The reconstruction of historical buildings has been debated by preservationists, archeologists and historians, both with each other and within their own fields. But no matter how intensely scholars discuss and disagree on the subject, professionals at historic sites still continue to reconstruct historical buildings. The questions surrounding historical reconstruction include: is it ethical to reconstruct historical buildings? Is it worthwhile to reconstruct historical buildings for the benefit of the general public? I surveyed historical site workers from across the country and visitors from Red Hill National Memorial, the last home of Patrick Henry. From the survey, visitors seem to remember where they have seen reconstructions, sometimes what happened to the original buildings and learn about the history and preservation of the historic location. Sites that continue to reconstruct and follow all the preservation laws and regulations and inform the public on why the site reconstructed the building(s) are getting it right.

For the period of several centuries, the influence of several distinct cultures produced rich and diverse cultural heritage that we see today in East Africa countries. The most tangible remains of these heritages are stone built buildings and structures including, palaces, mosques, residential houses and tombs. At present, these heritages are in different physical state, some are in relatively good condition while many are in an appalling condition. The presence of these historical monuments has benefited these countries economically and culturally therefore, it is essential to ensure that these monuments continue to exist. Material characterisation of the historical buildings and associated structures was used to develop a suitable method of intervention that is sympathetic to the original materials. Mortar is the most damaged material therefore, historical mortar from Stone Town historical buildings and associated structures has been characterised by visual examination, optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction and hydrostatic weighing and the results have been compared. The historical mortar is mainly comprised of calcite, quartz and feldspar. The mortar condition has been divided into hard mortar, soft mortar and, soft and friable mortar. The deteriorated mortar that required consolidation is soft mortar and, soft and friable mortar with a porosity of approximately 27%. Calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) has been selected as consolidant and the consolidation procedure involves two steps. Firstly a limewater impregnation procedure has been developed and secondly, the effect of limewater treatment has been determined. For the application procedure it has been observed that, when limewater comes into contact with calcium carbonate a precipitation reaction occurs and that is the cause of poor penetration ability of calcium hydroxide solution. Major influencing factors on the penetration ability of calcium hydroxide solution have been established as, application method and absorption capacity of the treated material during the impregnation process. Optimization of the penetration ability of calcium hydroxide solution has been achieved by impregnating from the middle of the impregnated specimen. Sugar has been used to study the influence of additive on enhancing calcium hydroxide solubility. It has been verified that solubility of calcium hydroxide in a solution of sugar is proportional to the amount of sugar in the solution. Porosity and strength tests have been used to study the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide treatment. Under the conditions studied no appreciable change of porosity has been detected. It is postulated that the calcium hydroxide was deposited at the binder/aggregate interface and at the secondary pores. In terms of strength, evidence has been found to suggest the strength increment varies quantitively with the amount of calcite crystals deposited. / QC 20100803

Paveldotvarkos darbai, lėmę autentiškų interjerų (ne)išlikimą, buvo pradėti sovietmečiu. Būtent šiuo laikotarpiu užsimezgė ir susiformavo istorinių pastatų interjero tvarkymo metodika ir darbų vykdymo praktika. Tačiau vieninga paveldo objektų tvarkymo metodika nebuvo sukurta; istoriniai pastatai (interjerai) buvo tvarkomi labai skirtingai ir tai patvirtina išlikę tvarkymo darbų pavyzdžiai. Neturint vieningos „paminklinių interjerų“ tyrimo, vertinimo ir tvarkymo metodikos, iškilo esminis – interjerų išsaugojimo – klausimas. Iki šiol Lietuvoje nebuvo analizuota, kaip istoriniuose interjeruose išsaugotos jų vertingosios savybės, tvarkymo kryptis ir kaip laikomasi mokslinės metodikos tvarkymo principų. Tad šiame darbe atliekamas tyrimas skiriamas aktualiai nūdienos problemai: aptarti istorinių pastatų interjerų tvarkymo ištakas, tendencijas ir aplinkybes, lėmusiais interjerų tvarkymo sprendimus. Darbo tyrimo objektas buvo sovietmečiu restauruoti, atkurti ir pritaikyti, iki šių dienų išlikę interjerai istoriniuose pastatuose. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti 1960-1990 m. Vilniaus istoriniuose pastatuose vykdytų interjerų atkūrimo ir panaudos tendencijas, bei jų problematiką. Šiam tikslui pasiekti buvo apžvelgtos aplinkybės – teisine, administracine sistemą, sociokultūrinius aspektus – lėmusios interjerų istoriniuose pastatuose tvarkymą, atskleista intereso istoriniams interjerams susiformavimo raidą, atskleista verčių svarba tvarkymo metodikai, nustatytos paveldotvarkos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The management of interiors of historical buildings beginning to develop in soviet times. During the soviet period the treatment methodology of historical buildings, including interiors, was formed. But the problem is that there wasn’t formed a uniform treatment methodology of interior of historical buildings. It is proved by the examples seen in our days as result of treatment with interiors. As there is not settled united treatment methodology of historical buildings – the problem appears on how to protect the interiors of historical buildings? Till now, there was no any scientific work about the management of interiors of historical buildings written. This master thesis is intended to describe the problems of management of historical buildings (interiors) which is related to our days. The subject of this work is interiors of historical buildings which where treated in soviet times. The main goal of this work is to describe the interiors of historical buildings in Vilnius (1960-1990), the problems of restoration and use. Further more, to determine the tendency how the function of interiors was changing and on what the way of treatment with interior depended.

The main aim of this master thesis is utilization of the laser scanning technology in the field of information modelling of historical objects (HBIM). The optimal workflow of creating the information model in the Autodesk Revit has been demonstrated. The workflow deals with the historical value of the object. For the purposes of this work, the object of the mausoleum Fabara has been selected. Furthermore, the master thesis focuses on the possibilities of publishing the resulting model.

Being one of the most significant styles in the architectural avant-garde,  constructivism  introduced  to  the  world  of architecture  a  dozen  principles  that  remain  relevant  and progressive to this day. The  architectural  functionalism  and  purity,  lacking  any disturbances, undertakes Le Corbusier principles and works for the “poetry of a simple form and a philosophy of rationalism”. This way constructivism sets the rules for the internal planning, making this architectural style light and open-like, penetrated by daylight. Trends in contemporary architecture often echo the principles that the constructivists worked on. In terms of lighting design this means on one hand, there is a significant potential for today's architects to benefit from the deeper understanding of daylight planning approaches in constructivist buildings and on the other hand there is an opportunity to update the solutions in the design of artificial lighting. The project aims at identifying the possible lighting design program for these kinds of spaces. From pointing out the key factors to consider, through the analysis of a specific constructivist building, the set of solutions was developed with intention  to  apply  them  in  any  environment  designed  with  the same  principles  as  well  as  to  compliment  constructivism  in renovation projects.

This thesis deals with the issue of fire protection of historical buildings in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Input information that was used in the thesis were obtained from the literature or other freely accessible sources, the Fire Brigade of the Czech Republic, the Fire and Rescue Service of the Slovak Republic and the owners or managers of buildings. The main objective is to evaluate the facilities of selected historical buildings in terms of fire protection. According the objective has been defined the research question "Are the monuments in the territory of the Czech and Slovak Republic secured in a comparable level against the risk of fire?". An integral part is also proposing possible technical and technological elements and organizational measures which may lead to increased fire safety of monuments on the territory of the two abovementioned republics. Fulfillment of goals was possible, based on our investigation, when the first identification of monuments in the Czech and Slovak Republics, whose owners, respectively. Administrators were asked to complete a questionnaire containing questions related to fourteen facilities surveyed the building fire safety equipment and material means of fire protection. The completion of that survey were also asked at the same time members of the Fire and Rescue Service geographically relevant regions of the Czech Republic and members of the Fire and Rescue Corps of the Slovak Republic. Specifically, there were members who are employed in divisions or departments of fire prevention of the competent authorities of the state fire supervision. After evaluating the data collected through questionnaires and in some cases based on electronic correspondence or telephone conversations has been possible to answer the research question. Based on available information it is apparently that the fire protection of historical buildings in the Czech and Slovak Republic are treated by the authorities, not only the state fire supervision, but also themselves owners or facility managers very seriously and the fire safety of these monuments can be described as comparable. Unfortunately, in the research failed to varify the availability of surveyed historical buildings for vehicles of emergency fire-fighting units, which was based on the results of the analysis identified as one of the most risky points of fire protection of monuments. It can therefore only consider whether the availability of objects of that type in terms driveways is satisfactory. Proposing of possible measures is done on the basis of not only the information collected from facility managers and bodies of the state fire supervision of both republics, but also on the basis of the KARS analysis, which aimed to identify the most threatening phenomena which could have a negative impact on the status quo of monuments, in terms of fire protection. Answering a defining research questions and performing the analysis using method KARS has been achieved the objective of this thesis. In addition to the methodology and outcomes of the research are in the thesis presented brief information concerning fire protection in the age of the buildings and structures construction, which are currently presents as heritage buildings, and basic information of the principles of fire protection of historical monuments under applicable laws of the Czech and Slovak Republic. Fire protection of historical buildings has been underestimated for years. Currently, in connection with the ensuing fires significant buildings of historical value, it is to safeguard of historical buildings against the emergence and spread of a fire and how to dispose of potential fire utmost importance. As in other areas or sectors, as well as in fire protection of historic buildings is particularly important in the prevention, thus adopting such a system of measures to prevent a fire, or if there is a fire that damages caused by extraordinary events are possible smallest.

Abstract The functional usage of historical buildings is essential for their preservation. However, it appears to be very difficult to find satisfactory solutions especially when deciding new uses for them. This research focuses on the problem of the re-use of historical buildings from the point of view of the tasks of architecture and restoration. The aim of this research is, firstly, to examine the history of the re-use of historical buildings and, secondly, to identify the premises for their functional integrity and authenticity, both of which are considered crucial in restorations. Since antiquity the Latin concept utilitas has been referred to as the primary task of architecture: to be useful and functional. In this research the theme of utilitas has been observed through architectural and restoration theories and examples of re-use from different periods. Even if the re-use of old buildings has been common throughout history, it is only since the modern restoration approach of the 19th century that the functionality of historical buildings has been considered important in their preservation. Among restoration debates during the 20th century the functionality and the re-use of historical buildings have been considered only occasionally. However, among theoretical discussions on architecture functionality has been one of the most central themes of the century. Can a historical building be authentic even if its original function has changed? The main issue in the re-use of historical buildings is not to find technical solutions or methodologies, but to understand the more profound intentions for the building. Historical buildings cannot be distinguished from the reality and the requirements of human beings of today. In the restorations there must be an equilibrium between the historical legacy and the requirements of the present. Analyzing historical buildings from the point of view of functional integrity offers not only a new method but also new possibilities to discover planning solutions in the re-use of the historical buildings — respecting both the past and the present. / Tiivistelmä Historiallisen rakennuksen säilymisen ehto on sen järkevä hyödyntäminen alkuperäisen käyttötarkoituksen loputtuakin. Silti käytön kannalta välttämättömiin muutoksiin suhtaudutaan usein kielteisesti. Tämä tutkimus käsittelee historiallisten rakennusten käyttötarkoituksen muutoksia arkkitehtuurin ja restauroinnin tehtävien näkökulmasta. Siinä pohditaan käyttötarkoituksen muutosten oikeutusta ja restauroinneissa keskeisenä pidettyä autenttisuuden ongelmaa. Samalla pyritään hahmottamaan, mitä tarkoittaa autenttisuuteen liittyvä funktionaalinen integriteetti käyttötarkoituksen muuttuessa. Utilitas-käsitteellä on aina antiikista lähtien viitattu arkkitehtuurin yhteydessä rakennusten funktionaalisuuteen ja käyttökelpoisuuteen. Aihetta on tässä tutkimuksessa käsitelty eri aikojen arkkitehtuuriteorioiden ja historiallisiin rakennuksiin kohdistuneiden käyttötarkoituksen muutosten avulla. Vaikka historiallisia rakennuksia on aina muutettu uusiin tarkoituksiin vasta 1800-luvulla alettiin korostaa käyttötarkoituksen merkitystä historiallisten rakennusten säilymiselle. Historiallisten rakennusten käyttötarkoituksen muutoksiin liittyviin ongelmiin on 1900-luvun restaurointikeskustelussa viitattu kuitenkin vain harvoin. Sen sijaan arkkitehtuurista puhuttaessa rakennuksen funktionaalisuus on ollut yksi keskeisistä aiheista. Suurin ongelma historiallisten rakennusten käyttötarkoituksen muutoksissa on rakennuksen syvempien merkitysten ymmärtäminen, ei teknisten menetelmien ja ratkaisujen puuttuminen. Historiallisia rakennuksia ei voida täysin erottaa todellisuudesta ja ihmisen tarpeista tässä ja nyt. Kysymys on tasapainosta historian ja nykyhetken välillä. Funktionaalisen integriteetin tarkastelu tarjoaa paitsi menetelmän restaurointien arvioimiseen, myös mahdollisuuden löytää uusia ratkaisuja historiallisten rakennusten hyödyntämiseksi samalla sekä historiaa että nykyajan tarpeita kunnioittaen.

In this study, an energy audit of a cultural-historical building in a Nordic climate was carried out. The study has been carried out by studying old drawings to calculate ar-eas of the building and taking part in compiled data from the property owner. The building's energy supply and energy losses have been calculated in order to be able to identify areas for improvement and ultimately provide action proposals. For the proposed measures, the idea is to reduce energy use. At the same time, the profita-bility is examined using present value calculation to see if the energy efficiency measures are profitable investments. Several different measures have been investi-gated through literature studies where the potential to make older buildings more energy efficient is great. These show that certain problems arise when the building has a cultural-historical value. These buildings have special rules to preserve the cul-tural-historical value and it is often difficult to get measures that change the appear-ance of the building. Measures that have been calculated more carefully include re-placement of windows and replacement of thermostatic valves in the heating system. Window change possibilities are limited by conservation requirements; the price will therefore be higher and profitability calculations show that it is not profitable to invest in new highly insulating ones. Current changes to thermostatic valves show profitability calculations that such an investment is profitable. No comfort measure-ments were made in the study, but measures such as improving the insulating ability of windows and installing thermostats on heating systems are both factors that will affect thermal comfort for the better. The result from the energy mapping shows that the building's specific energy use is 137 kWh/m2, year. / I den här studien genomfördes en energikartläggning av en kulturhistorisk byggnad i nordiskt klimat. Studien har genomförts genom att studera gamla ritningar för att beräkna areor på byggnaden och tagit del av sammanställda data från fastighetsäga-ren. Byggnadens energitillförsel och energiförluster har beräknats för att kunna identifiera förbättringsområden och till slut ge åtgärdsförslag. För de framförda åt-gärdsförslagen är tanken att minska energianvändningen. Samtidigt undersöks lön-samheten med hjälp av nuvärdeskalkyl för att se om energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna är lönsamma investeringar. Flera olika åtgärder har undersökts genom litteraturstu-dier där potentialen till att energieffektivisera äldre byggnader är stor. Dessa visar att vissa problem uppstår när byggnaden har ett kulturhistoriskt värde. Dessa bygg-nader har speciella regler för att bevara det kulturhistoriska värdet och det är ofta svårt att få göra åtgärder som förändrar byggnadens utseende. Åtgärder som har be-räknats mer noggrant innefattar fönsterbyte och byte till termostatventiler i värme-systemet. Fönstren begränsas av bevarandekrav; priset blir därmed högre och lön-samhetsberäkningar visar att det inte är lönsamt att investera i nya högisolerande så-dana. Gällande byte till termostatventiler visar lönsamhetsberäkningar på att sådan investeringen är lönsam. Inga komfortmätningar gjordes i studien men åtgärder så som att förbättra fönsters isoleringsförmåga och installation av termostater på vär-mesystem är båda faktorer som kommer att påverka den termiska komforten till det bättre. Resultatet från energikartläggningen visar att byggnadens specifika energian-vändning är 137 kWh/m2, år.

This Diploma thesis deals with geodetic survey of the interior in the historical building of Hussite Church in Dejvice, Prague. Data that has been obtained from survey is used in the thesis in creation of the drawing documentation. In the thesis, there are also described options for creating a 3D model of the interior of the historical building. The thesis presents a theoretical overview of surveying methods used in surveying of buildings and it presents a list of available software for creating 3D models, too. There is also a historical overview of development of surveying documentation for historical buildings. The thesis also focuses on purpose and general principles in surveying of historical buildings and importance of visualization in 3D. The main aim of this thesis is to survey the selected interior by spatial polar method using passive reflection, to process 2D outputs (platform, elevations, detail of the pillar) of the object and to describe opportunities of presenting results in 3D.

The study deals with the reconstruction and new functional use of the castle in Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou. He is currently unused and disillusioned. The owner of the castle is the town of Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou. City leadership takes steps to save the building. The proposal takes into account the city's wishes regarding the use of the building and the arrangement of dispositions is designed to meet today's operational requirements. The design tries to highlight the architectural values of the castle and offers a dignified use of this monument.