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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2008. / Accompanied by .pdf, .jpg and .bmp files. Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-127).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-62).

Orientador: Fernanda Klein Marcondes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:03:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_Rosemary_D.pdf: 4468309 bytes, checksum: 4151f29eef29815c27966c2cad3cc336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O estresse crônico é um fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas e tem sido relacionado ao desenvolvimento de distúrbios alimentares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito, a longo prazo, do estresse crônico moderado e imprevisível (ECMI) e da ingestão de dieta hipercalórica (DH) sobre o peso corporal e metabolismo de ratos. No capítulo 1, foi avaliado o efeito da associação entre ECMI e DH sobre o peso corporal, adiposidade, teste de tolerância à glicose (TTG) e perfil lipídico de ratos Sprague-Dawley, divididos em 4 grupos: dieta padrão (DP), dieta padrão+ECMI (DPE), DH e DH+ECMI (DHE), analisados durante sete semanas. Duas semanas após a aplicação do ECMI, os grupos DPE e DHE apresentaram aumento significativo na concentração plasmática de corticosterona que os grupos DP (2,09±0,41 vs. 19,42±2,85ng/mL) e DH (3,34±0,66 vs. 18,72±3,18ng/mL), respectivamente. Os grupos DH e DHE apresentaram aumento significativo no peso corporal final que os grupos DP (435±3 vs 463±8g) e DPE (425±5 vs 444±8g), respectivamente. O estresse induziu redução significativa no ganho de peso e na ingestão alimentar, na primeira semana do protocolo de ECMI. Os grupos ECMI e DH apresentaram aumentos significativos nas concentrações plasmáticas (mmol/L) de colesterol total (DP: 1,44±0,05; DPE: 1,54±0,05; DH: 1,53±0,09; DHE: 1,88±0,08), triglicerídeos (DP: 1,41±0,09; DPE: 1,75±0,16; DH: 1,67±0,13; DHE: 2,42±0,28) e LDL (DP: 0,46±0,06; DPE: 0,73±0,08; DH: 0,77±0,08; DHE: 0,87±0,10). No TTG, os grupos DPE e DHE apresentaram área sob a curva significantemente maior comparado aos grupos DP (13549±387 vs. 14267±344) e DH (15852±270 vs. 16476±559mg x min./dL), respectivamente. No capítulo 2 avaliamos a relação entre redução do ganho de peso corporal induzida pelo ECMI e os períodos de restrição alimentar do protocolo de estresse. Ratos Sprague- Dawley (2 meses de idade) foram divididos em três grupos: Controle, ECMI e Alimentação-Pareada (AP: alimentados com a mesma quantidade de ração ingerida pelo grupo ECMI). Os grupos ECMI e AP apresentaram redução significativa de 12 e 15% na ingestão alimentar durante o protocolo de ECMI, comparado ao controle. Imediatamente após o ECMI, ratos estressados e AP apresentaram redução significativa de 6 e 10% no peso corporal e de 19 e 14% na gordura epididimal, respectivamente, comparados ao grupo controle. O grupo AP, mas não o grupo ECMI, apresentou redução nas gorduras mesentérica (41%), inguinal (28%) e perirrenal (40%), menor proporção gordura total/peso corporal final (0,02±0,001 vs. 0,03±0,001) e menor porcentagem de gordura na carcaça (3,39±0,44 vs. 6,29±0,51%) comparado ao controle, sem diferença entre controle e ECMI. O efeito redutor do ECMI sobre o peso corporal não pode ser totalmente explicado pela restrição alimentar durante o estresse. A longo prazo, o ECMI e o tratamento com dieta hipercalórica têm efeitos semelhantes sobre a dislipidemia em ratos. Tais efeitos são potencializados quando combinados. O efeito redutor no peso corporal, promovido pelo ECMI, sofre influência da dieta empregada, e é revertido após o estresse. / Abstract: Chronic stress is a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and has been associated to development of eating disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of chronic mild and unpredictable stress (CMS) and hypercaloric diet (HD) on body weight and metabolism of rats. In Chapter 1, we studied the effect of the association of CMS and HD, fifteen days after the end of CMS on body weight, adiposity, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and lipid profile of Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups: standard diet (SD), SD + CMS (CMS), hypercaloric diet (HD) and HD + CMS, evaluated during seven weeks. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (P<0.05). Two weeks after the end of CMS, both the groups SD+CMS (2,09±0,41 vs. 19,42±2,85ng/mL) and HD + CMS (3.34±0.66 vs 18.72±3.18ng/mL) had higher plasmatic corticosterone concentration than SD groups and HD, respectively. The groups HD and HD + CMS had higher final body weight that SD groups (435±3 vs 463±8g) and SD+CMS (425±5 vs 444±8g), respectively. CMS induced lower body weight gain and lower food intake only in the first week of CMS protocol. The SD+CMS and HD groups showed increased plasma concentrations (mmol/L) of total cholesterol (SD: 1.44±0.05; SD+CMS: 1.54±0.05; HD: 1.53±0.09, HD+CMS: 1.88±0,08), triglycerides (SD: 1.41±0.09; SD+CMS: 1.75±0.16, HD: 1.67±0.13; HD+CMS: 2.42±0.28) and LDL (DC: 0.46±0.06; SD+CMS: 0.73±0.08; HD: 0.77±0.08; HD+CMS: 0.87±0.10). SD+CMS and HD+CMS groups had higher area under the curve of the OGTT than SD groups (13,549±387 vs. 14267±344 mg x min/dL) and HD (16476±559 vs. 15,852±270 mg x min/dL), respectively. In Chapter 2, we investigated the association between CMS-induced body weight loss and food restriction, utilized in the protocol of stress. Sprague-Dawley rats (2 months old) were divided into three groups: Control, CMS and pair-fed (PF: the rats were fed with the same amount of food as the CMS group ate voluntarily during the corresponding period of stress protocol). The data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA (P<0.05). CMS and PF groups showed reduction of 12 and 15% in food intake during the protocol of CMS, compared to control. After CMS, PF and stressed rats showed a reduction of 6 and 10% in the final body weight and had reduction of 19 and 14% in epididymal fat compared to the control group, respectively. The PF group, but not the group CMS, showed lower mesenteric (41%), inguinal (28%) and perirenal (40%) fat mass, lower total fat / final body weight (0.02±0001 vs. 0,03±0001) and lower percentage of fat in the carcass analysis (3.39±0.44 vs. 6.29±0.51%) compared to the control, without difference between control and CMS. The lower body weight of CMS cannot be fully explained by food restriction during the stress. The CMS and hypercaloric diet did have similar long-term effects on dyslipidemia in rats. These effects are enhanced when combined. The reduction in body weight promoted by CMS is influenced by diet employed, and is reversed after the stress. / Doutorado / Fisiologia Oral / Doutor em Odontologia

This dissertation examines the emergence of nutrition science in the 20th century and the first cohort of experts who practiced nutrition as a form of medical diplomacy. Unpacking pivotal case studies in Scotland, Iraq, Vienna, Geneva, and Oxford, the project shows how scientific knowledge was produced on a local scale. I argue that knowledge about food developed in Britain from the late 19th century to World War II in a contingent path that involved much more than “discoveries” in labs. It was the unique formation of this discipline across national, international, and imperial political spheres that produced scientific standards and methods. Nutrition enabled a powerful language of exchange, metamorphosis, and commensurability that were vital for British political world systems. My research, therefore, investigates nutrition not just as medical innovation, but as a revolution in ecology and politics: food science was a way to reimagine the earth and Britain’s place within it. Scientific nutrition began as a marginal sub-field of agricultural science and came to acquire a central place in the definition of human needs. I show how critical terms of human nutrition – productivity, growth, and vitality – emerged from the attempt to improve animal health and from imperial agricultural planning. Even when the science of food moved from farms to pharmacies, through standardized units and products like vitamin supplements, animals and non-human factors continued to shape nutritional concepts, standards, and policies.

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Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, 1980 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Thomas Henry Openshaw. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nutrition and Food Science

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