Šiame magistriniame darbe nagrinėjama gyvavimo ciklo metodika, kuri pritaikoma KU statomo Mokslinių tyrimo laivo korpuso suvirinimo metu išsiskiriančių emisijų skaičiavimui GaBi 6 programinės įrangos pagalba. Nagrinėjami du suvirinimo būdai, kurie buvo naudojami statant KU Mokslinių tyrimo laivą, t. y. lankinis suvirinimas po fliusu (SAW) ir lankinis suvirinimas lydžiuoju elektrodu apsauginėse dujose (MIG, MAG). / This master thesis examines the life cycle methodology that adjusts constructed KU research vessel shell weld calculation of emissions released from 6 GaBi software. Analyzed two welding techniques that have been used in the construction of KU research vessel - submerged arc welding (SAW) and arc welding electrode deposits for gas shielded (MIG, MAG).

This research study seeks to evaluate the techno-economic and environmental implications of a variety of aero-derivative marine gas turbine cycles that have been modelled for the propulsion of different types of merchant ships. It involves the installation and operation of gas turbine propulsion systems in different marine environmental conditions and aims to evaluate the effect of the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic variations expected to be encountered by these ships when they navigate across different climates and oceans along selected fixed trade routes. A combination of simulation tools developed in Cranfield University at the Department of Power and Propulsion including the validated gas turbine modelling and simulation code called “Turbomatch” and the “APPEM” simulation code for the analysis and Prediction of exhaust pollutants have been used along with the ongoing development of an integrated marine gas turbine propulsion system simulation platform known as “Poseidon”. It is the main objective of this research to upgrade the competence level of “Poseidon” so as to facilitate the conduct of a variety of longer and more complex oceangoing voyage scenarios through the introduction of an ambient temperature variation numerical module. Expanding the existing code has facilitated the prediction of the effect of varying aerodynamic and hydrodynamic conditions that may be encountered by gas turbine propulsion systems when such ships navigate through unstable ocean environments along their fixed trade routes at sea. The consequences of operating the marine gas turbines under ideal weather conditions has been investigated and compared with a wide range of severe operating scenarios under unstable weather and sea conditions in combination with hull fouling has been assessed. The techno-economic and environmental benefits of intercooling/exhaust waste heat recuperation of the ICR model have been predicted through the evaluation of different ship propulsion performance parameters in a variety of voyage analysis leading to the prediction of fuel consumption quantities, emission of NOx, CO2, CO and UHCs and the estimation of the HPT blade life as well. The different gas turbine cycle configurations of the research were found to respond differently when operated under various environmental profiles of the ship’s trade route and the number of units for each model required to meet the power plant capacity in each scenario and for each ship was assessed. The study therefore adds to the understanding of the operating costs and asset management of marine gas turbine propulsion systems of any ocean carrier and in addition it reveals the economic potentials of using BOG as the main fuel for firing gas turbine propulsion plants of LNG Carriers.

<p>Entering the era of big data, human beings are faced with an unprecedented amount of geometric data today. Many computational challenges arise in processing the new deluge of geometric data. A critical one is data uncertainty: the data is inherently noisy and inaccuracy, and often lacks of completeness. The past few decades have witnessed the influence of geometric algorithms in various fields including GIS, spatial databases, and computer vision, etc. Yet most of the existing geometric algorithms are built on the assumption of the data being precise and are incapable of properly handling data in the presence of uncertainty. This thesis explores a few algorithmic challenges in what we call geometric computing over uncertain data.</p><p>We study the nearest-neighbor searching problem, which returns the nearest neighbor of a query point in a set of points, in a probabilistic framework. This thesis investigates two different nearest-neighbor formulations: expected nearest neighbor (ENN), where we consider the expected distance between each input point and a query point, and probabilistic nearest neighbor (PNN), where we estimate the probability of each input point being the nearest neighbor of a query point.</p><p>For the ENN problem, we consider a probabilistic framework in which the location of each input point and/or query point is specified as a probability density function and the goal is to return the point that minimizes the expected distance. We present methods for computing an exact ENN or an \\eps-approximate ENN, for a given error parameter 0 < \\eps < 1, under different distance functions. These methods build an index of near-linear size and answer ENN queries in polylogarithmic or sublinear time, depending on the underlying function. As far as we know, these are the first nontrivial methods for answering exact or \\eps-approximate ENN queries with provable performance guarantees. Moreover, we extend our results to answer exact or \\eps-approximate k-ENN queries. Notably, when only the query points are uncertain, we obtain state-of-the-art results for top-k aggregate (group) nearest-neighbor queries in the L1 metric using the weighted SUM operator.</p><p>For the PNN problem, we consider a probabilistic framework in which the location of each input point is specified as a probability distribution function. We present efficient algorithms for (i) computing all points that are nearest neighbors of a query point with nonzero probability; (ii) estimating, within a specified additive error, the probability of a point being the nearest neighbor of a query point; (iii) using it to return the point that maximizes the probability being the nearest neighbor, or all the points with probabilities greater than some threshold to be the nearest neighbor. We also present some experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.</p><p>We study the convex-hull problem, which asks for the smallest convex set that contains a given point set, in a probabilistic setting. In our framework, the uncertainty of each input point is described by a probability distribution over a finite number of possible locations including a null location to account for non-existence of the point. Our results include both exact and approximation algorithms for computing the probability of a query point lying inside the convex hull of the input, time-space tradeoffs for the membership queries, a connection between Tukey depth and membership queries, as well as a new notion of \\beta-hull that may be a useful representation of uncertain hulls.</p><p>We study contour trees of terrains, which encode the topological changes of the level set of the height value \\ell as we raise \\ell from -\\infty to +\\infty on the terrains, in a probabilistic setting. We consider a terrain that is defined by linearly interpolating each triangle of a triangulation. In our framework, the uncertainty lies in the height of each vertex in the triangulation, and we assume that it is described by a probability distribution. We first show that the probability of a vertex being a critical point, and the expected number of nodes (resp. edges) of the contour tree, can be computed exactly efficiently. Then we present efficient sampling-based methods for estimating, with high probability, (i) the probability that two points lie on an edge of the contour tree, within additive error; (ii) the expected distance of two points p, q and the probability that the distance of p, q is at least \\ell on the contour tree, within additive error and/or relative error, where the distance of p, q on a contour tree is defined to be the difference between the maximum height and the minimum height on the unique path from p to q on the contour tree.</p> / Dissertation

Title: Extremal Polyominoes Author: Veronika Steffanová Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr, Dr. Abstract: The thesis is focused on polyominoes and other planar figures consisting of regular polygons, namely polyiamonds and polyhexes. We study the basic geometrical properties: the perimeter, the convex hull and the bounding rectangle/hexagon. We maximise and minimise these parameters and for the fixed size of the polyomino, denoted by n. We compute the extremal values of a chosen parameter and then we try to enumerate all polyominoes of the size n, which has the extremal property. Some of the problems were solved by other authors. We summarise their results. Some of the problems were solved by us, namely the maximal bounding rectan- gle/hexagon and maximal convex hull of polyiamonds. There are still sev- eral topics which remain open. We summarise the literature and offer our observations for the following scientists. Keywords: Polyomino, convex hull, extremal questions, plane 1

A dieta sólida é fator determinante para o desenvolvimento ruminal de bezerros. No entanto ainda não está claro qual o teor de fibra ideal na dieta durante os primeiros meses de vida. O presente trabalho avaliou 35 animais da raça holandesa alojados em gaiolas individuais suspensas, os quais foram submetidos a três tratamentos: I - concentrado convencional contendo 22,0 de FDN, II - concentrado com 31% de FDN, substituindo parte do milho por casca de soja e III - concentrado convencional com 22,0% de FDN mais feno de coast-cross a vontade. Todos os animais receberam 4 litros de sucedâneo lácteo por dia com 12,5% de sólidos, divididos em duas refeições. O ganho de peso foi acompanhado semanalmente, também foram aferidas medidas corporais, indicadores metabólicos para desenvolvimento ruminal e metabolismo intermediário, bem como avaliação de parâmetros ruminais e comportamentais. Os animais foram avaliados até a oitava semana de vida, quando foram desaleitados. A elevação do teor de FDN no concentrado até 31% com a substituição de milho por casca de soja, ou oferta de feno, não alterou o consumo de concentrado e desempenho. A dieta 31FDN estimulou precocemente a diferenciação do epitélio ruminal pela maior concentração e AGCC em idades mais jovens. Sendo a casca de soja considerada fonte energética passível de ser utilizada na formulação de concentrados iniciais para bovinos em aleitamento nas proporções utilizadas nesse estudo. No entanto a oferta de feno se mostra mais interessante para a redução de comportamentos não desejados. O teor de 22% de FDN no concentrado inicial não ocasionou menor pH ruminal e fecal em comparação com dietas de FDN elevado, mostrando que concentrados com teor de FDN e distribuição de partículas semelhantes ao deste estudo podem ser ofertados com segurança. / The solid diet is a determinant factor for the ruminal development. However it is still unclear what the optimal fiber content in the solid diet during the first few months of life. The present work evaluated 35 Holstein animals housed in individual suspended cages, which were submitted to three treatments: I - conventional starter containing 22.0 NDF, II - starter with 31% NDF, replacing part of the corn by soybean hull and III - conventional concentrate with 22.0% NDF plus coast-cross hay ad libitum. All animals received 4L of milk replacer with 12.5% solids, divided into two meals daily. Weight gain was monitored weekly, body measurements, metabolic indicators for ruminal development and intermediate metabolism, as well as ruminal and behavioral parameters were also evaluated. The animals were evaluated until the eighth week of life, when they were weaned. The increase of the NDF content in the starter up to 31% with the replacement of corn per soybean hull or hay supply did not change the starter consumption and performance. The 31FDN diet early stimulated the differentiation of the ruminal epithelium by the higher concentration of SCFA at younger ages. Soybean hulls are considered an energy source that can be used in the formulation of starter for pre-weaned calves in the proportions used in this study. However, the supply of hay is more interesting for the reduction of unwanted behaviors. The 22% NDF content in the initial concentrate did not cause lower ruminal and fecal pH in comparison with high NDF diets, showing that NDF starter and particle distribution similar to this study can be safely offered.

Anomalias ou outliers são exemplos ou grupo de exemplos que apresentam comportamento diferente do esperado. Na prática,esses exemplos podem representar doenças em um indivíduo ou em uma população, além de outros eventos como fraudes em operações bancárias e falhas em sistemas. Diversas técnicas existentes buscam identificar essas anomalias, incluindo adaptações de métodos de classificação e métodos estatísticos. Os principais desafios são o desbalanceamento do número de exemplos em cada uma das classes e a definição do comportamento normal associada à formalização de um modelo para esse comportamento. Nesta dissertação propõe-se a utilização de um novo espaço para realizar a detecção,esse espaço é chamado espaço de parâmetros. Um espaço de parâmetros é criado utilizando parâmetros estimados a partir da concatenação(encadeamento) de dois exemplos. Apresenta-se,então,um novo framework para realizar a detecção de anomalias através da fusão de detectores que utilizam fechos convexos em múltiplos espaços de parâmetros para realizar a detecção. O método é considerado um framework pois é possível escolher quais os espaços de parâmetros que serão utilizados pelo método de acordo como comportamento da base de dados alvo. Nesse trabalho utilizou-se,para experimentos,dois conjuntos de parâmetros(média e desvio padrão; média, variância, obliquidade e curtose) e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com alguns métodos comumente utilizados para detecção de anomalias. Os resultados atingidos foram comparáveis ou melhores aos obtidos pelos demais métodos. Além disso, acredita-se que a utilização de espaços de parâmetros cria uma grande flexibilidade do método proposto, já que o usuário pode escolher um espaço de parâmetros que se adeque a sua aplicação. Tanto a flexibilidade quanto a extensibilidade disponibilizada pelo espaço de parâmetros, em conjunto como bom desempenho do método proposto nos experimentos realizados, tornam atrativa a utilização de espaços de parâmetros e, mais especificamente, dos métodos apresentados na solução de problemas de detecção de anomalias. / Anomalies or outliers are examples or group of examples that have a behaviour different from the expected. These examples may represent diseases in individuals or populations,as well as other events such as fraud and failures in banking systems.Several existing techniques seek to identify these anomalies, including adaptations of classification methods, statistical methods and methods based on information theory. The main challenges are that the number of samples of each class is unbalanced, the cases when anomalies are disguised among normal samples and the definition of normal behaviour associated with the formalization of a model for this behaviour. In this dissertation,we propose the use of a new space to helpwith the detection task, this space is called parameter space. We also present a new framework to perform anomaly detection by using the fusion of convex hulls in multiple parameter spaces to perform the detection.The method is considered a framework because it is possible to choose which parameter spaces will be used by the method according to the behaviour of the target data set.For the experiments, two parameter spaces were used (mean and standard deviation; mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis) and the results were compared to some commonly used anomaly detection methods. The results achieved were comparable or better than those obtained by the other methods. Furthermore, we believe that a parameter space created great fexibility for the proposed method, since it allowed the user to choose a parameter space that best models the application. Both the flexibility and extensibility provided by the use of parameter spaces, together with the good performance achieved by the proposed method in the experiments, make parameter spaces and, more specifically, the proposed methods appealing when solving anomaly detection problems.

Este trabalho discute a questão da interação entre o casco do navio e o propulsor em funcionamento conjunto, e sua simulação por ferramentas computacionais. O texto se concentra em descrever os principais efeitos dessa interação, as principais dificuldades em se estimar esses efeitos, os métodos tradicionalmente usados, e como ferramentas computacionais podem ser aplicadas de maneira vantajosa. No texto também pode ser encontrada uma análise crítica dos métodos mais comuns e dos resultados, baseada em trabalhos de diversos autores, publicados nacional e internacionalmente. É apresentado o método dos volumes finitos, usado nesta pesquisa, algumas de suas particularidades principais, vantagens e desvantagens, e os resultados das simulações realizadas, interpretados à luz dos valores experimentais usados para comparação e das limitações do método dos Volumes Finitos. A comparação é feita analisando-se grandezas integrais, como a resistência do casco ou o empuxo do propulsor; e também as características do escoamento, como o perfil de velocidade na esteira, presença de vórtices, e outras estruturas típicas. Os resultados obtidos têm a mesma ordem de precisão dos que tem sido obtidos por outros pesquisadores, internacionalmente, e são coerentes qualitativamente; mas algumas questões referentes aos modelos físico e numérico escolhidos ainda limitam a precisão dos resultados e restringem sua adoção em atividades de engenharia. Entretanto, diversas características observadas no escoamento contribuem para aumentar o conhecimento de alguns fenômenos envolvidos no problema. / This work is about the hull and propeller interaction in joint functioning, and its simulation by computational tools. The text concentrates in describing the main effects of such interaction, the main difficulties in the estimation of these effects, the methods traditionally adopted, and how computational tools can be applied in advantageous way. A critical analysis of the most common methods and results, based on paperworks of several different authors worldwide, can also be found. The Finite Volumes method, used in this research, is presented - its main issues, advantages and disadvantages, and the simulations outcomes, compared to the experimental values and explained by the knowledge of the Finite Volumes method limitations. The comparison is made by means of both integral values, such as the hull\'s resistance or the propeller thrust; as well as the characteristics of the flow, like the wake velocity profile, presence of vortex, and other typical structures. The results shows the same error band than the ones which has been obtained by other researchers, worldwide, and most of the typical characteristics of the flow were observed. But some issues concerned to the chosen physical and numerical models still limit the precision of the outcomes, and restrict the application of such models at engineering activities. But several insights about the flow, obtained at this study, can be useful to the understanding of some phenomena involved in the propeller operation.

Nesta dissertação estudamos sob que condições um módulo de comprimento finito pode ser imerso em um módulo injetivo de comprimento finito. Também apresentamos a caracterização, dada por Hirano em [8], para os anéis sobre os quais todo módulo de comprimento finito tem um fecho injetivo de comprimento finito, os chamados de ¶-V-anéis. Além disso, mostramos que as extensões normais finitas de ¶-V-anéis são também ¶-V-anéis. / In this dissertation we study under what conditions a module of finite length can be embedded in an injective module of finite length. Also, we present a charactization, given by Hirano in [8], for the rings over which all module of finite length has an injective hull of finite length, the so called ¶-V-rings. Moreover, we show that finite normalizing extensions of ¶-V-rings are also ¶-V-rings.

A produção biotecnológica de xilitol e etanol mediante o cultivo de leveduras em hidrolisados hemicelulósicos obtidos a partir de resíduos agroindustriais é de grande interesse econômico. Isso porque, esse processo pode agregar valor aos resíduos lignocelulósicos, substituir o corrente e oneroso processo químico de obtenção de xilitol, além de promover um aproveitamento completo dos materiais, utilizando as frações celulósica e hemicelulósica, para a obtenção de etanol, biocombustível de grande interesse econômico e ambiental. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo ampliar os conhecimentos da produção biotecnológica de xilitol e etanol mediante o cultivo de Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 a partir de hidrolisado de casca de soja (SHH). A melhor condição de hidrólise testada (125 °C; 1,4 % (v/v) H2SO4; 1 h; 1/10 relação sólido/líquido) promoveu hidrólise de 76 % da hemicelulose da casca de soja, liberando, 85 e 62 % de manose e xilose, respectivamente. Dentre os tratamentos de detoxificação testados no hidrolisado de casca de soja quatro vezes concentrado (SHH-4C), o carvão ativado (10 % (p/v)) demonstrou os melhores resultados, apresentando alto índice de remoção de contaminantes, 95 e 76 % para furfural e compostos fenólicos, respectivamente. Os parâmetros cinéticos obtidos a partir do cultivo em SHH-4C demonstraram que a pressão osmótica desse meio é maior do que a suportada por leveduras osmofílicas, revelando a característica osmotolerante da C. guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075. Os cultivos realizados em frascos agitados empregando SHH duas vezes concentrado (SHH-2C) resultaram na produção de etanol com altos índices de rendimento, não havendo produção de xilitol, devido, provavelmente, a uma variação na preferência do cofator da xilose redutase nesta levedura. Os cultivos de SHH-2C em batelada, avaliando-se a influência do coeficiente de transferência de oxigênio em três diferentes níveis (kLa de 0, 8 e 46 h-1, respectivamente, anaeróbio, microearóbio e aeróbio), comprovaram a possibilidade de produção de xilitol a partir de hidrolisado de casca de soja desde que condições limitadas de oxigênio (kLa de 8 h-1) sejam empregadas, bem como, a boa fermentabilidade do meio dado o alto rendimento de formação de biomassa sob condições aeróbias (kLa de 46 h-1). Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho revelam o potencial do hidrolisado de casca de soja em aplicações biotecnológicas. / The biotechnology production of xylitol and ethanol by yeasts in hemicellulosic hydrolysates from agro industrial residues has great economic interest. This process can add value to these materials; replace the expensive chemical processes currently used for xylitol production, and makes the bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials into ethanol using hemicellulose in addition to cellulose to obtain this biofuel of important economical and environmental interest. The aim of the present work was to improve the knowledge about the biotechnological production of xylitol and ethanol employing the cultivation of Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 in soybean hull hydrolysate (SHH). The best acid hydrolysis of soybean hull (125 °C; 1.4 % (v/v) H2SO4; 1 h; 1/10 solid/liquid ratio) produced a hydrolysis of 76 % of hemicellulose from soybean hull, liberating approximately, 85 and 62 % of the total xylose and manose, respectively. Four-fold soybean hull hydrolysate (SHH-4C) was submitted to different detoxification treatments, of which activated charcoal 10 % (w/v) showed the best results, removing 95 and 76 % of furfural and phenol, respectively. Kinetic parameters obtained from the cultivation of C. guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 on detoxified SHH-4C have shown that the osmotic pressure of this medium is higher than that supported by most osmophilic yeasts, revealing the osmotolerant characteristic of C. guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075. When cultivations were carried out on two times concentrated SHH (SHH- 2C) in shake flasks, we obtained high yields of ethanol production. Although xylose was present in high concentrations, no xylitol was produced, probably due to some varying cofactor preference of xylose reductase in this yeast strain. Batch cultivation of SHH-2C employing as variable parameter the oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa), evaluating three different conditions of aeration (kLa of 0, 8 e 46 h-1, respectively, anaerobic, microerobic and anaerobic) revealed that it is possible to produce xylitol from soybean hull hydrolysate if conditions of oxygen limitation are applied. Furthermore, this hydrolysate readily metabolized under aerobic conditions (kLa of 46 h-1) rendering a high biomass yield. These results showed the prospect of SHH as a candidate for biotechnological process.

A medição de superfícies através de sistemas óticos de precisão é aplicável em diversas áreas da engenharia naval e oceânica: levantamento de geometria de casco para a determinação da estabilidade estática de embarcações in loco, verificação de processos construtivos, recuperação de planos de linha originais perdidos, arqueologia naval, inspeção de cabos e estruturas submersas, planejamento de rota de mergulho, entre outras. Os dispositivos óticos de precisão disponíveis são de alto custo, e a necessidade de se desenvolver um dispositivo de baixo custo se faz presente. O propósito deste trabalho é a criação de metodologia de obtenção de superfície através de procedimento prático experimental. A varredura tridimensional de superfície é feita experimentalmente através da utilização de leitor tridimensional a laser. A contribuição deste trabalho é de promover um conceito teórico a uma prova experimental do conceito, utilizando-se de recursos da automação e robótica, e programação com linguagem e software aplicativo de baixo custo e largamente disponível. / The surface measurement using precision optics is applicable in many areas of naval engineering: survey of hull geometry to determine the static stability of vessels on the spot, verification of construction processes, recovery of lost original hull plans, naval archeology, inspection of underwater structures and cables, route planning diving, among others. The precision optical devices available are expensive, and the need to develop a low-cost device is present. The purpose of this work is to create a methodology for obtaining surfaces through practical experimental procedure. The three-dimensional scan surface is made experimentally by using three-dimensional laser reader. The contribution of this work is to promote a theoretical concept to an experimental proof of concept, using the resources of automation and robotics, and software programming language and application of lowcost and widely available.