自1992年首次公開「信用風險的衍生性商品」之後，信用衍生性商品市場從此展開，本國財政部也於民國91年底開放信用衍生性商品的交易；然而，目前信用衍生性商品仍是以英、美為主要的市場，信用違約交換為最大宗，其餘依序是擔保債券憑證（Collateralized Debt Obligations，CDO）、總收益交換協議（Total Return Swap）、信用連結債券及信用價差商品，然而，從市場接受度、法令配合度及券商的競爭優勢等方面來看，卻以信用連結債券較高。 目前已有部分券商及銀行發行信用衍生性商品，其條款報酬對投資人是否合理，發行價格對券商是否有利可尋，都將是對財務工程及商品條款設計一項考驗。本文藉由兩個市場上信用連結商品的實例：「台幣二年期錸德信用連動組合式商品」及「滙豐四年期和記黃埔信用連結組合式債券」，利用Hull-White（1994）利率三元樹與David Li（1998）信用曲線的建構來分析商品與評價，希望能將所學應用於實務，對台灣將來可能造成熱潮的信用衍生性商品，做一完整的說明與分析，使投資人了解到商品本身的風險及獲利，發行人也可注意其避險方法，造成雙贏的局面。

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The thesis diploma is focused on the issue of insurance in maritime transport of goods from international point of view. Marine insurance is very important part of sea transport and belongs among the most important components of its smooth functioning. The objective of the thesis diploma is to introduce and explain the topic of marine insurance in comprehensive manner, using domestic and foreing law, literature and judicial decisions. The thesis diploma is focused on English law which is considered to be the most developed in this field. The reason I chose this topic is my personal interest in both marine insurance and sea transport, since I consider both fields to be very important part of international commerce. The first chapter is dedicated to the definition of relevant terms, subsumption of sea transport into a legal framework of carriage and forwardning relations and division of sea transport. The first chapter provides as well a list of important legal enactments relevant to the topic of the thesis diploma. The second chapter is the core of the work, since it provides closer explanation of the contract of insurance in Czech and English law. In terms of the second chapter the work pays attention to the process of formation of insurance contracts in English law, and to the importance of a...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4562.pdf: 2986258 bytes, checksum: 5fe70b396cc58a5895fb6425b01994bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-10 / Agência Nacional de Petróleo / Soybean hull is a lignocellulosic biomass that contains 38-51% of cellulose, which could be converted to ethanol. In addition, contains 9-14% of protein that can be hydrolyzed by endoproteases, releasing oligopeptides with nutritional applications. Although glycoside and peptide linkages can be hydrolyzed by acids, the cellulose molecules are more resistant than the protein and hemicellulose molecules. In this way, the acid treatment of the biomass would reduce its hemicellulose content, and the remnant cellulose into solid fraction would be more susceptible to hydrolytic enzymes. In this work, different routes of protein, hemicellulose, and lignin solubilization were evaluated, intending to obtain ethanol and soluble oligopeptides from the soybean hull. The protein was recovered as oligopeptides by hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic biomass using the commercial endoprotease Novo-Pro DR at 60oC, pH 9.0, 5 h, and different enzyme concentrations (1, 2, and 4%, m/m). A sequential hydrolysis using chymotrypsin and Novo-Pro DR, both at 1% (m/m) enzyme concentration, was also evaluated. The results showed that hydrolysis with 1% Novo-Pro DR allowed solubilization of 56.9% of protein from the soybean hulls. Nonetheless, at same temperature and pH, in absence of enzyme, was possible to solubilized 45.6% of the proteins. This solubilization is probably due to liberation of the physically aggregated units. The increase of endoprotease concentration from 1 to 2% increased the protein removal to 74%. However, the increase from 2 to 4% not increased significantly the protein solubilization. The use of chymotrypsin, an enzyme with high specificity and that work at mild conditions, allowed a solubilization of 44% protein. Nonetheless, the removal of lignin using chymotrypsin was higher than that using Novo-Pro DR. When in-nature soybean hull was hydrolyzed by acid or protease (1% Novo-Pro DR) followed by acid, the protein removal was around of 90%. The lignocellulosic biomass was hydrolyzed with 3% (v/v) H2SO4, solid:liquid ratio of 1:4, 120oC, and 20 min. 20 min. Carbohydrate analyses showed that the acid treatment allowed to hemicellulose removal around of 46.7% in the xylose form. The protein content of the soybean hull was almost totally solubilized during the acid hydrolysis, without significant loss of cellulose. On the contrary, large cellulose loss was observed during the acid hydrolysis of in-nature soybean hull. In this way, if it is intended to produce a protein hydrolysate containing controlled composition or ethanol from remnant solid fraction, is strongly recommended the previous enzymatic solubilization of the proteins. The chemical composition of the solid biomass after sequential hydrolyses with protease and acid showed cellulose content around of 49% for all samples. So, the biomass treated with 1% (m/m) Novo-Pro DR was saccharified with Acellerase 1500 at 50oC, pH 4.8, and enzyme/substrate ratio of 7 FPU/g of cellulose for 72 h. Under the same conditions, soybean hull in-nature, pretreated with acid, and pretreated with protease were submitted to cellulolytic hydrolyses. The cellulose-to-glucose conversion was around of 40% for the last two biomass. The increase of the enzymatic load to 20 FPU/g of cellulose allowed a cellulose conversion of 55% for biomass pretreated with 1% (m/m) Novo-Pro DR, followed by acid hydrolysis. The supplementation of the Acellarase 1500 with 120 IU of β-glucosidase and 1% (m/m) of pectinase not produced any increased in the cellulose conversion. The biomass was pretreated by organossolv method (50% ethanol, 170oC, and 1h) and saccharified with Acellerase 1500 under the same conditions described above. This procedure yielded a cellulose conversion of 52%, with less removal of hemicellulose. This result showed that lignin was causing greater steric hindrances to the enzymatic attack. The biomass pretreated with acid and with protease (1% Novo-Pro D) followed by acid yielded the same glucose-toethanol conversion, reaching an ethanol concentration around of 13 g/L. / A casca de soja, sendo um residuo lignocelulosico, contem celulose (38-51%) que pode ser convertida a etanol. Alem disso, contem 9-14% de proteinas, que uma vez hidrolisadas por endoproteases podem liberar de forma especifica oligopeptideos com aplicacoes nutricionais. Ligacoes glicosidicas e peptidicas podem ser rompidas por hidrolise acida, sendo hemicelulose mais susceptivel a que celulose. O ataque acido ao material permitiria assim reduzir o conteudo de hemicelulose da biomassa, tornando a celulose que permanece na fracao solida insoluvel mais acessivel as enzimas hidroliticas. Neste trabalho, foram estudadas diferentes rotas de solubilizacao de proteinas, hemicelulose lignina presentes na casca de soja, visando obtencao de etanol da fracao solida e oligopeptideos na fracao liquida. A recuperacao de proteinas na forma de peptideos foi feita hidrolisando-se a biomassa inicialmente com extrato comercial de endoprotease Novo-ProD, a 60oC, pH 9, por 5h, nas concentracoes enzimaticas de 1, 2 e 4% (m/m). Foi tambem testada, na sequencia da hidrolise com Novo-ProD1%, nova hidrolise com quimotripsina 1% (m/m). Os resultados mostraram que a hidrolise proteolitica com 1% de Novo-ProDpermitiu remocao de 56,9% da proteina presente na casca. Contudo, foi tambem verificado que e possivel remover 45,6% das proteinas nas mesmas condicoes, na ausencia de enzima, a pH9,0, possivelmente devido a liberacao de unidades agregadas apenas fisicamente. Um aumento da concentracao de endoproteases de 1% para 2% elevou a remocao para 74% de proteinas, nao se observando aumento significativo na extracao de proteinas aumentandose de 2 para 4%.. Com uso da enzima mais especifica, a quimotripsina, que opera em condicoes mais brandas, foi possivel remover 44% das proteinas, com uma maior remocao de lignina do material, comparando-se com Novo-ProD. Hidrolise acida de casca in natura ou sequencial a hidrolise com Novo-ProD1% sequencial permitiu atingir uma remocao total de aproximadamente 90%de proteinas O material solido remanescente e a casca in natura foram submetidos a hidrolise acida com H2SO4 3% (v/v), razao 1:4 (solido/liquido), 120oC, 20 min. Em todos os casos, as analises de carboidratos mostraram que foi possivel remover aproximadamente 46,7% de hemicelulose, maior parte na forma de xilose. Durante o tratamento acido ocorreu a remocao de quase toda a proteina da casca de soja, sem perda expressiva de celulose, o que se observou ocorrer na hidrolise acida da casca in natura. Assim, seja para obter-se um hidrolisado proteico de composicao controlada, seja para producao de etanol da fracao solida remanescente e recomendavel a remocao enzimatica previa de proteinas. A composicao quimica do material solido apos hidrolises proteolitica e acida sequenciais mostrou teores de celulose similares para todas as amostras (aproximadamente 49 %). Assim, o solido pre-tratado com 1% de Novo Pro-D, foi utilizado para a obtencao dos acucares fermentesciveis usando o complexo enzimatico Acellerase 1500 a 50oC, pH 4,8 e razao enzima/substrato de 7 FPU/g celulose durante 72 h. Nestas mesmas condicoes foram hidrolisadas as amostras de casca in natura pre-tratada com acido, a casca in natura e a casca apos hidrolise proteolitica. A conversao enzimatica de celulose em glicose foi em torno de 40%, tanto para as amostras pre-tratadas com Novo- ProD como para a amostra submetida so a hidrolise acida. Com um aumento de carga enzimatica para 20 FPU/g celulose foi possivel atingir uma conversao de 55% para amostras pre-tratadas com 1% de Novo-ProDe hidrolise acida sequenciais. A suplementacao do complexo enzimatico Acellerase 1500 com 120 UI de β-glicosidase e 1%(m/m) de pectinase nao produziu aumento na conversao enzimatica. A hidrolise da celulose proveniente de pre-tratado por organossolve usando etanol 50% a 170oC por 1 hora resultou em 52% de conversao com uma menor remocao de hemicelulose mostrando que a lignina estava causando o maior impedimento para o ataque enzimatico. A conversao de glicose em etanol foi similar para as amostras pre-tratadas por hidrolise acida e com as hidrolises proteoliticas (1% Novo-ProD) e acidas sequenciais chegando a uma concentracao aproximada de 13 g/L.

Il y a peu, j’ai pu lire « qu’on pouvait considérer que les ponts romains de l’Antiquité, pouvaient être considérés comme inefficaces, au regard des standards actuels : ils utilisaient trop de pierre et énormément de travail était nécessaire à leur construction. Au fil des années, pour répondre à une problématique équivalente, nous avons appris à utiliser moins de matériaux et à réduire la charge de travail ». Ces problématiques nous les retrouvons aussi en conception mécanique où l’on essaye en continu de proposer des systèmes de plus en plus performants mais devant être conçus en moins de temps, étant moins cher à produire et fournissant des prestations au moins équivalentes à ce qui a déjà été conçu.Au cours d'un processus de conception classique, les concepteurs définissent une géométrie ne présentant aucun défaut puis, étant donné que les moyens de production ne permettent pas d’obtenir de telles pièces finales, ils spécifient les schémas de cotation définissant les écarts acceptables garantissant le bon fonctionnement du système. Seulement, cela est fait après avoir produit les dessins détaillés, c'est à dire trop tard. Pour répondre à cette problématique, je présenterai l’intégration, très tôt dans le cycle de vie de conception, d’un processus de validation optimisé, basé sur une maquette numérique directement en lien avec sa représentation fonctionnelle (maquette fonctionnelle), et permettant de valider des schémas de cotation 3D standardisés.Je décrirai d'abord ce que l’on entend par « maquette fonctionnelle » et surtout ce que cette nouvelle définition apporte en plus de la définition numérique. Une fois ce point abordé, je détaillerai les liens qui permettent d’avoir une unicité de l’information au sein de l’environnement de travail, tout comme les processus qui permettent de lier les représentations fonctionnelles et numériques.Ensuite, je détaillerai les processus basés sur ces concepts, et qui ont pour but de valider les choix qui sont effectués en avance de phase au niveau des schémas de cotation. Pour ce faire, je commencerai par présenter l’analyse au pire des cas (utilisant les modèles de domaines écarts notamment), permettant de garantir le bon fonctionnement de l’ensemble mécanique, dans le cas ou touts les écarts se retrouvent à l’intérieur des zones respectives (définies par les tolérances).Enfin, je finirai par introduire ce qu’une couche statistique, couplée à l’analyse au pire des cas utilisant les enveloppes convexes, peut amener dans le contexte industriel et notamment sous la contrainte temporelle. / Some time ago, I read "According to our current standards, we could consider Roman bridges of ancient times as ineffective: they used too much stone and hard work during construction. Over the years, in order to respond to similar problems, we learned how to use fewer materials and reduce the workload. These issues can also be found in the mechanical design field, where we continuously try to offer more efficient systems, but which have to be designed in less time, be cheaper to produce and provide benefits at least equivalent to what has already been designed.During a conventional design process, designers define the ideal geometries and - given that the machining tools cannot produce mechanical parts without any geometrical defects - specify the associated tolerancing schemes. These tolerancing schemes define acceptable geometrical deviations, thus providing a well-functioning system. Unfortunately this is done after having designed detailed parts and thus, too late.In order to address this problem, I will begin by introducing the integration, in the first design stages, of a new optimized validation process based on a Digital Mock-Up, directly linked to its functional representation (Functional Mock-Up), in order to validate 3D standardized tolerancing schemes. I'll first describe what is meant by "Functional Mock-Up" (FMU) and specify which information is added to the Digital Mock-Up (DMU). Once that is done, I will detail the relationship that leads to the uniqueness of the information and the processes linking the Functional and Digital representations.Then, I'll detail the processes based on these concepts, which aim to validate the tolerancing schemes, during the early design stages. To do this, I'll begin by introducing the worst case analysis (using the deviation domain model), which ensures the proper functioning of the mechanical system. Finally, I will end this by introducing the benefits that can be brought, by coupling a statistical layer to the worst case analysis (using the convex hull).

This thesis presents a complete and fully automatic method for estimating the volume of an airbag, through all stages of its inflation, with multiple synchronized high-speed cameras. Using recorded contours of the inflating airbag, its visual hull is reconstructed with a novel method: The intersections of all back-projected contours are first identified with an accelerated epipolar algorithm. These intersections, together with additional points sampled from concave surface regions of the visual hull, are then Delaunay triangulated to a connected set of tetrahedra. Finally, the visual hull is extracted by carving away the tetrahedra that are classified as inconsistent with the contours, according to a voting procedure. The volume of an airbag's visual hull is always larger than the airbag's real volume. By projecting a known synthetic model of the airbag into the cameras, this volume offset is computed, and an accurate estimate of the real airbag volume is extracted. Even though volume estimates can be computed for all camera setups, the cameras should be specially posed to achieve optimal results. Such poses are uniquely found for different airbag models with a separate, fully automatic, simulated annealing algorithm. Satisfying results are presented for both synthetic and real-world data.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-09T16:43:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julliano Rosa Nascimento - 2016.pdf: 1812313 bytes, checksum: 9bdaa6ddbbe1dd9ce1e9ccdea8016eaf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-13T19:11:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julliano Rosa Nascimento - 2016.pdf: 1812313 bytes, checksum: 9bdaa6ddbbe1dd9ce1e9ccdea8016eaf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-13T19:11:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julliano Rosa Nascimento - 2016.pdf: 1812313 bytes, checksum: 9bdaa6ddbbe1dd9ce1e9ccdea8016eaf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we consider the parameter hull number in two graph convexities, the P3- convexity and the geodetic convexity. In the P3-convexity, we present results on the P3- hull number on the Cartesian product, strong product and lexicographic product of graphs. In special, regarding to the Cartesian product, we proved a complexity result, in which we show, given a graph G resulting of a Cartesian product of two graphs and a positive integer k, is NP-complete to decide whether the P3-hull number of G is less than or equal k. We also consider the P3-hull number on complementary prisms GG of connected graphs G and G, in which we show a tighter upper bound than that found in the literature. In the geodetic convexity, we show results of the hull number on complementary prisms GG when G is a tree, when G is a disconnected graph and when G is a cograph. Finally, we also show that in the geodetic convexity, the hull number on the complementary prism GG is unlimited on connected graphs G and G, unlike what happens in the P3-convexity / Nesta dissertação, consideramos o parâmetro número envoltório em duas convexidades em grafos, a convexidade P3 e a convexidade geodética. Na convexidade P3, obtivemos resultados do número envoltório P3 para o produto Cartesiano, produto forte e produto lexicográfico de grafos. Em especial, em relação ao produto Cartesiano, obtivemos um resultado de complexidade, no qual mostramos que, dado um grafo G, resultante de um produto Cartesiano de dois grafos e um inteiro positivo k, é NP-completo decidir se o número envoltório P3 de G é menor ou igual a k. Também consideramos o número envoltório P3 para prismas complementares GG de grafos G e G conexos, em que mostramos um limite superior um pouco mais justo do que o encontrado na literatura. Na convexidade geodética, mostramos resultados do número envoltório para prismas complementares GG quando G é uma árvore, quando G é um grafo desconexo e quando G é um cografo. Por fim, também mostramos que na convexidade geodética o número envoltório do prisma complementar GG pode ser ilimitado para grafos G e G ambos conexos, diferentemente do que ocorre na convexidade P3.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-20T13:53:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelbrunodasilvabrandi.pdf: 3504861 bytes, checksum: 82d36b1bf645c59e92876390b55e996b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-22T15:19:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelbrunodasilvabrandi.pdf: 3504861 bytes, checksum: 82d36b1bf645c59e92876390b55e996b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T15:19:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelbrunodasilvabrandi.pdf: 3504861 bytes, checksum: 82d36b1bf645c59e92876390b55e996b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB) apresenta características peculiares devido às grandes dimensões do país e pelo fato da geração elétrica ser proveniente predominantemente de usinashidráulicasqueproporcionamaosistemaacapacidadedeumaregularizaçãoplurianualdos seusreservatórios. Asafluênciasnestasusinassãoestocásticasemuitasvezesapresentamcomportamentos complementares entre as diversas regiões do país, o que incentiva a existência de grandes intercâmbios energéticos entre os subsistemas através do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN). O planejamento da operação no horizonte de médio/longo prazo no país (que compreende a um período de 5 a 10 anos à frente com discretização mensal) é realizado por uma cadeia de modelos computacionais validados pelos principais agentes que atuam no SEB (comercialização, geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia). O principal modelo desta cadeia, a qual é desenvolvida pelo Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica/ELETROBRÁS, é o modelo NEWAVE que baseia-se na técnica de Programação Dinâmica Dual Estocástica (PDDE) para a determinação da política eletroenergética de médio prazo. O objetivo deste trabalho é implementar um modelo computacional para o planejamento da operação de médio prazo utilizando a metodologia de Programação Dinâmica Estocástica conjuntamente ao algoritmo de fechos convexos (PDE-ConvexHull) de uma forma computacionalmente eficiente (Fast-PDE-ConvexHull). Isto porque observou-se que quando utiliza-se a técnicadaPDE-ConvexHull,umnúmeroelevadodehiperplanossãoobtidosnacomposiçãodas funçõesdecustofuturoe,comisto,osdiversosproblemasdeprogramaçãolinearaseremresolvidos durante o processo iterativo podem tornar-se maiores, aumentando consideravelmente o tempodaexecuçãodocálculodapolíticaoperativa. Sendoassim,aprincipalcontribuiçãodeste trabalho é apresentar uma nova metodologia para a representação da função de custo futuro no problema de programação linear na qual o tempo computacional se torne menos sensível ao númerodehiperplanosobtidospeloalgoritmodefechosconvexos. Ressalta-sequetambémsão utilizadas técnicas de computação paralela com o objetivo de tornar o processo mais eficiente. A metodologia foi utilizada para o cálculo do planejamento de médio prazo do SEB, baseando-se em subsistemas equivalentes de energia. A metodologia Fast-PDE-ConvexHull foi incorporada a uma plataforma computacional, desenvolvida em C++/Java, capaz de considerar o mesmo conjunto de dados utilizado pelos modelos oficiais do SEB, compondo assim um modelo robusto para a resolução do problema. Primeiramente, para fins de validação da metodologia proposta, comparou-se os resultados obtidos pela metodologia da Fast-PDE-ConvexHull com os resultados obtidos pela utilização da técnica da PDE-ConvexHull com o objetivo verificar o ganho computacional e a aderência dos resultados. Por fim, como a plataforma computacional desenvolvida é capaz de utilizar o conjunto de dados oficiais disponibilizados para o SIN, fez-se o uso do Programa Mensal de Operação (PMO) de janeiro de 2011, disponibilizado pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema (ONS), como caso de estudo para comparação dos resultados obtidos pela metodologia proposta com os resultados obtidos pelo modelo NEWAVE. / The Brazilian National Grid (BNG) presents peculiar characteristics due to the huge territory dimensions and by the fact that the electricity generation is predominantly originated from hydraulic plants that provide for the system the capacity of a pluriannual regularization of the reservoirs. The water inflows to these plants are stochastic and often present complementary behavior among the regions of the country, stimulating the existence of big amounts of energy exchanges between the subsystems through the national grid. The long term operation planning problem (that includes a period of 5 to 10 years ahead with monthly discretization) is made by a chain of computational models that are validated by the main agents that act on BNG (commercialization, generation, transmition and distribution of energy). The primary model of this chain, which is developed by Electric Energy Research Center/ELETROBRÁS, is the NEWAVE model, which is based on the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) for electroenergetic policy determination on a long term horizon. Thisworkhastheobjectiveofimplementacomputationalmodelforthemid/longtermoperation planning using the Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) together with the Convex Hull algorithm (PDE-ConvexHull) in a computationally efficient way (Fast-PDE-ConvexHull). This is because it was observed that when utilizing the PDE-ConvexHull technique, an elevated amount of hyperplanes are obtained for the composition of the cost-to-go function. So, the different linear programming problems to be solved during the iterative process can be turned larger, increasing the execution time for the operational policy calculus in a considerably manner. Thus, the main contribution of this work is to present a new methodology (FastPDE-ConvexHull) for the representation of the cost-to-go function on the linear programming problems where the computational time become less sensible to the number of hyperplanes obtained from the Convex Hull algorithm. It is highlighted that techniques of parallel computing was employed in order to turn the process more efficient. The methodology was utilized for the BNG’s long term planning calculus, based on the equivalent subsystems of energy. The methodology Fast-PDE-ConvexHull was incorporated to a computational platform, developed in C++/Java programming language, that is able to consider the same data set used by the official models acting on the BNG, compounding a robust model for the resolution of the problem. Firstly, in order to validate the proposed methodology, the results obtained from the FastPDE-ConvexHullarecomparedwiththoseobtainedfromtheutilizationofthePDE-ConvexHull technique aiming to verify the computational gain and the adherence between both results. Finally, as the elaborated computational platform is capable to use the official data set availablefortheNG,itwaspossibletheutilizationoftheMonthlyOperationalProgram(MOP) of January 2011, released by the Independent System Operator (ISO), as the study case for comparingtheresultsobtainedbytheproposedmethodologywiththeresultsobtainedfromthe NEWAVE model.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Gabriel_Almeida.pdf: 2251762 bytes, checksum: f48973cb39ff1566f7617f9742859cc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-25 / A trial was conducted to evaluate earthworm composting as an alternative for treating a mixture of bovine manure, wood shavings and rice hull ash, in order to produce an organic fertilizer. The fertilizer might be sold, becoming an alternative income for dairy cattle producers and reducing the environmental impact of dairy cattle activity, turning it into an environmental friendly and economic activity. Earthworm composting took place in 20 wood boxes (0.40m x 0.50m x 0.30m). Each box received 300 earthworms (Eisenia andrei). A total of five treatments with four replications were studied: T1 (100% bovine manure); T2 (50% bovine manure + 25% wood shavings + 25% rice hull ash); T3 (33% bovine manure + 33% wood shavings + 33% rice hull ash); T4 (25% bovine manure + 50% wood shavings + 25% rice hull ash); and T5 (25% bovine manure + 25% wood shavings + 50% rice hull ash). A completely randomized design was used. ANOVA was used for data analysis and the averages were compared by Tukey test at 5%. Humus samples were collected at day 45 and at the end of trial (day 60). The following variables were studied: pH, dry matter, ash, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, C/N ratio, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and magnesium. Earthworm composting of pure bovine manure is an effective alternative for treating such dairy cattle production residue. The produced humus contains physical and chemical properties which allow it to be used as an organic fertilizer. However, the mixture of wood shavings and rice hull ash does not produce a good quality fertilizer, according to the current Brazilian legislation. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da vermicompostagem como tratamento de esterco bovino misturado com serragem e cinza de casca de arroz, a fim de produzir um adubo orgânico com qualidade para ser comercializado e gerar uma fonte extra de renda para os produtores de gado de leite, minimizando assim os impactos ambientais gerados por este setor e tornando-o mais sustentável ambientalmente e economicamente. A vermicompostagem foi realizada em 20 caixas de madeira com dimensões de 0,40m x 0,50m x 0,30m instaladas em minhocário coberto. Em cada caixa foram inoculadas 300 minhocas da espécie Eisenia andrei. Foram testados cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições cada: T1 (100% esterco bovino); T2 (50% esterco bovino + 25% serragem + 25% cinza de casca de arroz); T3 (33% esterco bovino + 33% serragem + 33% cinza de casca de arroz); T4 (25% esterco bovino + 50% serragem + 25% cinza de casca de arroz); e T5 (25% esterco bovino + 25% serragem + 50% cinza de casca de arroz). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e o período experimental foi de 60 dias, sendo que a amostragem do húmus foi realizada aos 45 e aos 60 dias. Foram avaliados o pH, os teores de matéria seca, cinzas, matéria orgânica, carbono, relação C/N, nitrogênio, fósforo, cálcio, potássio e magnésio em todos os vermicompostos. Verificou-se que a vermicompostagem de esterco bovino puro é uma alternativa para o tratamento desse resíduo gerado no sistema de produção de gado de leite, pois o húmus produzido possui ótimas características químicas para ser utilizado na agricultura ou comercializado. Entretanto, as misturas com serragem e cinza de casca de arroz, nas proporções utilizadas, não produziram um adubo de qualidade conforme os parâmetros exigidos pela legislação.i.

Physics in interactive environments, such as computer games, and simulations require well madeand accurate bounding volumes in order to act both realistically and fast. Today it is common to useeither inaccurate boxes or spheres as bounding volumes or to model the volume by hand. Thesemethods are either too inaccurate or require too much time to ever be able to be used in real-time,accurate virtual environments.This thesis presents a method to automatically generate collision hulls for both manifolds and nonmanifolds.This allows meshes to be used in a physical environment in just a few seconds and stillbeing able to behave realistically. The method performs Approximate Convex Decomposition byiteratively dividing the mesh into smaller, more convex parts. Every part is wrapped in a convexhull. Together the hulls make an accurate, but low cost, convex representation of the original mesh.The convex hulls are stored in a bounding volume hierarchy tree structure that enables fast testingfor collision with the mesh.