form and was more successfully prorogated through the region. The majority of those who heard the gospel message responded emotionally. Most negotiated with what they heard, rejecting some tenets of the message while accepting others. They thus embraced and created a wholly new rendition of Christianity, one which saw to their immediate needs and offered both a remedy and an explanation for their suffering.

This dissertation investigates the presence and the significance of hair in the work of contemporary South African artists Penny Siopis, Tracey Rose and Nandipha Mntambo. The use of this material, a substance embedded in the body and characterizing its appearance, is indicative of a desire to validate the material body and reclaim its connection with the feminine. The author argues for a return to the theories of the French Feminists, Helene Cixous, Luce lrigaray and Julia Kristeva, who were the initial proponents of the idea of l 'ecriture feminine (feminine writing). The feminine text, which enjoyed currency in the seventies, is again relevant for the analysis of these artists' work in light of their calculated use of hair to both explore and exploit the position of the feminine. The author contrasts the French Feminists' use of strategic essentialism with Judith

Sport is located historically within its political, economic, cultural and social context in order to assess its role in human and spatial relations; and its meaning for various communities. This study aims to measure the impact of dominant ideology (imperialism, segregation and apartheid), the degree to which sport was used instrumentally by the authorities, and the extent to which it was seen as a site of struggle by the oppressed. The main sources for this thesis were archival and published material emanating from the municipality. Before apartheid matured and became more secretive, they were remarkably candid about official aims and objectives. A wide variety of secondary sources was consulted; and interviews conducted. The conclusion is that sport is an appropriate lens through which to view urban history and the relationships that shape it. Driven by a consistent ideological desire for White separateness, sport reflected social hegemony and assumptions about relative competence and ability. Instrumental use of sport by the local authority, apart from a skewed use of economic resources to unite whites and maintain their distance from other communities, was poorly regarded. This was because of the availability of other, coercive means of control and the dispensability of the individuals targeted. Black sportspersons were in effect squatters at impermanent facilities. Black recreation was a challenge to White ideas about the use of urban space. For Africans, the controlled area preferred by the authorities was the beerhall, not the sports field. Effective resistance organised around sport emerged only when the authorities needed Asian and Coloured cooperation to implement group areas and at this point sport became a notable site of struggle. Ultimately sports facilities, originally a symbol of White civilisation and authority, became a potent emblem of the spatial conflict that characterised apartheid. They also reflected the fact that South African urban geography had always been an evolving saga of insiders and outsiders. Sport provided the proponents of White dominance with a theatre for propaganda; while at the same time offering its protagonists a stage upon which to demonstrate their opposition. In this scenario hegemony was in a state of periodic flux. For a more descriptive abstract of this thesis, see the section 'Final overview' on pages 353-356.

KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) has a long history of individuals and groups mobilizing the past to make claims in the present. A notable phenomenon that has captured the attention of scholars of contemporary KZN is how formations such as Ubumbano – that center around the paternal clan and its ancestry – have been invoking ‘pre-Zulu’ pasts to claim resources in the form of land, and even recognition of kingship status by the state. Individuals in former mission stations in turn have referenced the prominence of their families’ histories in the establishment of mission stations. Clearly, the past has potent usability for numerous actors in this province. Rarely have scholars focused on how different generations of Black women in this province, who have not aligned themselves with any formal structure such as Ubumbano, mobilize their families’ histories and for what reasons. Inspired in part to address this gap, this thesis explores the oral historical narrations of three women of three different generations from my maternal family, namely Gogo MaHlubi, Mamkhulu Ntombenhle, and Mam Phindile, who are based in Mpolweni Mission. These women are descendants of amakholwa and were socialized in a mission context albeit at different times. My analysis of these women’s narratives reveals that they mobilize the past to strategically position themselves to lay claims to status, belonging, and identity in Mpolweni Mission. This happens at a time of growing tensions between first-comer descendants (such as the three women) and newcomers, and their contending claims of belonging to Mpolweni. In the process of grappling with their narrations, we learn more about Mpolweni Mission and its complex history from the perspectives of these women. The result of 3 this is that the history of the area is rendered visible. The oral narratives of these women are not relayed ‘oral tradition’: they are fluid, imaginative and not patrilineal in nature. This is in stark contrast to the oral sources that are conventionally treated as ‘oral tradition’ and considered to be passed down from one generation to the other. Moreover, the fluidity of the women’s narratives also means that the narrators are aware of the kinds of work the content of their stories can do for them in different contexts. Individually and collectively, these narratives contribute in crafting what we might call a matri-archive. This matri-archive is constantly being made and remade by the women. The thesis shows how women of different generations are producers of history, and that historical production is not only the preserve of a certain generation of women or of men.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania. / Bibliography: p. [124]-138.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8689_PERPÉTUO, César - Dissertação - entregue em 05-07-201720170713-101816.pdf: 1569896 bytes, checksum: ce87e53125fc7de0ba937b605517917b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-05 / A American Historical Review (AHR) foi criada em 1895 por um pequeno grupo de intelectuais que, motivados pelo surgimento de diversos outros periódicos no século XIX, buscavam criar uma nova plataforma para que todos os historiadores norte-americanos pudessem publicar os seus trabalhos e criar novos laços profissionais com os seus colegas. Na AHR eram publicadas uma série de resenhas, documentos, artigos autorais e outros tipos de comunicados e textos que foram responsáveis por facilitar o debate e o contato entre historiadores e outros intelectuais. Neste trabalho de dissertação, pretendo mostrar como é possível a realização de uma profunda análise sobre a historiografia de uma determinada época a partir do estudo das revistas de história, pegando como exemplo os primeiros vinte anos de existência da American Historical Review, compreendendo sua história, conjuntura, e mapeando os artigos autorais publicados na mesma para encontrar um padrão de principais recortes, temáticas e objetos de estudo que possam nos mostrar qual era a fisionomia da AHR naquela época.

Purpose: To analyze the strategies that Elizabeth Kenny, an Australian nurse, used when trying to obtain medical endorsement for an innovation that was not based on knowledge of pathology, but was empirically demonstrated. Significance: When faced with the need to "Do the best you can with the symptoms presenting themselves," Kenny used keen observation to develop a new treatment for poliomyelitis in the early 1900s. Her innovation was to use hot packs to relieve muscle spasms in people with early symptoms of poliomyelitis when orthodox medical treatment included use of splints or casts to immobilize affected limbs. Method: Historical case analysis. Findings and Conclusions: Sister Kenny made bold assertions, obtained scientific validation, learned from experience, used publicity, and opposed resistance. Although some strategies were unsuccessful (and Kenny faced many obstacles) medical practice changed in a relatively short time. Immobilization of limbs was largely discontinued in the acute stage of the disease. Kenny persisted in caring for children who otherwise might have sustained deformities.