<p> This dissertation examines my investigation of the experiences of participants of university-based health research. My primary research questions were: (1) Why do people participate in health research, despite its risks? (2) Why are people asked to participate in health research? (3) What factors influence local research environments? I employed a critical-interpretive medical anthropology framework to investigate and describe three studies: a Phase 2a asthma drug study, a Phase 1 oncology drug study, and a muscle regeneration study. I followed each of these studies, conducting hundreds of hours of participant observation and interviewing 31 participants multiple times during the course of their enrolment. To learn about the organization and governance of university-based health research I also interviewed researchers, research coordinators, and ethics experts. In addition, I conducted participant observation at three different research ethics boards (REBs) and two industry conferences. Participant enrolment was significantly influenced by: belief in the "good" of medical research, the enjoyment they experienced as former participants, and desire to receive benefit, including remuneration and possible health benefits. Participation often entails long hours, and much of this time is spent socializing with the research team. Participants often develop trusting relationships with the research team, and learn to adopt its scientific language, in addition to its interests and perspectives. Thus, participants rarely question how research is funded and who ultimately benefits from research. They also do not identify as participants, but rather as volunteers or guests. This is a significant obstacle for participant organization. Since they are not organized to voice their interests collectively, REBs are responsible for protecting their interests. Research ethics board focus almost exclusively on reducing risk and rarely address increasing the potential benefit of researcher to the participants. I conclude my analysis with recommendations for REBs, policy makers, and researchers.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Since the emergence of HIV/AIDS as a global pandemic in the 1980’s, the focus of the scientific community has been to firstly identify, then treat and ultimately find a cure for, this disease. This has proven to be challenging and far from realistically achievable by the scientific community or the communities affected by this disease. / A funding allocation from the National Institutes of Health in the United States came to a consortium in Australia seeking to develop a prime-boost preventative HIV vaccine. The consortium included members of the Australian HIV/AIDS Partnership. This partnership emerged from a particular set of historical contexts and included affected community. The Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations was the affected community representative on the consortium. This thesis sets out the contextual and ethical reasons for this arrangement, and explores how this unusual partnership worked in practice, with a view to identifying its broader implications. / HIV vaccine development, and AFAO’s role in that development, is complex and multifaceted. The consortium existed within a particular social context which I explore by describing the social history of HIV in Australia. The search for an HIV vaccine is difficult and complex work requiring significant effort and I describe the challenges involved in such an enterprise. Biomedical research more generally exists in the context of international and national research documents which govern the way in which researchers may conduct human experimental trialling. I discuss these documents and highlight the underlying ethical principles. / This research involved 9 interviews with 7 key informants who were members of the consortium. The accounts were analysed following a grounded theory approach, utilising the sensitising concepts outlined in the discussion of the social history of HIV in Australia, the science of HIV vaccine development and the general and specific ethical principles. Following this methodological approach, I identify common themes in the data and discuss the results in greater detail, paying particular attention to the ways this particular social practice plays out in practice and the key ethical considerations arising from the accounts. I also explore the risks, costs and benefits to AFAO of its involvement in the consortium. The overall aim of this research is to understand how practicable, feasible and effective community involvement was in this consortium. / Finally, I come to three major conclusions. First, that the consortium is an emerging social practice, which is the intersection of three established social practices; biomedical research, the affected community and the Australian HIV/AIDS Partnership. Using Langford’s criteria for a social practice, I demonstrate the social practice of the consortium was clearly made up of members who were aware of each other’s intentions and beliefs. It was clear from the commencement of the consortium’s project that the consortium was directed at the overall purpose of developing an efficacious preventative prime-boost HIV vaccine. The unique history and tradition of the social practice of the consortium is slightly less clear but what the accounts of the informants demonstrated is that the histories and traditions of the Australian HIV/AIDS Partnership approach and biomedical research, in particular, were a significant influence on most of the consortium members. So much so, that the consortium adopted that unique history and tradition and it was this factor, perhaps above all others, that facilitated AFAO becoming a full partner in the vaccine development enterprise in the first place. Importantly, my research theoretically extends the notion of shared ways of seeing and doing within a social practice. The socialisation aspects are highlighted very strongly within the accounts. / Second, AFAO’s involvement was highly concordant with the core principles of the Good Participatory Practice Guidelines for biomedical HIV prevention trials document, and it influenced important protocols within the consortium, but there were also conflict of interest issues for AFAO to manage. Third, the different approaches for community involvement in biomedical HIV prevention trialling (the partnership approach and the Community Advisory Board approach) each has strengths and weaknesses and should be carefully considered in light of the context of the trialling to be conducted. / This thesis concludes with a series of recommendations for future biomedical HIV prevention trials.

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The object of this project was to study the fertility and mortality of the people of Puerto Rico. It was found that fertility is very high and has been consistently high since 1900. It was found that mortality has declined very rapidly since 1900. Hence, the combination of these two trends is bringing about a very high rate of natural increase and making Puerto Rico one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Fertility was studied in relation to certain cultural and demographic factors such as age at marriage, length of the childbearing period, age distribution of the population, percentage of illiteracy, and occupational status. From this, it was found that: 1. Most Puerto Rican women marry at very early ages. 2. The child-bearing period is long and characterized by high-age-specific birth rates. 3. Puerto Rico's population is mostly composed of young people, with 74.6 percent under 35 years of age, reflecting a high fertility for the present and future. 4. There is a high percentage of illiterates and persons with little schooling, both of whom have higher fertility rates than highly educated persons. 5. Almost 40 percent of Puerto Rico's employed persons are laborers, who have higher fertility rates than other occupational groups. Fertility also was studied in relation to selected regional characteristics. From this, it was found that: 1. The highest fertility ratios are in the most rural regions. 2. The three regions with the highest fertility ratios have the highest percentage of young persons reflecting a high fertility for the present and the future. 3. The three regions with the highest fertility ratios have the highest percentage of laborers. 4. The region with the lowest fertility ratio has the highest percentage of females. Mortality is being affected by advances in medical science, public health, and improvement in the level of living. Life expectancy has increased from 38 years in 1900 to 61 years in 1950, mainly as a result of the decline in mortality. The five leading causes of death are tuberculosis, diarrhea enteritis, diseases of the heart, pneumonia, and cancer. Malaria was a leading cause of death in 1933 but is now almost eliminated. Diarrhea enteritis and pneumonia are responsible for high death rates among persons under five years of age. Tuberculosis, diseases of the heart, and cancer are responsible for high death rates among persons 25 years of age and over. Females have higher death rates from tuberculosis and cancer than males. Males have higher rates from diarrhea enteritis, diseases of the heart, and pneumonia than females. White people have higher death rates from diarrhea enteritis, pneumonia, and cancer than colored people. Colored people have higher death rates from tuberculosis and diseases of the heart than white people. Death rates from Diarrhea enteritis, tuberculosis, and pneumonia have declined in recent years, while the death rate from cancer has increased, and the death rate from diseases of the heart has remained about the same. The combined Spanish and United States culture systems are to a great extent responsible for the extreme case of population pressure that exists. The ADS Years of Spanish domination of the Island have left traditions and beliefs that still direct the way of thinking of most of the people. Many of these cultural traits have been affecting the Island’s basic problem, excessive population. Such things as unlimited reproduction, large families, and little emphasis on schooling are examples of the beliefs that tend toward the Island's high birth rate. On the other hand, the 50 years of American influence has provided the Island with modern ideas of sanitation, and public health programs that have made possible the reduction in the death rates from the different diseases, and as a result a higher life expectancy. Emphasis has been given to more schooling, small families, and limited reproduction, but the previous culture is still in the way. Although an attempt has been made to control the number of births, the results are nil. Besides, different historical periods have had their influence. During the depression years when there was food and money available through the different relief programs, the birth rates increased. The same thing happened during the World War II period when the birth rates were very high. On the contrary, the death rates have shown a decline every year, and in this phase the government has been successful. In view of what happens in countries where death rates have fallen more rapidly than birth rates, the future trend of population growth in Puerto Rico apparently will continue to increase. This means that population pressure will worsen unless cultural changes such as increased emphasis on schooling, industrialization, urbanization, and higher standards of living make the people more aware of the problem and cause them to change their present ideas and practices with respect to fertility. / Master of Science

Syftet med denna studie är att få förståelse för hur HR-personal inom polisen, sjukvården och räddningstjänsten upplever och beskriver förutsättningarna att ta hand om medarbetare i sorg och kris. Det finns inte någon tidigare forskning om polisens, räddningstjänstens eller sjukvårdens HR- personals upplevelse av att hantera och bemöta medarbetare i sorg eller kris. De studier som finns har sitt fokus på hur det är för den sörjande, hur vårdpersonal upplever sorg, död och kris på jobbet samt någon enstaka studie om arbetsplatsers policys samt medarbetare och chefers upplevelse gällande sorg, kris och död (Holmgren, 2021; Hazen, 2008; Bloomer m.fl., 2010; Bauer, 2011; McKenzie, 2013). De teoretiska begrepp som används i denna studie är KASAM (Antonovsky, 1991) och rollstress (Eklöf, 2017, s.58). Skillnaden dem emellan är i stora drag att KASAM fokuserar på en människas attityd och känslor till livet och allt som händer i livet (Antonovsky, 1991, s.38), medan rollstress handlar om hur svårt och tidspressat någons arbete är och hur det jobbet då påverkar en person (Eklöf, 2017). Vetenskapsteoretiska utgår studien från kritisk realism (Danermark, Ekström &amp; Karlsson, 2018) med inspiration från grundad teori (Dalen, 2015). Vidare utgår studien från en abduktiv ansats (Fejes &amp; Thornberg, 2017). Datainsamlingen gjordes genom sju stycken kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer där sex stycken skedde via Zoom och en via telefon. Alla intervjuerna spelades in med godkännande av intervjupersonen för att sedan transkriberas och analyseras. De som intervjuats är personer som jobbar inom HR hos polisen, räddningstjänsten och på sjukhus i Sverige. Det är ett urval som grundar sig i en mix av kriterieurval som är inspirerat av grundad teori (Dalen, 2015, s.60–63, 53–55) och avsiktligt urval (Yin, 2018, s.93–94). Resultat visar att de intervjudeltagarna – som jobbar med personalfrågor och med HR hos polisen, sjukhus och räddningstjänst i Sverige - upplever att de har tillräckliga resurser för att inom sin yrkesroll hantera medarbetare i sorg och kris. Intervjudeltagarna upplever att polisen, räddningstjänsten och sjukvården som arbetsgivare har de resurser och den kunskap som behövs för att bemöta medarbetare i kris och sorg. Intervjudeltagarna upplever det som att det finns resurser och stöd för sörjande och att sorgearbete på arbetsplatsen fungerar bra, även om en del intervjudeltagare berättar att det finns utrymme för förbättringar. / The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of how human resource (HR) personnel in police, healthcare and rescue services experience and describe the conditions for caring for employees in times of grief and crisis. There has been no earlier research on the experience of these HR personnel when taking care of and dealing with colleagues that are grieving or in crisis. The existing studies focus on how it is for the bereaved, how healthcare staff experience grief, death and crises at work, some studies about workplace policies and the experience of co-workers and managers regarding grief, crisis and death (Holmgren, 2021; Hazen, 2008; Bloomer et al., 2010; Bauer, 2011; McKenzie, 2013). The theoretical concepts applied in this study are KASAM (Antonovsky, 1991) and roll stress (Eklöf, 2017, s.58). The main difference between them is that KASAM focuses on an individual’s attitude and feelings towards life and all that happens in life (Antonovsky, 1991, s.38), whereas roll stress focuses on the difficulty and time-pressured nature of someone’s work and how that work then affects the individual (Eklöf, 2017).Theoretical theory, the study is based on critical realism (Danermark, Ekström &amp; Karlsson, 2018) with inspiration from grounded theory (Dalen, 2015). Furthermore, the study is based on an abductive approach (Fejes &amp; Thornberg, 2017). Data collection comprised seven qualitative, semi-structured interviews: six via Zoom and one by phone. With prior approval of the interviewees, all interviews were recorded for later transcription and analysis. Those interviewed are people who work in HR with the police, the rescue service and in hospitals in Sweden. This selection was made based on a mix of criteria as suggested by basic theory (Dalen, 2015, s.60–63, 53–55) and intentional selection (Yin, 2018, s.93–94). Results show that the interview participants - who work with personnel issues and with HR at the police, hospitals and rescue services in Sweden - feel that they have sufficient resources to take care of colleagues in grief or in crisis in their professional role. The interviewees feel that, as employers, the police, health care and rescue services provide the resources and knowledge needed to respond to colleagues experiencing bereavement or in crisis. The interviewees believe that the resources and support for the bereaved and the mourning process in the workplace work well, even though some interviewees say that there is room for improvement.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deniges Maurel Regis Neto.pdf: 596409 bytes, checksum: 66d18ae3780210e2f35957e33476f53b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work intended to create some conditions for the study of the conditional suppression with human beings. Counting on seven participants, the study involved an activity in the computer in which the participants would have to click with the mouse s cursor on a small circle that moved through the screen of a computer in sessions lasting 15 minutes. Two conditions had been simultaneously presented: one produced reinforces for clicks in mouse in VI 60 s schedule of reinforcement, and another reinforcer was provided for participation in the session under FT 1 s schedule. Two arrangements had been conducted: for four participants R$0,50 were produced and accumulated in a counter presented the screen of the computer under the schedule VI 60 s and 0,01 point was accumulated in another counter under schedule FT 1 s. To the others three participants 1,00 point was produced under schedule VI 60 s for the clicks and R$0,01 was produced under schedule FT1 s. After the stabilization of the rates of responses or a maximum of four sessions, over the schedules already presented was added to the sessions an association between a tone and three events: the appearance of a person smiling and pointing in the direction of the participant, a sound of laugh (both with 3 s of duration) and the loss of 50% of the value of the reinforcement accumulated for the FT schedule (whose decrease lasted 1 s). The duration of the tone had been manipulated differently for two groups of participants. In the last session just the presentation of the tone was maintained in a respondent extinction. The data had shown to clear or occasional suppressions during the tone for four participants; two of them showed an induction of responses when the duration of the tone raised and an alteration in the stability of the suppression rates during shorter presentations of the tone / O presente trabalho pretendeu criar algumas condições para o estudo da supressão condicionada com humanos. Contando com sete participantes, o estudo envolvia uma atividade no computador na qual os participantes deveriam clicar com o cursor do mouse sobre um pequeno círculo em movimento na tela de um computador em sessões de 15 minutos. Dois reforçadores foram utilizados: um era produzido por cliques no mouse em esquema de VI 60 s, e outro reforçador era ganho ao longo da sessão esquema de FT 1 s. Dois arranjos foram criados: para quatro participantes R$0,50 eram produzidos e acumulados em um contador na tela do computador no esquema de VI 60 e 0,01 ponto era acumulado em outro contador em esquema de FT 1 s. Para outros três participantes 1,00 ponto era produzido em esquema de VI 60 s pelos cliques e R$0,01 era produzido pelo esquema de FT 1s. Após a estabilização das taxas de respostas ou um máximo de quatro sessões, era adicionado às sessões um pareamento entre um tom e três eventos: a aparição de uma pessoa sorrindo e apontando na direção do participante, um som de risada (ambos com duração de 3 s) e a perda de 50% do valor do reforço acumulado pelo esquema de FT 1s (cujo decréscimo durava 1 s). As durações do tom foram manipuladas diferentemente para dois grupos de participantes. Na sessão última sessão o pareamento era desfeito. Os dados mostraram evidentes ou ocasionais supressões de respostas durante o tom para quatro participantes; observou-se uma indução de respostas na duração mais elevada do tom e uma alteração na estabilidade das taxas de supressão durante apresentações mais curtas do tom

人力資源發展研究所（IHRD）是由亞齊政府委託負責管理獎學金計劃的機構。該計劃的目的是為提高人力資源技能以及提高生活水平。 IHRD與台灣精英來台留學計劃辦公室（ESIT）建立了合作關係，以便計劃的順利進行。 ESIT是隸屬台灣教育部且具有代表性機構。其成立的主要是為台灣與包括印度尼西亞在內的其他東南亞國家之間提供更多必要的服務。教育在個人發展中起著重要作用。此外，教育是每個人的基本權利，是任何國家未來的關鍵。教育投資除了可以使人們擁有良好的健康，激勵自主和提供更好的就業選擇，教育資源的投資亦可以幫助建立更和諧的社會。教育不足在公共支出、犯罪、健康和經濟成長等方面產生高昂社會成本。作者主要的研究主題為這種高等教育合作關係是否可能成為讓亞齊與台灣的雙邊關係更為緊密的一個方式。在這麼做同時，作者使用了一些輔助工具，包含檢查工作績效、政策實施、IHRD與ESIT一起運行此獎學金計劃的管理系統。此外，還進行了專家案例研究，為本研究提供了深入和實務分析。該研究發現，目前獎學金計劃不僅透過給予獲獎者體驗海外留學生活機會有效增加亞齊的教育標準，還通過這個高等教育合作對亞齊和台灣之間的雙邊關係帶來了很多好處。 / Institute of Human Resource Development (IHRD) is an institution commissioned right under the Governor of Aceh to manage the scholarship program. The aim of this program is to improve the human resource skill as well as to increase the living standard. IHRD has established the cooperation with Elite Study In Taiwan (ESIT) in order to run this program well. ESIT is a representative institution under the Ministry of Education in Taiwan. Its purpose is to provide necessary services for the higher cooperation which exists between Taiwan and other Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia. Education plays an importance role in one’s development. Also, education is a fundamental right for everyone and key to the future of any country. Investment in education can put people on a path towards good health, empowerment and employment as well as it can help to build more peaceful societies. Inadequate education produces high costs for society in terms of public spending, crime, health, and economic growth. The author is particularly interested to study whether or not more on this higher education cooperation may become a mean in order to tighten the bilateral relations between Aceh and Taiwan. In doing so, a secondary approach has been utilized by examining work performances, implemented policies, and administrative system of IHRD in running this scholarship program together with ESIT. In addition, an expert case study has been conducted to show case an in depth and practical analysis for this research. The study finds out that current scholarship program is not only effective to increase the education standard of Aceh by giving the awardees chance to experience to study overseas, but also bring a number of benefits toward the bilateral relationship between Aceh and Taiwan through this higher education cooperation.