Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the viability of the use of soybean soapstock on feedlot finishing of steers. Thirty castrated males, with initial average age and live weight of 20 months and 328.3 kg, , respectively, from Laboratório de Bovinocultura de Corte, were used. The steers were confined per a period of 84 days, until reach appropriate finishing degreed. Each treatment was composed by six animals, Charolais Nellore crossbred. During the experimental period, the animals received a diet containing roughage:concentrate relation of 40:60 (dry matter basis). The roughage used was the corn silage and the concentrate from hull, bran and soapstock of soybean, sodium chloride and limestone. The steers were distributed into treatments: .0; 3; 6; 9 and 12% of soybean soapstock in diet, which contained 2.9; 4.05; 5.26; 6.52 and 7.8% of ether extract, respectively. Dry matter, crude protein and digestible energy intakes, when expressed in kg/day, in % of live weight and in unit of metabolic weight, were similar between treatments (P>.05). However, the intakes of ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber decreased (P<.05) with the inclusion of soybean soapstock in diet (CEE = .303+.035BS; CFDN = 5.71-.11BS; CFDA = 3.89=.08BS in kg/day, respectively), ether extract efficiency, neutral detergent fiber and acid presented a decreased linear behavior (P>.05). The performance of steers was similar between treatments, with daily weight gain of 1,542 kg, slaughter weight 457.95 kg and feed conversion of 6.35 kg MS/kg PV. In relation to ingestive behavior, the increase of soybean soapstock in diet didn t change (P>.05) time spent with feeding, rumination and idle, with values of 3.11; 5.55 and 13.33 hours, respectively. The inclusion of soybean soapstock didn t alter (P>.05) number of bolus chewed per day, time of chew per bolus and number of chews per bolus ruminated. The animals that consumed higher level of soybean soapstock were less efficient in rumination of neutral detergent fiber (ERFDN = 859.11-22.69BS). The use of soybean soapstock until the limit of 7.8% of ether extract in diet of feedlot steers is practicable, due to not change ingestive behavior and animal response. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade da borra de soja na terminação de bovinos confinados. No experimento foram utilizados 30 machos castrados com idade e peso vivo médio inicial de 20 meses e 328,3 kg, respectivamente, oriundos do Laboratório de Bovinocultura de Corte. Os bovinos permaneceram em confinamento por um período de 84 dias, até atingir acabamento adequado, sendo que cada tratamento foi composto por seis animais experimentais, cruzas Charolês - Nelore. Durante o experimento os animais receberam dieta com relação volumoso: concentrado de 40:60 (base na matéria seca), sendo utilizado como volumoso a silagem de milho e concentrado a base de casca de soja, farelo de soja, borra de soja, cloreto de sódio e calcário calcítico. Os novilhos foram distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: 0,0; 3,0; 6,0; 9,0 e 12,0% de borra de soja na dieta, os quais continham 2,90; 4,05; 5,26; 6,52 e 7,80% de extrato etéreo na dieta, respectivamente. Os consumos de matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia digestível, expressos em kg/dia, em % do peso vivo e por unidade de tamanho metabólico não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Entretanto, o consumo de extrato etéreo, de fibras detergente neutro e ácido decresceram (P<0,05) com o aumento da inclusão de borra de soja na dieta (CEE = 0,303+0,035BS; CFDN = 5,71 0,11BS; CFDA = 3,89 0,08BS em kg/dia, respectivamente), a eficiência de extrato etéreo, de fibra detergente neutro e ácido apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente (P<0,05). O desempenho dos novilhos foi semelhante (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos, com ganho médio diário de 1,542 kg, peso de abate 457,95 kg e conversão alimentar de 6,35 kg MS/kg PV. Em relação ao comportamento ingestivo o aumento no nível de inclusão de borra de soja na dieta, não influenciou (P>0,05) o tempo despendido com alimentação, ruminação e ócio, com valores de 3,11; 5,55 e 13,33 h, respectivamente. A inclusão de borra de soja não influenciou (P>0,05) no número de bolos mastigados por dia, tempo de mastigação por bolo e no número de mastigadas por bolo ruminado. Os animas que consumiram maior quantidade de borra foram menos eficientes na ruminação da fibra em detergente neutro (ERFDN = 859,11 22,69BS). O uso da borra de soja até o limite de 7,8% de extrato etéreo na dieta de bovinos confinados é viável, em função de não alterar o comportamento ingestivo e a resposta animal.

En informatique, les images sont numériques et donc composées de pixels en 2D et de voxels en 3D. Dans une scène virtuelle 3D, il est impossible de manipuler directement les objets comme des ensembles de voxels en raison du trop gros volume de données. Les objets sont alors polyédrisés, c’est-à-dire remplacés par une collection de facettes. Pour ce faire, il est primordial de savoir décider si un sous-ensemble de voxels peut être transformé en une facette dans la représentation polyédrique. Ce problème est appelé reconnaissance de plans discrets. Pour le résoudre, nous mettons en place un nouvel algorithme spécialement adapté pour les ensembles de voxels denses dans une boite englobante. Notre méthode atteint une complexité quasi-linéaire dans ce cas et s’avère efficace en pratique. En parallèle, nous nous intéressons à un problème algorithmique annexe intervenant dans notre méthode de reconnaissance de plans discrets. Il s’agit de calculer les deux enveloppes convexes des points de Z2 contenus dans un domaine vertical borné et situés de part et d’autre d’une droite quelconque. Nous proposons une méthode de complexité optimale et adaptative pour calculer ces enveloppes convexes. Nous présentons le problème de manière détournée : déterminer le nombre rationnel à dénominateur borné qui approxime au mieux un nombre réel donné. Nous établissons le lien entre ce problème numérique et son interprétation géométrique dans le plan. Enfin, nous proposons indépendamment un nouvel algorithme pour calculer l’épaisseur d’un ensemble de points dans le réseau Zd. Notre méthode est optimale en 2D et gloutonne mais efficace en dimension supérieure / In computer science, pictures are digital and so, they are composed of pixels in 2D or of voxels in 3D. In 3D virtual scenes, we cannot directly manipulate objects as sets of voxels because the data are too huge. As a result, the objects are transformed into polyhedra, i.e. collections of facets. For this, we must be able to decide if a subset of voxels can be replaced by a facet in the polyhedrisation. This problem is called digital plane recognition. To solve it, we design a new algorithm especially adapted for sets of voxels which are dense in a bounding box. Our method achieves a quasi-linear worst-case time complexity in this case and it is efficient in practice. In parallel, we study another algorithmic problem which occures in our digital plane recognition algorithm. It is computing the two convex hulls of grid points lying in a bounded vertical domain and located on either side of a straight line. We propose an optimal time complexity method to compute these convex hulls and which is also output sensitive. We present the problem in a different way : find the rational number of bounded denominator that best approximates a given real number. We establish the link between this numerical problem and geometry. Finally, we independently propose a new algorithm to compute the lattice width of a set of points in Zd. Our method is optimal in 2D and is greedy but efficent in higher dimension

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This study examines the claim that individuals misinterpret the mean of a dataset (displayed as a scatterplot) more when the convex hull of the dataset is less representative of the data. In addition, this study also tests whether outliers in the data can predict the magnitude of error that individuals make in interpreting the mean of the dataset. Lastly, the study investigates whether individuals’ interpretations are predicted better by the mean of the convex hull than by the full dataset’s mean. The method used to conduct these investigations is through a survey, followed by several linear regression analyses. Applications of this study include improving the communication of data in economic policy and business contexts, along with broader applications in extending models that heavily rely on agents’ interpretations of information: especially bounded rationality and social norm-based models. The results show that convex hull unrepresentativeness correlates positively with error in mean interpretation; however, that the convex hull mean is not predictive of the interpretations’ direction. Overall, the study contributes to the field of visual information interpretation by investigating the effect of data structure on its interpretation – an unexplored area of research. This is done while initiating the concretization of bounded rationality in economics, by exploring the idea that individuals perceive a general shape of the information presented to them rather than a detailed, full picture. This can lead to misinterpretations whenever the general shape (convex hull) is not representative of the dataset.

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With increasing interest in utilizing the inland waterways (IWW) in European countries, the design of IWW vessels gains attention both from a transport efficiency and an emission control point of view. However, unlike in western and central European countries, in Nordic countries, e.g. Sweden, IWW ships must deal with ice on the fairway during every winter. Usually, IWW ships are designed without ice concerns and are structurally weaker compared to ships designed according to ice class notification from the classification societies. Developing such ships requires particular concerns since there is no strict requirements regarding ice class notifications for IWW ships. A primary challenge is to estimate both the global and local ice loads acting on the ship hull structure. To consolidate the design problems for IWW ice-going ships, Lake Mälaren is selected. Ice conditions, i.e. ice type and concentration, and ice data, e.g. ice thickness and ice flexural strength, are extracted and analysed for the ice load estimation. The ice mechanical properties have great influence on the ice load. Ice characteristics are studied based on empirical formulae and properties are calibrated by reference data. The deterministic approach is widely used to predict the ice loads. It is suitable when all variables, i.e. ship geometry and ice properties, are known and refers to rule-based design hereby. For first year light ice conditions in Lake Mälaren, the Finnish Swedish Ice Class Rule (FSICR) is widely used. The thesis uses guidelines from the Finnish Swedish Ice Class Rules as a reference and compare the results with other methods. The probabilistic approach, on contrary, is useful when certain variables are unknow, which are interpreted as random variables, for instance ice breaking pattern. Here the probabilistic method and ice-hull interaction mechanism are studied. The probabilistic method simplifies the ice pressure in relation to the contact area between the ice and the ship hull. It predicts maximum ice pressure acting on the ship hull based on field ice test data and ice exposure conditions. Such semi-empirical method can be used regardless of ship type and size. For this, a numerical model is introduced based on ice-hull collision mechanisms and the essential ice breaking characteristics. The physical mechanism is studied for idealizing ship-ice impact model. The idealization model includes the ice failure process, ice conditions and ship geometry. The ice failure is assumed to be initiated by crushing ice and followed by breaking due to bending failure. Ice properties are set as constant values without any variations. The stochasticity in interact process is represented by randomness in collision location and number of pieces of ice floe formed after breaking. An energy method is used to calculate the ice crushing force, indentation displacement and contact area. The ice bending scenario is simplified as an infinite plate resting on an elastic foundation under a concentrated load. Ice impact load and critical load can be obtained for global and local structural assessment respectively. The structural responses and structural strength of a representative panel at linear and nonlinear contexts are investigated as well. Ship structure is commonly designed with material yield strength as limit. However, the study shows a lighter structure can be achieved if plastic deformation is allowed without causing failure. Therefore, the design can be optimized with regards to ice loading capacity and weight control.

Splines are a common mixed-initiative technique for road generation. A designer draws the shape of the curve but the mesh can be procedurally generated along the spline. This relationship improves the workflow of building roads in virtual environments and video games without taking away all of the control of the designer. Whilst this technique is useful when building single roads such as race tracks, it unfortunately struggles when dealing with more complex road networks that feature intersections. These intersections struggle with overlapping meshes and flickering textures without a straightforward solution. This problem significantly limits the usefulness of spline tools when generating roads. This paper aims to solve part of this problem by suggesting a method for detecting intersections in splines that support procedural mesh generation.

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