Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a small, double stranded DNA tumour virus. Infection with HPV normally results in formation of warts. Certain types of HPV, such as type -16 and -18, are shown to have a causal role in the development of uterine cervical cancer, and are so called high risk type HPV. Recently, a role of HPV in breast cancer has been suggested, although a causal role for HPVs in human breast cancer is yet to be demonstrated. The first part of this study investigates the association of HPV with human breast cancer. The results demonstrate that 48% of breast cancers that occurred in Australian women are HPV positive and they are mainly variants of HPV-18. Further analysis shows that HPV positive breast cancer patients are significantly younger than HPV negative patients, suggesting infection with HPV increases the risk of breast cancer development. This is coincidental with increased risk of HPV infection in sexually active young women and provides evidence that HPV has a role in breast cancer development. The second part of this project investigates the mechanisms by which high risk type HPV oncogenic protein E6, transforms primary human foreskin keratinocytes (natural host cells of HPV). HPV E6 is always expressed in HPV positive cervical carcinoma and results in the degradation of the cellular tumour suppressor protein p53. It is generally believed that HPV E6 contributes to HPV transformation by degradation of p53 protein which leads to cellular immortalisation ? an early step in tumorigenic transformation. Subsequent studies, however, indicate that HPV E6 possesses other functions (such as induction of telomerase activity) which may also be involved in cellular immortalisation. The results of my investigations demonstrate: 1) that degradation of p53 protein is required but is insufficient to immortalise primary cells; 2) that HPV E6 induced telomerase activity is coincidental with an increase in cell culture passage number; 3) that multiple functions of high risk type HPV E6 protein are required for cellular immortalisation. This finding suggests HPV infection is associated with early onset of breast cancer and that multiple functions of high risk type HPV E6 protein are involved in cellular immortalisation. Further study in both of these areas should provide alternative diagnostic markers, leading to prevention and treatment strategies for HPV positive breast cancer and other cancers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:34:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_4464_.pdf: 3204606 bytes, checksum: a23da35b5188c96d619b059f83d1577a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-15 / Os HPV são vírus epiteliotrópicos que infectam tecido cutâneo ou mucoso e estão relacionados com desenvolvimento de lesões que, no trato genital, variam de verrugas ao câncer cervical invasivo. As lesões são causadas por diferentes tipos de HPV, que são classificados em baixo e alto risco conforme sua associação com câncer cervical. Sabe-se que mulheres positivas para HIV são mais acometidas por infecções por HPV e estão mais propensas ao desenvolvimento de câncer cervical. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a frequência de tipos de HPV em mulheres soropositivas e soronegativas para HIV. Para isso foram analisadas amostras de escovado cervical, mantidas congeladas, de mulheres conhecidamente positivas para HPV (n=87), atendidas no Centro de Referência DST/AIDS, em Vitória-ES, no período de março a dezembro de 2006. O DNA das amostras foi extraído utilizando kit comercial QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit ou através do método de isotiocinanato de guanidina e sílica. DNA do HPV foi amplificado por PCR utilizando os iniciadores degenerados MY09/MY11 e a genotipagem foi realizada por Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) e por Reverse Line Blot (RLB). Do total de amostras, 97,7% foram genotipadas e 31 tipos distintos detectados: 6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 26, 31, 31b, 32, 33, 34, 35, 42, 44, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 71, 81, 82, 83 e 84. O tipo mais prevalente foi o HPV16, tanto nas mulheres soropositivas quanto nas soronegativas para HIV, seguido pelos tipos 6, 53 e 11. O tipo 13, incomum em amostras cervicais, foi observado nesse estudo, porém a quantidade de amostras não foi suficiente para a realização de seqüenciamento para a confirmação deste tipo viral. Os tipos oncogênicos foram mais comuns nas amostras de mulheres soropositivas para HIV, porém com número semelhante e o número de infecções múltiplas foi maior entre as mulheres HIV positivas. Este estudo revelou uma grande diversidade de tipos de HPV na região. PALAVRAS CHAVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV), Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Reverse Line Blot (RLB).

Background: The HPV vaccine is a primary prevention method available to reduce the burden of HPV-related cancers and genital warts. The vaccine is currently approved for catch-up vaccination among women 18 to 26 years of age. Despite this recommendation, the rate of vaccine uptake among this group is considerably low (~34% uptake). One demographic characteristic that is consistently reported as a risk factor for non-vaccination is relationship status, specifically married or monogamous relationships. While the epidemiological data confirm this association, there is a lack of understanding how this risk factor operates. By elucidating the mechanism for this risk factor, HPV vaccine uptake among this consistently unvaccinated group could be improved. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand how young adult women’s relationship status influence informational needs, motivations, and behavioral skills related to HPV vaccination. This objective was achieved through the following specific aims: (1) assess how relationship status affects primary reasons for non-vaccination among 18 to 26 year old women; and (2) understand how relationship status frames HPV vaccine decision-making among 18 to 26 year old women. Methods: To effectively achieve these specific aims, a concurrent mixed-methods study design was conducted. In Phase I, a secondary data analysis using the 2010 National Health Interview Survey was employed to determine if women in relationships are less likely to be interested in vaccination and identify the primary reasons (e.g., misinformation, motivations, behavioral skills) for non-vaccination among different relationship status categories. In Phase II, in-depth interviews were conducted with a sample (N=50) of 18 to 26 year old women at the University of South Florida, stratified by relationship status and vaccination status. A comparative thematic analysis was conducted to determine if there were differences in informational needs, motivations, behavioral skills, and HPV vaccine decision-making between the groups. Results: Using NHIS 2010 data, women who were living with a partner (PR 1.44 95%CI 1.07-1.87) and never married (PR 1.41 95%CI 1.12-1.73) were less likely to be interested in HPV vaccination compared women who were married. Moreover, primary reasons for non-vaccination differed significantly by relationship status group (p Conclusion: This study found that relationship status impacts HPV vaccine decision-making among young adult women. Specifically, it operates by modifying risk perceptions for HPV, which serve as barriers to vaccination. Young adult women have the knowledge and behavioral skills necessary to access and understand the importance of HPV vaccination; however, women were unable to accurately perceive their risk for HPV, resulting in impaired motivation for vaccination. A potential approach to address this issue is the use of health literacy. Future research should integrate health literacy techniques with healthcare providers serving this population to assist in the evaluation process for risk of HPV. This will facilitate shared decision-making and patient-provider communication surrounding the HPV vaccine. This can ultimately promote HPV vaccination among young adult women and reduce the morbidity and mortality of HPV-related diseases.

Objective: To determine the general and genotype-specific prevalence of HPV and to identify potential risk factors for the infection in a population-based screening of Peruvian women. Results: A total of 524 samples were analyzed by PCR and a total of 100 HPV positive samples were found, of which 89 were high-risk, 19 were probably oncogenic, 9 were low-risk and 27 other HPV types. The 26–35 and 36–45 age groups showed the highest proportion of HPV positive samples with a total of 37% (37/100) and 30% (30/100), respectively. Moreover, high-risk HPV was found in 33.7% of both groups and probably oncogenic HPV in 52.6% and 31.6%, respectively. High-risk HPV were the most frequent types identified in the population studied, being HPV-52, HPV-31 and HPV-16 the most commonly detected with 17.6%, 15.7% y 12.9%, respectively. Demographic characteristics and habits were assessed in the studied population. A total of 62% high-risk HPV were detected in married/cohabiting women. Women with two children showed the highest proportion (33.8%) of high-risk HPV, followed by women with only one child (26.9%). Those women without history of abortion had a higher frequency of high-risk HPV (71.9%), followed by those with one abortion (25.8%). / Revisión por pares

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Women who are medically underserved may be less likely to obtain provider-based cervical cancer screening because of structural and intrapersonal barriers. Self-collection for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, a method for women to collect their own sample through a vaginal swab or urine collection, has accuracy comparable to provider-based cervico-vaginal HPV testing and may be useful in overcoming barriers to provider-based cervical cancer screening. The purpose of this dissertation study is to examine factors associated with self-collection for HPV testing, psychometrically test Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) instruments, and identify preferences for self-collection for HPV testing. Three distinct aims were developed: 1) factors (sociodemographic, health-related, and theoretical variables) associated with mailed return of vaginal self-collection for HPV testing, 2) psychometric examination of DOI ÷instruments (relative advantages and complexity), and 3) dimensions of self-collection and characteristic preferences to self-collection for HPV testing stratified by age cohorts. This dissertation involved two cross-sectional studies. In Chapters 2-3, data were collected from women (n=168) at food pantries and online. Women were eligible if they were: 1) female, 2) between the ages of 30-65, 3) could read and speak English, and 4) at 2019 federal poverty guidelines for income and family size as defined by the Department of Health and Human Services. Women were not eligible if they had a history of hysterectomy or were adherent to cervical cancer screening guidelines. Logistic regression analyses, item analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis, and tests were used to analyze data. Chapter 4 involved collection of data from an online survey with a sample (n=878) provided by Dynata. Participants evaluated 9 scenarios that varied along 4 attributes: HPV self-collection kit type (vaginal swab or urine collection), HPV self-collection kit delivery (mail, pharmacy pick-up, or clinic pick-up), HPV self-collection kit return (mail, pharmacy drop-off, or clinic drop-off), and HPV test result communication (mail, phone call, or text message). Ratings-based conjoint analysis (RBCA) determined how each attribute influenced the ratings of each scenario.

No description available.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease that often presents as genital warts, but may also lead to cancers, including those of the vagina, penis, mouth and tonsils. Despite three vaccines being currently available to prevent HPV, the HPV vaccine retains a low national average vaccination rate when compared to the Tetanus-Diptheria- Pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. Considering the need for improvement it is important to identify factors that may be contributing to this low national immunization rate, one of them being parental race. The purpose of this literature review is to identify whether race affects parents' intent to vaccinate their children against HPV. A database search of CINAHL Plus with Full Text, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO was conducted and a total of 13 articles were reviewed based on the relevance to the purpose of the literature review. While racial differences were noted, there were other factors that also affect a parent's intent to vaccinate their children against HPV. There is more research to be done when looking at how race may independently affect a parent's intent to vaccinate their children against HPV.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-106).

Orientadores: Luiz Carlos Zeferino, Silvia Helena Rabelo dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T17:52:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 D'Ottaviano_MariaGabrielaLoffredo_D.pdf: 1516066 bytes, checksum: 6d0ec9bd4a1234053c224b579db92914 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A infecção pelo HPV é considerada fator etiológico da neoplasia do colo do útero e a integração do HPV DNA ao DNA da célula hospedeira são apontados como passo importante na carcinogênese do epitélio. O melhor conhecimento da infecção do vário tipo de HPV e o status físico do HPV 16 nas NIC 2 pode colaborar na identificação das lesões que teriam maior risco de progredir para NIC 3 e, portanto, deveriam ser consideradas como lesões precursoras do câncer do colo uterino. O objetivo desta série de casos foi descrever a presença dos diferentes tipos de HPV e a integração do HPV DNA 16 em mulheres com diagnóstico histológico de NIC 2 acompanhadas por 12 meses. Trinta e sete mulheres com citologia inicial, resultado de lesão de baixo grau e atípicas de células escamosas de significado indeterminado e NIC 2, confirmado por biópsia, foram seguidas por 12 meses com citologia, colposcopia, tipagem de HPV e determinação do status físico do HPV DNA 16 a cada três meses. A evolução clínica da NIC 2 foi classificada como regressão em 49% (18\37) dos casos, persistência em 22% (8\37) e progressão em 29% (11\37). A infecção por múltiplos tipos de HPV foi observada em 41% (15\37) dos casos na admissão e durante o seguimento 54% (20\37) dos casos apresentaram infecção por novos tipos de HPV. O HPV 16 foi considerado como possível causa em 67% (10\15) dos casos que persistiram ou progrediram e em 10% (1\10) dos que regrediram (p=0,01). Entre as 20 mulheres que apresentaram HPV 16 na admissão, a forma integrada foi detectada em 25% dos casos e a forma episomal em 75% dos casos. Não foram observados casos de progressão para NIC 3 sem integração do HPV DNA 16 em algum momento do seguimento. Entretanto, foram observados casos de integração do HPV DNA 16 e regressão da NIC 2. Concluindo, a infecção por múltiplos tipos de HPV é frequente nas mulheres com diagnóstico histológico de NIC 2, assim como a infecção por outros tipos de HPV durante o seguimento de 12 meses. As NIC 2 associadas à detecção do HPV 16 persistem ou progridem com maior frequência. As NIC 2 que progrediram para NIC 3 apresentaram o HPV DNA 16 na forma integrada na admissão ou em algum momento do seguimento / Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection is considered a necessary cause for the development of cervical cancer and HPV DNA integration considered an important step in the progression of persistent high risk HPV infection to invasive cancer.The knowledge of HPV infection and the HPV DNA 16 physical status in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN 2) can better characterize the biological behavior of the lesion. This case series aimed to describe the HPV types and HPV DNA 16 physical status in women with CIN 2 biopsy proven followed for 12 months and clinical outcome. Thirty seven women with CIN 2 biopsy proven, cervical referral smear showing low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and with HPV type, were followed up 12 months with cervical smear, colposcopy, HPV type and HVP DNA 16 every three months. At the end of twelve months follow-up, the CIN 2 regression rate was 49% (18/37), persistence as CIN1 or CIN 2 was 22% (8/37), and progression to CIN 3 was 29% (11/37). Multiple HPV types were observed at admission in 41% (15/37) of cases. During follow-up, 54% (20/37) of the women showed one or more new HPV type detected. HPV 16 was considered possibly causal type in 67% (10/15) of the cases that persisted or progressed and in 10% (1/10) that regressed (p=0.01). Among the twenty women with HPV DNA 16, at admission, 25% showed integrated HPV DNA 16 and 75% episomal form. There were no cases of CIN 2 progression to CIN 3 without HPV DNA 16 integration, but there were cases of HPV DNA 16 integration and CIN 2 regression. Concluding, multiple HPV infections were frequently detected among women with CIN 2 at admission and during the follow up. The CIN 2 associated with HPV 16 was more likely to persist or to progress to CIN 3. The HPV DNA 16 integration is associated with CIN 2 persistence and progression to CIN 3 / Doutorado / Oncologia Ginecológica e Mamária / Doutora em Ciências da Saúde