In this study, new methods and processing equipments for sesame dehulling were investigated. First, water absorption of sesame seed was studied at 20, 30, and 40&deg / C. The data could be modeled using Peleg equation where it was found that the constant k1 was inversely related to temperature but the effect of temperature on k2 was negligible. In the second phase of the work a lab scale continuous screw conveyor as dehuller and two equipments, (1) fluidized bed dryer and (2) hull separator to function as agitator, dryer and separator, for hull separation were designed. Fluidized bed unit was unsuccessful as it caused rapid drying of seeds before hulls can be removed. Using designed dehuller and hull separator, seeds at 30.5, 50.4 and 70.7 % db moisture contents were processed at dehuller speeds of 420, 840, and 1150 rpm. It was found that the percentage of dehulled seeds was linearly dependent on moisture content, optimal speed of designed dehuller was 840 rpm, and results for the efficiency of dehulling the seeds were significantly the same at 420 and 1150 rpm. Repeated passes of seeds through dehuller not only increased the efficiency of dehulling but also the percentage of damaged seeds. A dehulling efficiency of about 92.5 % was attained after four passes. The possibility of soaking seeds in an enzyme solution before dehulling was also investigated. By this means, after soaking in 0.2 % (v/v) Peelzyme-I solution for 15 min, a dehulling efficiency of 95 % was achieved.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. [149]-151.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-200).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1996. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 512-520).

A produção biotecnológica de xilitol e etanol mediante o cultivo de leveduras em hidrolisados hemicelulósicos obtidos a partir de resíduos agroindustriais é de grande interesse econômico. Isso porque, esse processo pode agregar valor aos resíduos lignocelulósicos, substituir o corrente e oneroso processo químico de obtenção de xilitol, além de promover um aproveitamento completo dos materiais, utilizando as frações celulósica e hemicelulósica, para a obtenção de etanol, biocombustível de grande interesse econômico e ambiental. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo ampliar os conhecimentos da produção biotecnológica de xilitol e etanol mediante o cultivo de Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 a partir de hidrolisado de casca de soja (SHH). A melhor condição de hidrólise testada (125 °C; 1,4 % (v/v) H2SO4; 1 h; 1/10 relação sólido/líquido) promoveu hidrólise de 76 % da hemicelulose da casca de soja, liberando, 85 e 62 % de manose e xilose, respectivamente. Dentre os tratamentos de detoxificação testados no hidrolisado de casca de soja quatro vezes concentrado (SHH-4C), o carvão ativado (10 % (p/v)) demonstrou os melhores resultados, apresentando alto índice de remoção de contaminantes, 95 e 76 % para furfural e compostos fenólicos, respectivamente. Os parâmetros cinéticos obtidos a partir do cultivo em SHH-4C demonstraram que a pressão osmótica desse meio é maior do que a suportada por leveduras osmofílicas, revelando a característica osmotolerante da C. guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075. Os cultivos realizados em frascos agitados empregando SHH duas vezes concentrado (SHH-2C) resultaram na produção de etanol com altos índices de rendimento, não havendo produção de xilitol, devido, provavelmente, a uma variação na preferência do cofator da xilose redutase nesta levedura. Os cultivos de SHH-2C em batelada, avaliando-se a influência do coeficiente de transferência de oxigênio em três diferentes níveis (kLa de 0, 8 e 46 h-1, respectivamente, anaeróbio, microearóbio e aeróbio), comprovaram a possibilidade de produção de xilitol a partir de hidrolisado de casca de soja desde que condições limitadas de oxigênio (kLa de 8 h-1) sejam empregadas, bem como, a boa fermentabilidade do meio dado o alto rendimento de formação de biomassa sob condições aeróbias (kLa de 46 h-1). Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho revelam o potencial do hidrolisado de casca de soja em aplicações biotecnológicas. / The biotechnology production of xylitol and ethanol by yeasts in hemicellulosic hydrolysates from agro industrial residues has great economic interest. This process can add value to these materials; replace the expensive chemical processes currently used for xylitol production, and makes the bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials into ethanol using hemicellulose in addition to cellulose to obtain this biofuel of important economical and environmental interest. The aim of the present work was to improve the knowledge about the biotechnological production of xylitol and ethanol employing the cultivation of Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 in soybean hull hydrolysate (SHH). The best acid hydrolysis of soybean hull (125 °C; 1.4 % (v/v) H2SO4; 1 h; 1/10 solid/liquid ratio) produced a hydrolysis of 76 % of hemicellulose from soybean hull, liberating approximately, 85 and 62 % of the total xylose and manose, respectively. Four-fold soybean hull hydrolysate (SHH-4C) was submitted to different detoxification treatments, of which activated charcoal 10 % (w/v) showed the best results, removing 95 and 76 % of furfural and phenol, respectively. Kinetic parameters obtained from the cultivation of C. guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 on detoxified SHH-4C have shown that the osmotic pressure of this medium is higher than that supported by most osmophilic yeasts, revealing the osmotolerant characteristic of C. guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075. When cultivations were carried out on two times concentrated SHH (SHH- 2C) in shake flasks, we obtained high yields of ethanol production. Although xylose was present in high concentrations, no xylitol was produced, probably due to some varying cofactor preference of xylose reductase in this yeast strain. Batch cultivation of SHH-2C employing as variable parameter the oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa), evaluating three different conditions of aeration (kLa of 0, 8 e 46 h-1, respectively, anaerobic, microerobic and anaerobic) revealed that it is possible to produce xylitol from soybean hull hydrolysate if conditions of oxygen limitation are applied. Furthermore, this hydrolysate readily metabolized under aerobic conditions (kLa of 46 h-1) rendering a high biomass yield. These results showed the prospect of SHH as a candidate for biotechnological process.

ARAÚJO, Rafael Teixeira de. Convexidades de caminhos e convexidades geométricas. 2014. 52 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ciência da computação)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-12T16:01:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rtaraujo.pdf: 997190 bytes, checksum: 1adad553da251fa0f87bb80fbe452db4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2016-07-21T16:02:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rtaraujo.pdf: 997190 bytes, checksum: 1adad553da251fa0f87bb80fbe452db4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T16:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rtaraujo.pdf: 997190 bytes, checksum: 1adad553da251fa0f87bb80fbe452db4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / In this dissertation we present complexity results related to the hull number and the convexity number for P3 convexity. We show that the hull number and the convexity number are NP-hard even for bipartite graphs. Inspired by our research in convexity based on paths, we introduce a new convexity, where we defined as convexity of induced paths of order three or P∗ 3 . We show a relation between the geodetic convexity and the P∗ 3 convexity when the graph is a join of a Km with a non-complete graph. We did research in geometric convexity and from that we characterized graph classes under some convexities such as the star florest in P3 convexity, chordal cographs in P∗ 3 convexity, and the florests in TP convexity. We also demonstrated convexities that are geometric only in specific graph classes such as cographs in P4+-free convexity, F free graphs in F-free convexity and others. Finally, we demonstrated some results of geodesic convexity and P∗ 3 in graphs with few P4’s. / Nessa dissertação apresentamos resultados de complexidade relativos ao número de hull e o número de convexidade na convexidade P3. Mostramos que o número de hull e o número de convexidade é NP-difícil mesmo em grafos bipartidos. Motivados por nossa pesquisa em convexidade baseada em caminhos introduzimos uma nova convexidade a qual definimos como convexidade dos caminhos induzidos de ordem três ou P∗ 3 . Mostramos uma relação da convexidade geodésica com a convexidade P∗ 3 no caso onde o grafo ´e uma jun¸c˜ao de um Km com um grafo n˜ao completo. Estudamos também convexidade geométrica e caracterizamos algumas classes de grafos em determinadas convexidade como as florestas de estrela na convexidade P3, cografos cordais na convexidade P∗ 3 , e as florestas na convexidade TP. Mostramos também convexidades que são geométricas somente em uma determinada classe de grafos como os cografos na convexidade P4+-free, os grafos livres de F na convexidade F-free entre outras. Por fim demonstramos alguns resultados de convexidade geodésica e P∗ 3 na em grafos com poucos P4’s.

Nesta dissertação estudamos sob que condições um módulo de comprimento finito pode ser imerso em um módulo injetivo de comprimento finito. Também apresentamos a caracterização, dada por Hirano em [8], para os anéis sobre os quais todo módulo de comprimento finito tem um fecho injetivo de comprimento finito, os chamados de ¶-V-anéis. Além disso, mostramos que as extensões normais finitas de ¶-V-anéis são também ¶-V-anéis. / In this dissertation we study under what conditions a module of finite length can be embedded in an injective module of finite length. Also, we present a charactization, given by Hirano in [8], for the rings over which all module of finite length has an injective hull of finite length, the so called ¶-V-rings. Moreover, we show that finite normalizing extensions of ¶-V-rings are also ¶-V-rings.

A produção biotecnológica de xilitol e etanol mediante o cultivo de leveduras em hidrolisados hemicelulósicos obtidos a partir de resíduos agroindustriais é de grande interesse econômico. Isso porque, esse processo pode agregar valor aos resíduos lignocelulósicos, substituir o corrente e oneroso processo químico de obtenção de xilitol, além de promover um aproveitamento completo dos materiais, utilizando as frações celulósica e hemicelulósica, para a obtenção de etanol, biocombustível de grande interesse econômico e ambiental. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo ampliar os conhecimentos da produção biotecnológica de xilitol e etanol mediante o cultivo de Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 a partir de hidrolisado de casca de soja (SHH). A melhor condição de hidrólise testada (125 °C; 1,4 % (v/v) H2SO4; 1 h; 1/10 relação sólido/líquido) promoveu hidrólise de 76 % da hemicelulose da casca de soja, liberando, 85 e 62 % de manose e xilose, respectivamente. Dentre os tratamentos de detoxificação testados no hidrolisado de casca de soja quatro vezes concentrado (SHH-4C), o carvão ativado (10 % (p/v)) demonstrou os melhores resultados, apresentando alto índice de remoção de contaminantes, 95 e 76 % para furfural e compostos fenólicos, respectivamente. Os parâmetros cinéticos obtidos a partir do cultivo em SHH-4C demonstraram que a pressão osmótica desse meio é maior do que a suportada por leveduras osmofílicas, revelando a característica osmotolerante da C. guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075. Os cultivos realizados em frascos agitados empregando SHH duas vezes concentrado (SHH-2C) resultaram na produção de etanol com altos índices de rendimento, não havendo produção de xilitol, devido, provavelmente, a uma variação na preferência do cofator da xilose redutase nesta levedura. Os cultivos de SHH-2C em batelada, avaliando-se a influência do coeficiente de transferência de oxigênio em três diferentes níveis (kLa de 0, 8 e 46 h-1, respectivamente, anaeróbio, microearóbio e aeróbio), comprovaram a possibilidade de produção de xilitol a partir de hidrolisado de casca de soja desde que condições limitadas de oxigênio (kLa de 8 h-1) sejam empregadas, bem como, a boa fermentabilidade do meio dado o alto rendimento de formação de biomassa sob condições aeróbias (kLa de 46 h-1). Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho revelam o potencial do hidrolisado de casca de soja em aplicações biotecnológicas. / The biotechnology production of xylitol and ethanol by yeasts in hemicellulosic hydrolysates from agro industrial residues has great economic interest. This process can add value to these materials; replace the expensive chemical processes currently used for xylitol production, and makes the bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials into ethanol using hemicellulose in addition to cellulose to obtain this biofuel of important economical and environmental interest. The aim of the present work was to improve the knowledge about the biotechnological production of xylitol and ethanol employing the cultivation of Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 in soybean hull hydrolysate (SHH). The best acid hydrolysis of soybean hull (125 °C; 1.4 % (v/v) H2SO4; 1 h; 1/10 solid/liquid ratio) produced a hydrolysis of 76 % of hemicellulose from soybean hull, liberating approximately, 85 and 62 % of the total xylose and manose, respectively. Four-fold soybean hull hydrolysate (SHH-4C) was submitted to different detoxification treatments, of which activated charcoal 10 % (w/v) showed the best results, removing 95 and 76 % of furfural and phenol, respectively. Kinetic parameters obtained from the cultivation of C. guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 on detoxified SHH-4C have shown that the osmotic pressure of this medium is higher than that supported by most osmophilic yeasts, revealing the osmotolerant characteristic of C. guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075. When cultivations were carried out on two times concentrated SHH (SHH- 2C) in shake flasks, we obtained high yields of ethanol production. Although xylose was present in high concentrations, no xylitol was produced, probably due to some varying cofactor preference of xylose reductase in this yeast strain. Batch cultivation of SHH-2C employing as variable parameter the oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa), evaluating three different conditions of aeration (kLa of 0, 8 e 46 h-1, respectively, anaerobic, microerobic and anaerobic) revealed that it is possible to produce xylitol from soybean hull hydrolysate if conditions of oxygen limitation are applied. Furthermore, this hydrolysate readily metabolized under aerobic conditions (kLa of 46 h-1) rendering a high biomass yield. These results showed the prospect of SHH as a candidate for biotechnological process.

abstract: The shortest path between two locations is important for spatial analysis, location modeling, and wayfinding tasks. Depending on permissible movement and availability of data, the shortest path is either derived from a pre-defined transportation network or constructed in continuous space. However, continuous space movement adds substantial complexity to identifying the shortest path as the influence of obstacles has to be considered to avoid errors and biases in a derived path. This obstacle-avoiding shortest path in continuous space has been referred to as Euclidean shortest path (ESP), and attracted the attention of many researchers. It has been proven that constructing a graph is an effective approach to limit infinite search options associated with continuous space, reducing the problem to a finite set of potential paths. To date, various methods have been developed for ESP derivation. However, their computational efficiency is limited due to fundamental limitations in graph construction. In this research, a novel algorithm is developed for efficient identification of a graph guaranteed to contain the ESP. This new approach is referred to as the convexpath algorithm, and exploits spatial knowledge and GIS functionality to efficiently construct a graph. The convexpath algorithm utilizes the notion of a convex hull to simultaneously identify relevant obstacles and construct the graph. Additionally, a spatial filtering technique based on intermediate shortest path is enhances intelligent identification of relevant obstacles. Empirical applications show that the convexpath algorithm is able to construct a graph and derive the ESP with significantly improved efficiency compared to visibility and local visibility graph approaches. Furthermore, to boost the performance of convexpath in big data environments, a parallelization approach is proposed and applied to exploit computationally intensive spatial operations of convexpath. Multicore CPU parallelization demonstrates noticeable efficiency gain over the sequential convexpath. Finally, spatial representation and approximation issues associated with raster-based approximation of the ESP are assessed. This dissertation provides a comprehensive treatment of the ESP, and details an important approach for deriving an optimal ESP in real time. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2015

abstract: Two thirds of the U.S. power systems are operated under market structures. A good market design should maximize social welfare and give market participants proper incentives to follow market solutions. Pricing schemes play very important roles in market design. Locational marginal pricing scheme is the core pricing scheme in energy markets. Locational marginal prices are good pricing signals for dispatch marginal costs. However, the locational marginal prices alone are not incentive compatible since energy markets are non-convex markets. Locational marginal prices capture dispatch costs but fail to capture commitment costs such as startup cost, no-load cost, and shutdown cost. As a result, uplift payments are paid to generators in markets in order to provide incentives for generators to follow market solutions. The uplift payments distort pricing signals. In this thesis, pricing schemes in electric energy markets are studied. In the first part, convex hull pricing scheme is studied and the pricing model is extended with network constraints. The subgradient algorithm is applied to solve the pricing model. In the second part, a stochastic dispatchable pricing model is proposed to better address the non-convexity and uncertainty issues in day-ahead energy markets. In the third part, an energy storage arbitrage model with the current locational marginal price scheme is studied. Numerical test cases are studied to show the arguments in this thesis. The overall market and pricing scheme design is a very complex problem. This thesis gives a thorough overview of pricing schemes in day-ahead energy markets and addressed several key issues in the markets. New pricing schemes are proposed to improve market efficiency. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2016