This work has as a main objective to perform a Post-Occupancy Evaluation of the Housing Nucleus of Saint Marta (COHAB - Santa Marta), after twenty eight years of its implantation, comprehending two approaches. The first one evaluated the level of satisfaction of the users through a detailed questionnaire that pointed positive and negative aspects, emphasizing the deficient quality of some components of the housing units that presented deterioration within a short period of existence. As a consequence, court processes were judged to the reparation of the insurance prizes in almost six hundred houses, from the total of eight hundred and seventy two. The second approach was the technical evaluation of the project and of the found pathologies. The conclusion points to a project with housing area and internal dimensions smaller than the necessity of the users, and to little pathologies resultant to the residents intervention. As a positive aspect, the adopted constructive system - hollow bricks masonry reinforced with concrete braces - resulted in constructive stability throughout the dwellings existence. It was also detected the evolution of the land division, which is being directed to the decharacterization of the initial aesthetics, with the execution of reforms and increases in constructions, according to the demand of the families and the real estate market dynamics. Was included suggestions to enlargement in units of two and three bedrooms, and to futures projects. / Este trabalho tem com objetivo principal fazer uma Avaliação Pós-Ocupação do Núcleo Habitacional Santa Marta (COHAB - Santa Marta), após vinte e oito anos de sua implantação, compreendendo dois enfoques. O primeiro, avaliou o nível de satisfação dos usuários através de um detalhado questionário que apontou pontos positivos e negativos, com ênfase para a qualidade deficiente de alguns componentes das unidades habitacionais que apresentaram deterioração com pouco tempo de existência. Como conseqüência, foram ajuizados processos judiciais para ressarcimentos dos prêmios dos seguros em quase seiscentas casas, do total de oitocentas e setenta e duas. O segundo enfoque foi a avaliação técnica do projeto e de patologias encontradas. A conclusão aponta para um projeto com área e dimensões internas das moradias aquém da necessidade dos usuários e poucas patologias resultantes, após a intervenção dos moradores. Como aspecto positivo, o sistema construtivo adotado alvenaria de tijolos vazados com reforço de cintas de concreto - resultou em estabilidade construtiva no decurso da existência das habitações. Também foi constatada a evolução do loteamento, que está se dirigindo para a descaracterização da estética inicial, com efetivação de reformas e aumentos nas edificações, de acordo com a demanda das famílias e com a dinâmica do mercado imobiliário. Ainda, foram incluídas sugestões para melhorias nas unidades de dois e três dormitórios e para futuros empreendimentos habitacionais similares.

Nas últimas décadas, o policloreto de vinila (PVC) tem sido cada vez mais utilizado na Construção Civil, em razão de suas propriedades que o condiciona a substituir outros materiais na execução das obras. Neste caso, tais propriedades são conferidas pela ação de aditivos incorporados na formulação deste polímero, que o torna capaz de ser utilizado em diferentes aplicações, sendo uma delas os revestimentos vinílicos para o recobrimento de superfícies no interior dos edifícios. Entretanto, em pesquisas internacionais, ocorridas a partir dos anos 1990, ficou comprovado que havia a presença de substâncias químicas, denominadas compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV), nestes revestimentos. Diante destes fatores, na presente pesquisa, propôs-se a identificação e quantificação destas substâncias químicas em revestimentos vinílicos para aplicação em pisos e paredes, e nos adesivos de contato (colas), por meio de técnicas analíticas: micro-extração de fase sólida e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas e termogravimetria acoplada ao espectroscópio de infravermelho. Os resultados das análises qualitativas indicaram a presença de compostos pertencentes às classes químicas dos ésteres, éter glicólicos, alcanos, álcoois, cetonas, antioxidantes, ésteres de acetato, terpenos, tióis, organoclorados, solventes hidrocarbonetos e ácido cloreto, encontrados em sua maior parte nas amostras de linhas de piso vinílico e de adesivo de contato, pertencentes à uma das empresas líderes de mercado. Enquanto que as amostras de revestimentos vinílicos de parede não indicaram a presença de COV. Os resultados mais significativos nas análises quantitativas foram obtidos com as amostras de revestimentos, aplicados com adesivo de contato (cola), que indicaram concentrações de 216,41 mg/m³ e de 403,33 mg/m³ do composto 2-etil-1-hexanol, cujos valores estavam acima do limite máximo de 110 mg/m³ estipulado pela norma internacional MAK. Este e outros COVs identificados nesta pesquisa foram analisados quanto aos efeitos que podem causar na saúde humana, se ultrapassarem os limites máximos estabelecidos pelas normas internacionais, que vão desde os efeitos agudos, como irritações de pele, membranas mucosas dos olhos, nariz, garganta e trato respiratório, aos efeitos graves, como doenças neurológicas, distúrbios no ritmo cardíaco, depressão do sistema nervoso, asfixia e câncer. Além de ser verificado se os compostos orgânicos identificados podem contribuir para a redução da qualidade do ar interno das habitações. / In recent decades, the polyvinyl chloride has been increasingly used in civil construction, because of its properties that giving them conditions to replace other materials in the works of buildings. In this case, these properties are conferred by the incorporated additives in the formulation of the polymer, which makes it able to be used in different applications, being part of them the vinyl coverings, inside buildings. However, in international research that took place from the 1990s, it was proved that existed chemicals called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in these coatings. Given these factors, in the present study aimed to identify and quantify these chemicals in vinyl coatings for use on floors and walls, and contact adhesives (glues), by means of analytical techniques: phase micro-extraction and solid gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy. In this case, the additives are incorporated into the formulation of this polymer gives it properties which make it able to be used in different applications, as is the case of vinyl floorings and the vinyl wallpapers, which feature flexible and semi-flexible behavior, due to presence of plasticizers (phthalates) in their formulations. The results of the qualitative analysis showed the presence of compounds belonging to the chemical classes of esters, glycol ether, alkanes, alcohols, ketones, antioxidants, acetate esters, terpenes, thiols, chlorinated, hydrocarbon solvents and acid chloride, found mostly in samples of floor lines and vinyl contact adhesive, both sold in Brazil. While samples of vinyl wall coverings do not indicate the presence of VOC. The most significant results was obtained in quantitative analysis with samples of coatings applied with contact adhesive (glue), which indicated concentrations of 216.41 mg / m³ and 403.33 mg / m³ of the 2-ethyl-1-hexanol compound, whose values were above the upper limit of 110 mg / m³ stipulated by international standard MAK. This and other VOCs identified in this study were analyzed about the effects that can cause human health, if they exceed the limits set by international standards, ranging from the acute effects such as skin irritation, mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract, to the chronic effects such as neurological disorders, heart rhythm disorders, nervous system depression, asphyxia and cancer. In addition to it is verified if the identified organic compounds may contribute to the reduction of the indoor air quality of the houses.

Nas últimas décadas, o policloreto de vinila (PVC) tem sido cada vez mais utilizado na Construção Civil, em razão de suas propriedades que o condiciona a substituir outros materiais na execução das obras. Neste caso, tais propriedades são conferidas pela ação de aditivos incorporados na formulação deste polímero, que o torna capaz de ser utilizado em diferentes aplicações, sendo uma delas os revestimentos vinílicos para o recobrimento de superfícies no interior dos edifícios. Entretanto, em pesquisas internacionais, ocorridas a partir dos anos 1990, ficou comprovado que havia a presença de substâncias químicas, denominadas compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV), nestes revestimentos. Diante destes fatores, na presente pesquisa, propôs-se a identificação e quantificação destas substâncias químicas em revestimentos vinílicos para aplicação em pisos e paredes, e nos adesivos de contato (colas), por meio de técnicas analíticas: micro-extração de fase sólida e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas e termogravimetria acoplada ao espectroscópio de infravermelho. Os resultados das análises qualitativas indicaram a presença de compostos pertencentes às classes químicas dos ésteres, éter glicólicos, alcanos, álcoois, cetonas, antioxidantes, ésteres de acetato, terpenos, tióis, organoclorados, solventes hidrocarbonetos e ácido cloreto, encontrados em sua maior parte nas amostras de linhas de piso vinílico e de adesivo de contato, pertencentes à uma das empresas líderes de mercado. Enquanto que as amostras de revestimentos vinílicos de parede não indicaram a presença de COV. Os resultados mais significativos nas análises quantitativas foram obtidos com as amostras de revestimentos, aplicados com adesivo de contato (cola), que indicaram concentrações de 216,41 mg/m³ e de 403,33 mg/m³ do composto 2-etil-1-hexanol, cujos valores estavam acima do limite máximo de 110 mg/m³ estipulado pela norma internacional MAK. Este e outros COVs identificados nesta pesquisa foram analisados quanto aos efeitos que podem causar na saúde humana, se ultrapassarem os limites máximos estabelecidos pelas normas internacionais, que vão desde os efeitos agudos, como irritações de pele, membranas mucosas dos olhos, nariz, garganta e trato respiratório, aos efeitos graves, como doenças neurológicas, distúrbios no ritmo cardíaco, depressão do sistema nervoso, asfixia e câncer. Além de ser verificado se os compostos orgânicos identificados podem contribuir para a redução da qualidade do ar interno das habitações. / In recent decades, the polyvinyl chloride has been increasingly used in civil construction, because of its properties that giving them conditions to replace other materials in the works of buildings. In this case, these properties are conferred by the incorporated additives in the formulation of the polymer, which makes it able to be used in different applications, being part of them the vinyl coverings, inside buildings. However, in international research that took place from the 1990s, it was proved that existed chemicals called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in these coatings. Given these factors, in the present study aimed to identify and quantify these chemicals in vinyl coatings for use on floors and walls, and contact adhesives (glues), by means of analytical techniques: phase micro-extraction and solid gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy. In this case, the additives are incorporated into the formulation of this polymer gives it properties which make it able to be used in different applications, as is the case of vinyl floorings and the vinyl wallpapers, which feature flexible and semi-flexible behavior, due to presence of plasticizers (phthalates) in their formulations. The results of the qualitative analysis showed the presence of compounds belonging to the chemical classes of esters, glycol ether, alkanes, alcohols, ketones, antioxidants, acetate esters, terpenes, thiols, chlorinated, hydrocarbon solvents and acid chloride, found mostly in samples of floor lines and vinyl contact adhesive, both sold in Brazil. While samples of vinyl wall coverings do not indicate the presence of VOC. The most significant results was obtained in quantitative analysis with samples of coatings applied with contact adhesive (glue), which indicated concentrations of 216.41 mg / m³ and 403.33 mg / m³ of the 2-ethyl-1-hexanol compound, whose values were above the upper limit of 110 mg / m³ stipulated by international standard MAK. This and other VOCs identified in this study were analyzed about the effects that can cause human health, if they exceed the limits set by international standards, ranging from the acute effects such as skin irritation, mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract, to the chronic effects such as neurological disorders, heart rhythm disorders, nervous system depression, asphyxia and cancer. In addition to it is verified if the identified organic compounds may contribute to the reduction of the indoor air quality of the houses.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-06T11:42:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - C?ssia Thais Silva Santos.pdf: 4767415 bytes, checksum: 7078f4a6b3c6455dd65b9fa432b3a6ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T11:42:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - C?ssia Thais Silva Santos.pdf: 4767415 bytes, checksum: 7078f4a6b3c6455dd65b9fa432b3a6ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-20 / It is crescent the research by new materials and methods for creating and same market insertion. Currently, among the various types of waste, electronic waste is considered obsolete in a very short time and require proper disposal. In Brazil, the last year, the reuse of plastic materials has increased. This study aimed to research the importance of mobile phones waste recycling, which have short pace of useful life used as reinforcements, no development of new materials containing recycled thermoplastic polymer (Low Density Polyethylene LDPE) and from the analyzes mechanical and dangerousness of these new materials, so justify the replacement of the importance of some materials with longer life time and easy recyclability, that form provides a reduction of environmental impacts caused by the generated waste were developed six blends of (Low Density Polyethylene recycled and PCABS carcasses - LDPErec/PC-ABS), with composition and grain size variation of cell granulometry housing and also an analysis of pure materials. The results obtained for analysis of diffraction X-ray, density, water absorption, hardness, scanning electronic microscopy and mechanical testing showed one low interaction between polymers, beyond the performance of the amorphous polymer morphology and hence the crystallinity mix, directly affected at the thermal and mechanical properties. As for the hazard analysis of the materials developed, they were not found excess levels of metal toxicants, the limits established by ABNT NBR 10004 / ? crescente a pesquisa por novos materiais e metodologias para a cria??o e inser??o dos mesmos no mercado. Atualmente, dentre os diversos tipos de res?duos, os res?duos eletroeletr?nicos tem aumentado exponencialmente, pois estes tem sido considerados obsoletos em um intervalo de tempo muito curto e necessitam de descarte adequado. No Brasil, nos ?ltimos anos, o reaproveitamento de materiais pl?sticos tamb?m tem aumentado. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo pesquisar a import?ncia da reciclagem de res?duos de telefones celulares (carca?as), que possuem curto tempo de vida ?til, utilizados como refor?os, no desenvolvimento de novos materiais, contendo pol?mero termopl?stico reciclado (polietileno de baixa densidade ? PEBD) e, a partir das an?lises mec?nicas e da periculosidade destes novos materiais, justificar a import?ncia da substitui??o de alguns materiais por outros com maior tempo de vida ?til e de f?cil reciclabilidade, de forma que proporcione a redu??o dos impactos ambientais provocados com os res?duos gerados. Para tal, foram desenvolvidas 6 blendas de (Polietileno de baixa densidade reciclado e carca?as de PC-ABS - PEBDrec/PC-ABS), com varia??o da composi??o e granulometria das carca?as de aparelhos celular, e tamb?m a an?lise dos mat?rias puros. Os resultados obtidos pelas an?lises de difra??o de raios-X, densidade, absor??o de ?gua, dureza, microscopia eletr?nica de varredura e ensaios mec?nicos mostraram que a baixa intera??o entre os pol?meros, al?m da atua??o do pol?mero amorfo na morfologia e, consequentemente, na cristalinidade da mistura, afetou diretamente nas propriedades t?rmicas e mec?nicas. Quanto ? an?lise de periculosidade dos materiais desenvolvidos, n?o foram encontrados n?veis excedentes de metais t?xicos, conforme limites estabelecidos pela NBR ABNT 10004.

El problema que aborda esta investigación es la política de protección pública a la vivienda, desde la Ley de Casas Barata, de 1991 hasta nuestros días.Aunque a lo largo de la historia, ciertamente la humanidad en su conjunto no ha podido nunca suministrarse un cobijo satisfactorio, en estos momentos, tal permanente frustración resulta singularmente insoportable para la conciencia de hombre moderno que se siente orgulloso dominador de la fuerzas naturales y capaz progresivamente de ponerlas al servicio de sus propias necesidades vitales. El problema de la vivienda es uno de los retos que arrastra nuestra sociedad desde hace demasiados años. La diversidad y la complejidad de variantes y aspectos del problema coadyuva, si cabe, a acrecentar su gravedad (fenómenos legislativos, económicos, políticos y sociales).En el estado en que se ha venido desarrollando la política de una parte, y el subsector de la vivienda por otro, en las últimas décadas, consideramos que no tiene cabida un mercado de viviendas impoluto de la mano pública.Esta constatación implica una revisión crítica de la política en viviendas en general, así como de los instrumentos y Entes implicados en su desarrollo.En definitiva, el intervencionismo de la Administración Pública en la satisfacción de las necesidades ciudadanas de vivienda es hoy irreversible. Esta intervención debe volcarse en la consecución de unos resultados y desarrollarse a través de la utilización, previamente planificada, de todos los instrumentos disponibles. / The problem which this investigation approaches is the policy of public protection to the housing since the Law of Cheap Houses dated 1911 till nowadays.Even if during the whole history the humanity altogether has never really been able to provide itself a satisfactory shelter, at present such a permanent frustration results specially unbearable for the conscience of the modern man who feels himself proud of dominating the natural forces and able little by little to put them at the service of his own vital needs.The housing problem is one of the challenges which our society suffers since too many years. The diversity and complexity of the problem variations and aspects contribute to increase still more its seriousness (legislative, economical, political a social phenomenon).In view of the way in which the policy has been developed from one side and the housing economical subsector from another in the last decades, we consider that a completely clean housing market by the public hand is quite impossible. This observation means a critical checking of the housing policy in general as well as of the instruments and Bodies involved in its development.In short the intervention of the Public Administration in the satisfaction of the citizen needs for housing is nowadays irreversible. This intervention must insist to obtain some results and develop itself through the previously planned use of all available instruments.

Aquesta tesi doctoral estudia diferents aspectes sobre els habitatges a la província de Girona, combinant l'anàlisi sobre l'evolució històrica dels habitatges, el fenomen de les segones residències i el mercat d'apartaments turístics. El paper de la població és el principal motor del creixement dels habitatges durant el segle XX. Tot i així, durant la segona meitat, el pes dels habitatges secundaris en zones turístiques com Costa Brava i municipis de muntanya han tingut el seu paper significatiu. Altres factors determinants en els darrers anys han estat la immigració i la disminució del tamany de les llars. Les segones residències a Girona s'ubiquen en gran part a la Costa Brava (al voltant del 75% del total a la província). S'observa un fenomen d'expansió en forma de "taca d'oli" des de la Costa Brava cap a l'interior i des de la Cerdanya cap a zones més orientals. Dins el mercat d'apartaments turístics, una sèrie de regressions hedòniques han posat de manifest les variables que més influeixen sobre el preu final del lloguer de l'habitatge turístic com el nombre d'habitacions, el tipus d'allotjament, la distància sobre la platja, el municipi d'ubicació i la temporada turística. Respecte als hotels (el mateix exercici) com a bé substitutiu destaquen les mateixes variables excepte la piscina (menys valorat) i el pàrking (més valorat). / This doctoral thesis studies different aspects on the housings in the province of Girona, combining the historical evolution of them, the phenomenon of the second residences and the market of the tourist apartments. The role of population is the main motive of the growth of the housings during the XXth century in the zone. Nonetheless, during the second half, the weight of the secondary housings in tourist zones like the Costa Brava and mountain towns have had their significant role as well. Other determinant factors in the last years have been the immigration and the decrease of the home's size. The second residences in Girona are located for the most part in the Costa Brava (about 75 % of whole to the province). A phenomenon of expansion is observed with a "spot of oil" effect from the Costa Brava towards the interior and from the Cerdanya (specialized mountain tourism zone) towards more oriental zones. Inside the market of tourist apartments, hedonic regressions have shown the variables that have more influence to the final price of the rent of the tourist housing: number of rooms, type of housing, distance the beach, municipality and season. Another exercise for hotels (as a substitute good) shows the same importance of variables to the final price excepting in the swimming pool (less valued) and the parking (more valued)

Cette thèse a pour objet les habitats alternatifs aux dispositifs gérontologiques institués pour personnes âgées « fragiles » et « dépendantes ». Ces formules résidentielles s’inscrivent dans le prolongement d’un mouvement à contre-courant amorcé en France dès la fin des années 1970. Dans une comparaison critique avec les infrastructures existantes, structurées autour des deux pôles du maintien à domicile et de l’hébergement institutionnel, il s’agit pour les porteurs de projets de réinventer les lieux du vieillir et d’imaginer de nouveaux modèles d’accueil et d’accompagnement viables, si possible, « jusqu’à la mort ». Nous appréhendons ces réalisations novatrices comme des laboratoires d’expérimentation. Les habitats alternatifs amorcent une ouverture du champ des possibles. Cette ouverture suppose de faire un « pas de côté » pour repenser ou se substituer à l’institué et répondre aux besoins jugés insatisfaits ou mal satisfaits des populations vieillissantes « fragiles » et « dépendantes ». Cette recherche s’appuie sur des enquêtes empiriques menées dans plusieurs formules alternatives et sur un corpus de 49 entretiens directifs approfondis avec les différents acteurs qui évoluent dans les lieux (initiateurs, équipes de coordination et de médiation, aidants professionnels, familiaux et familiers, usagers). / This research studies alternative housings for the elderly with frailty and dependence. These new habitats forms have been built in France since the end of the 1970th in order to deal with the shortcomings of the gerontological facilities: the traditional nursing homes, which are highly criticized, and the home-care support. The projects leaders aim to reinvent the place to grow old and to create new welcome and support facilities for the elderly until the end of life. We define these innovated habitats as experimental laboratory which aim to respond, in a different way, the unmet need of the elderly with frailty and dependence.This PhD is based on empirical research conducted in several alternative housings and 49 semi-structured interviews with actors operating in these (projects leaders, coordination and mediation teams, professional families and friend’s caregivers, users). From a comparative and a comprehensive approach, we can address convergence and divergence of the alternative housing, understand the social experiment path, return the logic and the dynamics of reception and support methodologies, evaluate stress points between the modelled field with the initiators and the field with experienced by users, but we can also question the scope and meaning of the gerontological alternative in a broader perspective. Indeed, alterative housings are initiated in a context promoting values like autonomy and self- realization which may be seen as new normative injunctions.